英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性的研究

用1995～1996年在广西英罗港红树林区取样所得的资料探讨了英罗港红树林昆虫群落及其多样性特点.结果表明,英罗港红树林昆虫种类有195种;主要优势种为黑褐举腹蚁(Crematogaster rogenhoferi)、东京弓背蚁(Camponotus tokioensis)和三条螟蛾(Dichocrocris chorophanta);内滩昆虫群落多样性高于中滩、外滩.潮汐和风暴对昆虫群落多样性的影响是决定群落结构水平的重要因素;内滩、中滩和外滩影响多样性的主要成分是均匀性.     

广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类多样性季节动态研究

于1999年分4个季节来采用拦网的方法对广西英罗港红树林潮沟水中鱼类的多样性进行了研究,共发现鱼类54种,隶属于29种44属,季度出现频数F=1～4的鱼类种数分别为27、8、11和8种,各季的优势种明显,但不同季节最大优势种不同,分别为：春季、斑Ji（Clupanodon punctatus);夏季,前鳞骨鲻（Osteomugil ophuyseni）;秋季,眶棘双边鱼（Ambassis gymnocephalus）;冬季,鹿斑Fu（Leiognathus ruconius）,这些鱼类以暖水性种占绝对优势,在生态类型上以底层种类较多,各季节出现鱼类种数分别为：春季30种、夏季30种,秋季26种,冬种22种,夏季与秋季共有种最多,有20个种,这两季节间的相似性指数也最大,达55.6%,多样性指数D、H′、J值均以秋季最高,相对于林外水域,红树林潮沟鱼类群落的鱼类种数及3个指数均较高,跟热带红树林区相比,广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类群落的多样性低。     

广西英罗港红树植物群落的非线性排序

采用主分量分析 (PCA)、无偏主分量 (DPC)和非度量多维调节 (NMDS)等方法对广西英罗港 2 2个红树植物群落样地进行了排序。PCA和 DPC分析结果表明 ,取样数据具有明显的非线性结构。通过 NMDS分析 ,得到二维 NMDS排序格局 ,它能较好地反映了红树植物群落与环境因子之间的相互关系。     

植物抗旱和耐重金属基因工程研究进展

干旱和重金属污染严重影响植物的生长发育.植物耐逆相关基因的克隆和功能鉴定研究,为通过基因工程途径提高植物的抗逆性奠定了理论基础.水分亏缺、高盐、低温和重金属胁迫都能诱导LEA(late embryogenesis abundant protein)基因的表达.转基因研究表明,LEA蛋白具有抗旱保护作用、离子结合特性以及抗氧化活性;水孔蛋白存在于细胞膜和液泡膜上,在细胞乃至整个植物体水分吸收和运输过程中发挥重要作用.干旱和盐胁迫促进水孔蛋白基因转录物的积累.过量表达水孔蛋白可增强水分吸收和运输,提高植物的抗旱能力.金属转运蛋白参与重金属离子的吸收、运输和累积等过程.这些蛋白基因在改良草坪草植物的抗旱节水和耐重金属能力等方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

济南地区直翅目昆虫群落多样性

济南地区位于鲁中丘陵山区和黄河冲积平原交接地带 ,境内生境丰富多样。研究不同生境中直翅目昆虫群落的组成及多样性既有重要的理论意义又有现实的应用价值。近来对该地区直翅目昆虫的研究成果已有报道[2 ,3 ,6 ],但有关多样性的工作还少有研究。作者于 1 994年对本地区的直翅目昆虫做了较为全面的调查 ,应用生境型的概念[9,13],将直翅目昆虫分布的 1 3种生境划分为 5个生境型[2 ]。在此基础上本文着重研究了直翅目昆虫群落的多样性及环境等因素与群落多样性的关系。1　自然条件概况济南位于山东省中部 ,整个地势南高北低。南部为鲁中丘陵…     

广西红树林蜘蛛群落研究

广西红树林区及其近邻非红树林生境共采集到蜘蛛８２种,隶属于１３科４９属,其中红树林区有１３科３２属５５种。红树林区以园蛛科、非红树林区以猫蛛科和狼蛛科种类所占比例较高。角腹艾蛛是红树林区的优势种。物种多样性和丰富度红树林区比非红树林区高。     

黄土高原苹果园植物多样性及其对昆虫群落的影响

对陕西黄土高原洛川县和黄陵县优质苹果产区不同类型的苹果园植物多样性及其昆虫群落多样性进行调查,确定不同苹果园内果树林下的植物优势种,并利用昆虫多样性指数和均匀度指数分析不同植物优势种群对果园昆虫多样性的影响,以探讨植物群落多样性与其昆虫群落的关系.结果显示:(1)果园野生植物种类丰富,共有24科53属62种,其中17科41属51种存在于果园树下,11种存在于果园内的生境岛屿,且菊科植物种类最多,达14种;(2)抱茎苦荬菜、狗尾草、丝毛飞廉、灰绿藜、刺儿菜、田旋花为该地区果园植物优势种,其重要值依次为0.36、0.22、0.22、0.18、0.17、0.14;(3)反枝苋为优势种的果园昆虫种类、数量最多;(4)刺儿菜和田旋花为优势种的果园益虫和害虫的多样性指数分别为1.073 5、0.755 0和0.879 9、0.360 2.研究表明,在果园保留刺儿菜和田旋花有助于提高果园天敌昆虫群落的多样性,有益于果园害虫的生态控制.     

黄河湿地银川段昆虫群落组成及其多样性研究

2007年5～10月,通过对银川市黄河湿地保护项目区内昆虫群落的调查表明,宁夏银川市黄河湿地的昆虫共有9目81科233种.在12 297号标本中,双翅目、直翅目个体数量较多,而双翅目和膜翅目的物种数较多.样地昆虫种-多度曲线符合对数级数模型,表明黄河湿地银川段环境质量较差.昆虫群落季节动态变化和多样性指数的变化说明7月份昆虫个体数量和种类数最多,同时群落多样性指数最高,群落最稳定.     

转Bt基因棉田昆虫群落多样性及其影响因素研究

运用群落生态学的方法,研究了转Ｂｔ（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）基因棉田昆虫群落及害虫和天敌亚群落多样性,对多样性及其主要组成成分－物种数、个体数、均匀度、优势集中性进行了通径分析。试验设３个处理：转基因棉自然控制（全生育期不施用任何农药,简称自控田）、转基因棉综合防治（采取综合防治措施,简称综防田）和常规棉自然控制（常规品种,全生育期不施用任何农药,简称对照田）。结果表明：转基     

夏季大亚湾鱼类群落结构与多样性

根据2018年8月大亚湾海域底拖网鱼类资源调查数据,分析了大亚湾夏季鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明:2018年大亚湾夏季渔获鱼类56种,隶属9目、34科、47属。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(39种,69.64%);物种组成以短吻鲾(Leiognathus brevirostris)、黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)、拟矛尾鰕虎鱼(Parachaeturichthys polynema)、六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)和二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinali)等小型低值鱼类为主;鱼类物种多样性存在明显的空间差异,表现为湾口海域最大,沿岸海域次之,湾中部海域最小。鱼类群落结构大体分为咸淡水湾内和海水广布湾口两个鱼类群组;对比1985—2017年夏季调查资料可知,30多年来大亚湾夏季鱼类群落物种多样性减小;优势种组成更替显著,由以大型中上层的经济鱼类为主演变为以小型底层、近底层的低值鱼类为主,其主要原因是人类活动对大亚湾生态系统的干扰,尤其是捕捞致使鱼类群落结构发生改变、趋向简单化。     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

海堤对广西沿海红树林的数量,群落特征和恢复的影响

广西大陆海岸线的 63%为海堤 ,海堤数量达 498个 .海堤建立毁灭了原生红树林 ,现余 5654hm2 ,其中约 85%为堤前红树林 .海堤阻截了红树林滩涂的自然海岸地貌 ,结果是红海榄和木榄已很少 ,榄李濒危 ,角果木已消失 ,海漆和陆岸种类只能沿海堤坡面生长 ,而先锋红树植物白骨壤和桐花树成为现有红树林的优势种 .堤前红树林的恢复受到海堤维护时强烈的人为干扰 .堤前滩涂相对于平均海平面的高程较低 ,不是红树林繁盛的理想滩涂 .红树林人工造林的成活率和次生林恢复的速率在很大程度上取决于生境的沉积率 .     

华南海岸英罗港红树植物木榄种群结构的空间异质性(英文)

The spatial heterogeneity, including distribution pattern, tree perimeter and height differentiation, and canopy structure heterogeneity, of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk populations at Yingtuo Bay, South-China Coast was investigated using the positioning index (CE), differentiation index (TC and TH), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (D), and Ripley‘s K-functions. Most populations showed random distribution and low differentiation in perimeters and heights of individuals, while a few showed clumped distribution and clear differentiation. Canopy and gap patches were analyzed at multiple horizontal and vertical scales using geographic information system (GIS). The mosaic patterns of canopy and gap patches are different among populations, and could be quantitatively described with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index based on crown projection. The spatial heterogeneity of the canopy structure changed with spatial scales, but this kind of change would remain relatively stable over a range of scales. This scale range could be regarded as the referenced scale for a regeneration or ecological management unit for the forest.     

Surface Elevation Dynamics in a Regenerating Mangrove Forest at Homebush Bay,Australia

Following the dieback of an interior portion of a mangrove forest at Homebush Bay, Australia, surface elevation tables and feldspar marker horizons were installed in the impacted, intermediate and control forest to measure vertical accretion, elevation change, and shallow subsidence. The objectives of the study were to determine current vertical accretion and elevation change rates as a guide to understanding mangrove dieback, ascertain the factors controlling surface elevation change, and investigate the sustainability of the mangrove forest under estimated sea-level rise conditions. The study demonstrates that the influences on surface dynamics are more complex than soil accretion and soil autocompaction alone. During strong vegetative regrowth in the impacted forest, surface elevation increase exceeded vertical accretion apparently as a result of belowground biomass production. In addition, surface elevation in all forest zones was correlated with total monthly rainfall during a severe El Niño event, highlighting the importance of rainfall to groundwater recharge and surface elevation. Surface elevation increase for all zones exceeded the 85-year sea level trend for Sydney Harbour. Since mean sea-level also decreased during the El Niño event, the decrease in surface elevation did not translate to an increase in inundation frequency or influence the sustainability of the mangrove forest. These findings indicate that subsurface soil processes such as organic matter accumulation and groundwater flux can significantly influence mangrove surface elevation, and contribute to the long-term sustainability of mangrove systems under a scenario of rising sea levels.     

Insect pollinator diversity in four forested ecosystems of southern Punjab,Pakistan

This study investigated pollinator assemblage diversity and richness in four forested ecosystems of southern Punjab, Pakistan, with different landscape types. Pirowal is situated in the plains of irrigated Punjab, Lal Suhanra is part of a sandy desert ecosystem, Ghazi Ghat is part of the Indus River delta, and Fort Munro is located in dry hilly mountains. A yearlong survey of pollinator populations was carried out in these four forested ecosystems from January to December of 2010. Fortnightly hand netting was performed for collecting flower-visiting insects whereas, pan traps of three colors (white, blue, and yellow) were deployed for collecting the data. A total of 8,812 individuals from two orders (Lepidoptera and Diptera) were observed, including 22 families and 154 species. Bees were the most abundant, with 4,502 individuals, and the most species-rich taxa, with 70 species in five families, followed by flies having 2,509 individuals and 51species in 10 families. Wasps were the least abundant with 1,801 individuals and 33 species in seven families. The assemblage structure of pollinator communities as visualized through rank abundance curves showed that there were many species with low abundance and only a few species with a much higher abundance. The most abundant species among the bees, in order, were Nomia sp.3, Megachile bicolor, and Colletes sp.3; among flies, Syrphus sp.2, Calliphoridae sp.1, and Empididae sp.4; and among wasps, Tiphiidae sp.1, Myzininae sp.2, and Scelionidae sp.1.     

光皮桦天然林群落结构及物种多样性分析

对福建省光皮桦（Betula luminifera H．Winkl）天然林群落结构和物种多样性进行了调查分析。结果表明,光皮桦天然林群落的物种多样性丰富,与光皮桦混生的植物种类有46科78属117种。9个光皮桦天然林群落乔木层中,武平县梁野山自然保护区的Simpson多样性指数最高,邵武卫闽的最低。较原生的森林群落中,以壳斗科植物为基本建群种,物种多样性较丰富,光皮桦重要值较低。在原生森林遭到破坏后的演替过程中,光皮桦重要值增高,成为落叶阔叶林类型之一。光皮桦天然林渐危的主要原因是人为破坏,应加强现有天然林资源的保护、注重遗传资源的收集和保存以及人工林资源的培育。     

Dilution/extinction of community phenotypic characters to estimate relative structural diversity in mixed communities

Recent interest in microbial diversity has led to increased emphasis on the development of appropriate techniques. Structural diversity encompasses the number and distribution of separate or interacting biological entities responsible for a given function within the overall set of functions of a community. This study evaluated an approach for estimating the relative degree of structural diversity in heterotrophic microbial communities by dilution to extinction of community phenotypic traits. Serial dilutions of environmental samples (rhizosphere, stream) were tested for community phenotypic traits (i.e. carbon source respiration). The non-linear relationship between the number of positive responses (i.e. functional richness or R) and inoculum density in each sample dilution (I) fit the simple rectangular hyperbola model, allowing estimation of the maximal richness (R(max)) and the inoculum density at half-maximal richness (K(I)). The later term appears to be useful in assessing relative structural diversity as evidenced by significantly higher values for communities with higher predicted species diversity. The examination of community functional characteristics across a series of dilutions, particularly in conjunction with other techniques, may be a useful approach for the study of microbial diversity and related ecological parameters such as niche width and metabolic redundancy.     

四合木(Tetraenamongolica)林地昆虫群落的组成、结构及多样性特征

濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为我国特有的蒺藜科单种属落叶小灌木.对四合木林地昆虫群落进行了调查,共得昆虫标本11363号,263种.隶属于67个科(或总科)11个目.同翅目的个体数量和优势度指数最高;膜翅目的物种丰富度和多样性指数最大;双翅目的均匀度最大.数量优势类群(＞10％)为木虱和叶蝉类,常见类群(1％～10％)是象甲、小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、拟步甲、蚂蚁、蝽科、皮蝽、盲蝽、斑翅蝗科昆虫.营养结构中植食性类群在种类和数量上占绝对优势,其中的吸食类昆虫优势度最大;天敌昆虫以寄生性类群为主,多样性最高;捕食性和中性昆虫的种类和数量相对较少,但捕食者的均匀度最高.灌木层与草本层相比,灌木层昆虫群落的物种丰富度和个体数量明显占优;优势种的优势度大.而草本层昆虫群落的多样性和均匀度高.2层整体的相似性低.膜翅目的共有种最多.