英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性的研究

用1995～1996年在广西英罗港红树林区取样所得的资料探讨了英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性特点.结果表明,英罗港红树林昆虫种类有195种;主要优势种为黑褐举腹蚁(Crematogaster rogenhoferi)、东京弓背蚁(Camponotus tokioensis)和三条螟蛾(Dichocrocris chorophanta);内滩昆虫群落多样性高于中滩、外滩.潮汐和风暴对昆虫群落多样性的影响是决定群落结构水平的重要因素;内滩、中滩和外滩影响多样性的主要成分是均匀性.     

英罗港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征

应用分形理论分析了英罗港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征。结果表明,红树林土壤的分形维数为2.6837-2.8834,不同质地土壤的分形维数呈现砂壤土＜轻壤土＜中壤土＜重壤土＜轻粘土的规律,外滩红树林土壤的分形维数低于中滩和内滩。土壤分形维数与其盐分和有机质含量呈显著正相关。群落类型、土壤质地、滩位、含盐量、有机质含量等是影响英罗港红树林土壤分形维数的主要因子。     

中药材贮藏期昆虫群落结构的研究

根据对湖北省１７个市县中药材仓库的调查,共发现湖北省中药材贮藏期昆虫（含蜱螨）１２３种,隶属于２纲１０目４９科。通过对各地昆虫群落结构的分析,明确了构成中药材贮藏期昆虫群落的主要类群为鞘翅目昆虫,占昆虫群落全部物种数的７２．８６±７．６３％,全省中药材贮藏期鞘翅目昆虫共８５种,占全部昆虫种类的６９．１１％。本文对各地昆虫群落的优势种群进行了分析,结果表明构成中药材贮藏期昆虫群落的优势种为烟草甲Ｌａｓｉｏｄｅｒｍａｓｅｒｒｉｃｕｒｎｅ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）,药材甲ｓｔｅｇｏｂｉｕｍｐａｎｉｃｅｕｍ（Ｌ．）,赤拟谷盗ＴｒｉｂｏｌｉｕｍｆｅｒｒｕｇｉｎｅｕｍＦａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ,咖啡豆象Ａｒａｅｃｅｒｕｓｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ（ＤｅＧｅｅｒ）和印度谷螟Ｐｌｏｄｉａｉｎｔｅｒｐｕｎｃｔｅｌｌａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）等,但各地昆虫群落的优势种各有不同。     

广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类多样性季节动态研究

于1999年分4个季节来采用拦网的方法对广西英罗港红树林潮沟水中鱼类的多样性进行了研究,共发现鱼类54种,隶属于29种44属,季度出现频数F=1～4的鱼类种数分别为27、8、11和8种,各季的优势种明显,但不同季节最大优势种不同,分别为：春季、斑Ji（Clupanodon punctatus);夏季,前鳞骨鲻（Osteomugil ophuyseni）;秋季,眶棘双边鱼（Ambassis gymnocephalus）;冬季,鹿斑Fu（Leiognathus ruconius）,这些鱼类以暖水性种占绝对优势,在生态类型上以底层种类较多,各季节出现鱼类种数分别为：春季30种、夏季30种,秋季26种,冬种22种,夏季与秋季共有种最多,有20个种,这两季节间的相似性指数也最大,达55.6%,多样性指数D、H′、J值均以秋季最高,相对于林外水域,红树林潮沟鱼类群落的鱼类种数及3个指数均较高,跟热带红树林区相比,广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类群落的多样性低。     

海南清澜港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物初步研究

对海南清澜港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物进行了定性及定量调查,记录到大型底栖动物４５种,隶属于４个门,２６个科。其中软体动物３１种,占记录到物种数的６８９％;甲壳动物１０种,占记录到物种数的２２２％。优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺（ＣｅｒｉｔｈｉｄｅａｃｉｎｇｕｌａｔａＧｍｅｌｉｎ）、古氏滩栖螺（ＢａｔｉｌａｒｉａｃｕｍｉｎｇｉＣｒｏｓｅ）、中国紫蛤（ＨｉａｔｕｌａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＭｏｒｃｈ）及奥莱彩螺（ＣｌｉｔｈｏｎｏｕａｌａｎｉｅｎｓｉｓＬｅｓｏｎ）。大型底栖动物的生物量平均１９８５ｇ／ｍ２、栖息密度３５２４个／ｍ２。软体动物的生物量占到９９％,这可能与取样设在中、低潮区有关。     

南亚热带森林优势种群荷木和锥栗在演替系列群落中的分子生？…

用扩增片段长度多成性（ＡＦＬＰ,ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄ ｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ）方法研究了荷木（Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｕｐｅｒｂａ Ｇａｒｄｎ．ｅｔ Ｃｈａｍｐ．）和锥栗（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＨａｎｃｅ．）在３个演替系列群落中的分子变化。研究地点位于广东省鼎湖山。３个群落是针叶林群落、针阔叶混交林群落和常绿阔叶林群落。荷木的ＡＦＬＰ分析结果表明,４组     

吕梁山严村低中山区植物群落演替分析

采用一次性同时调查的方法获得数据,用数量分类（ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ）和排序（ＤＣＡ）研究严村低中山植物群落演替。在黄土弃耕地上群落的演替顺序为：苦苣＋狗尾草群落（Ｃｏｍｍ．Ｉｘｅｒｉｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｓｐ．ｖｅｒｓｉｃｏｌｏｒ＋Ｓｅｔａｒｉａ ｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ）→蒿类群落（Ｃｏｍｍ．Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｓｐｐ．）→野艾蒿＋披碱草群落（Ｃｏｍｍ．Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｌａｖａｎｄｕｌａｅｆｏｌｉａ＋     

转Bt基因棉田昆虫群落多样性及其影响因素研究

运用群落生态学的方法,研究了转Ｂｔ（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）基因棉田昆虫群落及害虫和天敌亚群落多样性,对多样性及其主要组成成分－物种数、个体数、均匀度、优势集中性进行了通径分析。试验设３个处理：转基因棉自然控制（全生育期不施用任何农药,简称自控田）、转基因棉综合防治（采取综合防治措施,简称综防田）和常规棉自然控制（常规品种,全生育期不施用任何农药,简称对照田）。结果表明：转基     

哀牢山木果石栎群落优势种的生态位宽度与重叠

通过多种方法比较研究了哀牢山木果石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｘｙｌｏｃａｒｐｕｓ）群落８个优势种的生态位宽度和重叠,结果表明,该群落是以木果石栎、腾冲栲（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｗａｔｔｉｉ）、滇木荷（Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｎｏｒｏｎｈａｅ）和景东石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）为优势种的共优群落,它们的生态位宽度值分别为０．８７３２,０．７８５６,０．６７４２和０．５７９８。     

峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其它昆虫病原真菌I.

采自四川省峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其相关昆虫病原真菌,其中除有常见的蛹虫草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ（Ｖｕｉｌｌ）,Ｆｒ粉被虫草（ＣｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｐｒｕｉｎｏｓａＰｅｔｃｈ）蝉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｉｃａｄａｅ（Ｍｉｑｕｅｌ）Ｓａｍｓｏｎ,球孢白僵菌Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａｂａｓｓｉａｎａ（Ｂａｌｓ．）Ｖｕｉｌｌ等昆虫病原真菌外,将主要描述峨眉虫草新种（Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｅｍｅｉｅ     

三亚河外来红树植物无瓣海桑种群动态与扩散特征

无瓣海桑具有耐贫瘠、生长快等特点,已成为我国东南沿海滩涂主要造林先锋种。然而,作为典型外来物种,无瓣海桑是否具有入侵性也一度引起各界广泛关注。三亚河是我国无瓣海桑引种的最南区域,但目前尚未有对该区无瓣海桑入侵性的报道。本研究利用全面踏查与样地调查相结合的方法,分析了三亚河外来红树植物无瓣海桑的种群动态及扩散特征。结果表明:无瓣海桑在样地群落上层平均密度为4 ind·100 m^-2,重要值为41.2%,具有较明显优势,而在群落中下层无其小树和幼苗分布,无瓣海桑种群更新难以维持;群落中、下层红树植物的Shannon指数分别为1.68和1.09,Simpson指数分别为0.78和0.57,物种多样性较高,本地红树植物长势良好,生存空间未受到明显挤占;三亚河亦未见无瓣海桑种群的自然扩散,较高的盐度可能是抑制无瓣海桑种群扩散的关键。鉴于无瓣海桑优良的生长适应能力,可在无淡水汇入的滨海湿地红树林生态工程中作为先锋种进行合理利用,同时对其做好长期监测与定位研究。     

Stored-product insects associated with eight feed mills in the midwestern United States

Commercial food- and pheromone-baited pitfall traps and pheromone-baited sticky traps were used during 2003 to survey stored-product insect adults in eight participating feed mills in the midwestern United States. Across the eight feed mills, 27 species of beetles (Coleoptera) and three species of moths (Lepidoptera) were captured in commercial traps. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was the most abundant insect species captured inside the eight mills. The warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Ballion), was the most abundant insect species outside the mill and in the mill load-out area. The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), was the most abundant moth species inside the mill and in the mill receiving area. The Simpson's index of species diversity among mills ranged from 0.39 (low diversity) to 0.81 (high diversity). The types of species found among mills were different, as indicated by a Morisita's index of <0.7, for the majority of mills. The differences in the types and numbers of insect species captured inside, outside, in receiving, and in load-out areas could be related to differences in the types of animal feeds produced and the degree of sanitation and pest management practiced.     

Preliminary analysis of the fish species of the Pacific Central American Mangrove of Zancudo, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica

The aim of the present paper is to provide first information on the mangrove fish community of the tropical fjord-like Golfo Dulce (GD), to study its importance for fish diversity and fisheries in the area and to give preliminary results on its spatial–temporal variation. Eighty-two species belonging to 30 families were identified. More than half of them belonged to the estuarine transient fish group and only 14 species were estuarine resident, highlighting the importance of the Zancudo mangrove as a transition area. The most diverse families were Sciaenidae, Carangidae and Haemulidae for both rainy and dry seasons. As much as 71% of the species captured were of first or second grade economic value and only 11% had no commercial value. Comparing our data with fisheries and scientific surveys inside and outside the gulf suggests the importance of the Zancudo mangrove for regional fisheries and fish diversity. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) indicated gradual changes in the fish community composition from the river mouth to the more internal sampling sites for rainy and dry seasons. Moreover, shifts in abundance and species composition between seasons were observed, mainly an increase in the differences between the boundaries and the central zones of the mangrove. These changes were attributed to the higher salinity differences between sites during the dry season forcing the occasional visitor fish downstream and freshwater fish taxa upstream. While the results contribute to initiatives for participative fisheries management in the region, further studies are needed to analyse the variations in detail.     

杭州湾内外海域秋季浮游动物群落的比较

本文比较了杭州湾湾外海域(122.10°-122.58° E, 30.54°-30.93° N)和湾内不同海域(北岸东侧: 121.67°- 121.87° E, 30.68°-30.83° N; 南岸东侧: 121.60°-121.85° E, 29.95°-30.24° N; 北岸西侧: 121.31°-121.56° E, 30.58°- 30.77° N)秋季浮游动物的群落组成、累积优势度曲线以及多样性指数(H')等群落结构特征, 并进行了差异性分析。结果表明: 湾外海域的群落组成与湾内海域的3个群落之间均有较大的差异。湾外海域的群落I是以中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)等近海种、背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)等沿岸低盐种为主, 其次是外海种。湾内南岸东侧海域的群落II主要以左突唇角水蚤(Labidocera sinilobata)等沿岸低盐种为主, 近海种次之。湾内北岸东侧海域的群落III是以真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)等沿岸低盐种、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)等河口半咸水种组成的混合群落。湾内北岸西侧海域群落IV是以虫肢歪水蚤为代表的河口半咸水种为主的群落。总的说来, 这一水域向西和向北方向出现更低盐度适应性的群落。从累积优势度曲线来看, 湾外海域群落I与湾内北岸东侧群落III的累积优势度上升趋势均相对平缓, 但群落III的初始累积优势度略高于群落I; 而与群落I相比, 湾内南岸东侧的群落II与北岸西侧的群落IV的初始累积优势度均很高。湾外海域群落I的初始累积优势度较低, 显示出群落I的优势种较多, 而单一优势种优势度低于湾内3个群落。方差分析结果表明: 湾外海域的浮游动物多样性指数与湾内3个海域均有极显著差异(P < 0.01), 而湾内各海域之间均无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。说明湾外浮游动物群落的多样性高于湾内海域。湾内外海域浮游动物群落特征之间有较大差异, 其主要原因是影响各自群落的主导水团明显不同。     

Changes in the functional feeding groups of macrobenthic fauna during mangrove forest succession in Zhanjiang,China

Understanding the relationships between mangrove forest succession and the functional diversity of mangrove fauna could facilitate the restoration of mangrove ecosystems, which have been severely damaged in recent decades. The current report describes changes in macrobenthic functional diversity in a mangrove chronosequence that included a primary community (unvegetated shoal), an early community (Avicennia marina), a middle community (Aegiceras corniculatum), and a late community (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza?+?Rhizophora stylosa) in Zhanjiang, China. Phytophages were the dominant macrobenthic functional feeding group regardless of mangrove succession stage, sampling season, or macrobenthic faunal parameter (species richness, abundance, and biomass). As mangrove succession progressed, the proportions of macrobenthic species richness, abundance, or biomass represented by omnivores significantly increased (except for biomass and in the late stage; ranged from 0.065 to 0.230 and 0.033 to 0.368, respectively in wet season, and 0.000 to 0.192 and 0.000 to 0.396, respectively in dry season), while the proportions significantly decreased for detritivores during the dry season (ranged from 0.156 to 0.056, 0.107 to 0.019, and 0.066 to 0.005, respectively). Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and PERMANOVA also indicated that the structure of macrobenthic faunal functional feeding groups was significantly affected by mangrove succession. Further analyses indicated that the changes in the relative dominance among macrobenthic faunal functional feeding groups during mangrove succession were mainly associated with changes in plant density, coverage/canopy density, and total nitrogen content of sediment, i.e., they were mostly associated with changes in food sources. The results increase our understanding of the relationship between benthic functional diversity and mangrove succession and could help guide mangrove restoration in China and around the world.     

The primary production of phytoplankton in the restored Maltañski Reservoir in Poland

Patterns in composition, abundance and diversity of the annelid fauna (Polychaeta and Oligochaeta) in 22 sandy beaches in Iceland were explored. The effect of exposure on annelid distribution was studied. A total of 5651 annelids were recorded from 160 core samples. Oligochaetes (chiefly Tubificidae) dominated the annelid assemblage whereas polychaetes represented a minor fraction. Polychaetes were relatively more abundant in exposed than in sheltered beaches, contrary to oligochaetes. Meiofaunal polychaete species were also more abundant in exposed than in sheltered beaches. Southwest beaches seemed more diverse in annelid species than northern ones. Annelid diversity did not differ between sheltered and exposed sites, but higher diversity was attained in fine sands at sheltered areas. Cluster analysis revealed large differences between beaches in the annelid community composition. The general patterns found suggest that beach exposure is a major factor conditioning macro- and meiofaunal polychaete and oligochaete distribution along the Icelandic coast.     

长白山阔叶红松林昆虫多样性研究

通过季节性观察,系统地研究了长白山阔叶红松林昆虫类群及其多样性．结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林已知的森林昆虫26目131科1162属1960种,其中森林害虫11目105科881种、重要森林害虫638种;森林昆虫群落中植食性昆虫类群总数所占比重最大,天敌昆虫群落中以捕食性类群总数所占比重最大．植食类群、寄生性类群和捕食类群全年的均匀度指数分别为0．884、0．830和0．806．各类群问季节变动系数的大小顺序为捕食类群>寄生性类群>植食类群．     

广西北海西村港互花米草对红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响, 作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样, 按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异, 探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种, 隶属于5门7纲15科, 其中互花米草群落10种, 红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增, 导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地; 除个别月份外, 红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境-采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著; 两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著; 大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明, 互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子, 而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析结果表明, 红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之, 在西村港地区, 互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量, 但由于优势物种的凸显, 显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性, 且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见, 互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。     

Is vegetation inside Carex sempervirens tussocks highly specific or an image of the surrounding vegetation?

Questions : How do species diversity, frequency and composition in tussocks differ from those in similar sized plots outside tussocks? Does the extent of the differences depend on community types or environmental conditions? Location : A sub‐alpine grassland in the Swiss National Park. Methods : In each of the two communities (short grass and tall graminoid) differing in species composition, grazing intensity and soil nutrient availability, relevés were made in 40 pairs of small circular plots, with one plot located inside a randomly selected Carex sempervirens tussock and the other outside. Results : We found 92 vascular species, of which 46 had a frequency higher than 5%. Species richness (S), pooled cover, Shannon's diversity (H) and cumulative species number (CS) were higher outside than inside the C. sempervirens tussocks, but evenness (J) was lower. S, H and CS differed more in the tall graminoid community than in the short grass community. However, dissimilarity between the paired relevés inside and outside tussocks did not differ between the two communities. Of the 46 most frequent species, 12 were statistically more and only one less frequent outside than inside the tussocks. Vegetation inside and outside tussocks could be clearly distinguished in the ordination space. Conclusion : Vegetation inside C. sempervirens tussocks is different from that in the surrounding area and represents an impoverished but homogenized version of the surrounding vegetation. Although tussocks of C. sempervirens were systematically avoided by grazers, there is little evidence that tussocks facilitate the species growing inside them.