茶脊冠网蝽生物学及其防治

茶脊冠网蝽是西南茶区重要害虫。该虫年发生2～3代,以卵在茶丛中,下部成叶背越冬。卵期30.5～34.8天(越冬卵180～190天);若虫15.3～29天;雌成虫产卵前期7.8～12天;成虫寿命25～78天;雄虫18～38天。防治方法主要是保护利用捕食性天敌军配盲蝽,配合药剂挑治。     

眉斑并脊天牛生物学特性研究

眉斑并脊天牛Glenea cantor Fabricius是我国华南地区园林绿化植物木棉树的重要蛀干害虫。本试验通过室内饲养观察和野外调查,对该虫的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明该虫在南宁一年发生4代,平均世代历期为70 d,主要以4龄幼虫在受害枝干内越冬。成虫羽化后出木前期为5.97±1.11 d。雄虫较雌虫提早羽化2-3 d,成虫期需补充营养,且具弱趋光性和假死习性。在日节律中,9∶00-11∶00和14∶00-16∶00为产卵高峰期,16∶00-19∶00为交配高峰期。雌虫出木后2 d开始交配,雄虫出木后4 d开始交配。雌雄虫一生可交配15.12±7.02次,每次交配时长为3.23±0.97 h,一天内仅交配一次。成虫主要趋向长势较弱的木棉树及枝条上产卵。产卵前期为13.50±3.15 d,平均产卵量为117.31±33.25粒。雌雄寿命分别为72.34±15.60 d和46.22±14.38 d。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂的个体发育观察法

<正> 为了掌握松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimiMatsumura的发育规律,以保证出蜂期和田间害虫产卵盛期相吻合,提高防治效果;我们在25℃恒温下系统地观察了松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生于柞蚕卵中各虫态发育情况。结果卵至成虫经12天可发育为一个世代,需有效积温235日度(松毛虫赤眼蜂发育起点温度为5℃)。为便于判断其发育情况和温度的关系,经镜检把其发育进度分为十二个等级(见表1及图)。 参照表1和图,我们就可从实际记录的有效积温中知道松毛虫赤眼蜂虫态的发育进度,或者通过显微镜下挑检观察其虫态特征,即可判断出虫态的级别,根据害虫产卵盛期及天气情况,便可算出出峰期,必要时作不同温度的调节,使出蜂与害虫产卵盛期相吻合。为了验证松毛虫赤眼蜂的发育与温度的关系,我们对5月中旬几批寄生卵进行自然温度下系统观察,证明是可行的(表2)。     

蝈蝈生物学特性的观察

蝈蝈为一种欣赏昆虫,杂食性,主要捕食微小昆虫,食量很大,在生物防治害虫上有利用前途。虫体内营养成分丰富,雌虫孕卵期又是人们的美味佳肴。1年发生1代,以卵越冬,5月中旬孵化。6月下旬羽化。雄虫能发音,声音淳美响亮。雌虫7月上旬开始产卵,9月下旬结束。产即量200～444粒。成虫寿命80～90天。     

非洲蝼蛄孤雌生殖研究简报

我们在非洲蝼蛄Gryllotalpa africanaPalisot de Beauvois生物学特性研究中发现有孤雌生殖的现象。 自1982～1985年,我们先后单独饲养雌虫69头,其中,有2头进行孤雌生殖,占3.9％。产卵量38～247粒,孵化率28～80.4％,卵期19～57天,成虫寿命97～137天。共孵化101头小若虫,再将这些若虫单独饲养,羽化为成虫54头(其中雌虫32头)。对这些成虫以3种不同配对方式进行观察:(1)无性后代雌虫与有性雄虫交配(5对),产卵54粒,未孵化;(2)无性后代雄虫与有性雌虫交配(8对),未产卵都死了;     

杨小舟蛾的羽化和生殖行为节律

杨小舟蛾是近年来为害较严重的杨树食叶害虫之一.为探明该虫羽化及生殖行为的发生规律,为生态调控技术应用于其防治工作提供参考,本文在光周期L∶D=14∶10、温度(27±1)℃和相对湿度(60±10)%的条件下,研究了杨小舟蛾成虫的羽化、求偶、交配和产卵节律.结果表明:杨小舟蛾雌虫在蛹期7 d,雄虫在蛹期8 d达到羽化高峰;在昼夜24 h间,成虫的羽化主要集中在光期6 h至暗期2 h,雌虫羽化高峰期为光期11 h,雄虫较之晚1 h.雌蛾羽化后,只在暗期进行求偶,高峰期为暗期6~7 h;1~3 d雌蛾求偶率随日龄逐渐增加,3 d达69.8%,之后求偶率逐渐下降.在单对组中,雌、雄虫的交尾行为开始于暗期5 h,至暗期7~8 h达到高峰,而在多对组中,在暗期0.5 h就已出现交尾行为,高峰期较单对组晚1.5 h.1~3 d雌蛾产卵量占其总产卵量的68.4%,之后逐渐减少.     

温度对栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina是近年在沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides林中大面积暴发的一种食叶害虫,以幼虫取食叶片,导致沙棘长势衰弱甚至死亡。本研究旨在明确温度对栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,以便对其进行预测预报及采取防治措施。【方法】分别在5个恒温(19,22,25,28和31℃)条件下研究了温度对栎黄枯叶蛾各虫态发育历期、取食量、交配率、产卵、寿命等的影响。【结果】在19~31℃温度范围内,随着温度升高,各虫态发育历期逐渐缩短。卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为9.24±0.45,10.85±0.87,14.56±0.85,9.65±0.54和10.48±0.52℃,有效积温分别为341.22±9.54,1 285.64±17.65,445.35±8.65,13.34±1.25和2 085.35±25.84日·度。幼虫总取食量和交配率与温度变化关系不大,而成虫的产卵量在22,25和28℃下明显高于其他温度,成虫寿命与温度呈负相关。【结论】22~28℃之间是栎黄枯叶蛾较为理想的生长发育和繁殖温度。研究结果为生产上合理防治该害虫提供了参考依据。     

虾钳菜披龟甲生物学的研究

虾钳菜披龟甲是湘南危害空心莲子草的重要害虫,1年发生4代,以成虫越冬。成虫产卵期长达25～45天,平均每雌产卵64粒。各虫态历期,因代别而异,卵期在3～9天,幼虫期在16～26天,蛹期3～8天。成虫寿命长达60天或200余天（越冬代）。发生为害与温、湿度关系密切,高温、干旱对其不利。     

室内条件下以枣树为寄主的苹褐带卷蛾的生长发育、繁殖及对产卵基质的选择性

【目的】苹褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana在陕北红枣种植区对枣树Ziziphus jujube的危害有逐年加重的趋势。本研究旨在明确以枣树为寄主的苹褐带卷蛾发育历期、繁殖能力及雌虫对产卵基质的选择性,为准确预测、高效治理该虫提供理论依据。【方法】在室温25±1℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期15L∶9D的条件下,以枣树叶片为食料,观察苹褐带卷蛾实验种群的生长发育及繁殖能力;通过测定补充不同营养物质后雌蛾的单雌产卵量,评价外源营养对苹褐带卷蛾繁殖力的影响;通过观察苹褐带卷蛾雌蛾在硫酸纸、滤纸、白纸、PE保鲜膜及装订胶片5种基质上的总落卵量,确定其对无机产卵基质的选择性。【结果】苹褐带卷蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的平均发育历期分别为7.38±1.22, 16.59±2.16, 7.01±0.79和16.65±5.15 d,平均世代历期为33.87±3.64 d。苹褐带卷蛾在枣树上的内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)和种群加倍时间(Dt)分别为0.15 d^-1,1.16 d^-1和4.67 d,平均产卵量达339.52±129.93粒/雌。雌虫可多次产卵,表现出明显的昼夜节律(多在0:00-8:00时段内);平均产卵次数6.26±2.09次,雌虫羽化后第3-5天达到产卵盛期。雌蛾在PE保鲜膜上的总落卵量显著大于在其他产卵基质上的总落卵量。补给不同浓度白糖水的雌蛾,其产卵量与补给纯净水的雌蛾的产卵量差异不显著。【结论】苹褐带卷蛾能够以枣树叶片为食物完成发育并繁殖可育后代,PE保鲜膜是其雌蛾适宜的无机产卵基质。     

双委夜蛾成虫主要活动节律和卵孵化节律

[目的]双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis是近年来在我国农田新发现为害的一种害虫,明确其成虫活动节律和卵的孵化节律,可为其预测预报和防治提供依据.[方法]在温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度70％±5％.光周期14 L:10 D环境条件下,观察双委夜蛾的羽化、取食、交配、产卵等行为.[结果]双委夜蛾雌虫、雄虫羽化主要发生在化蛹后第12天的光期,羽化高峰分别在13:00-17:00和13:00-15:00.取食行为主要发生在羽化后前2d,且在暗期取食的个体数(47.08％)显著多于在光期取食的个体数(26.39％).成虫的交配高峰在羽化后第3天,交配主要在暗期03:00-07:00进行,交配持续时间15-90 min,平均47.33min,以持续30-45 min的个体占比最高,达34.44％.羽化后第5天出现产卵高峰,产卵率达96.67％,产卵主要发生在暗期01:00-05:00.卯产出后第5天集中孵化,孵化率达92.04％,孵化高峰期在17:00-23:00,该时段累计孵化率64.99％.成虫羽化后第2天和第7天移动个体的比率较高,分别为9.72％和10.16％,每天进入暗期后移动率逐渐升高,进入光期后逐渐降低.不同日龄成虫在光期和暗期均出现较高比例的静息个体,前者平均为83.67％,后者平均为64.94％.[结论]双委夜蛾成虫羽化、补充营养、交配、产卵、移动、静息等活动行为的昼夜节律明显,可作为其预测预报及防治的依据.     

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的生物学和生态学特性及繁殖技术研究

采用室内测定并结合林间实地调查的方法,研究了新发现的寄生于蛀干害虫白蜡窄吉丁的外寄生蜂——白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao的生物学特性及其人工繁殖技术。结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂外寄生于白蜡窄吉丁的幼虫和蛹及预蛹,是自然控制该害虫的一种重要寄生蜂,自然寄生率为13.9%左右。该蜂在天津1年发生5代,世代重叠明显,寿命长。白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的卵、幼虫、茧蛹期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为（16.89±0.79）℃,（17.03±1.42）℃,（16.90±1.68）℃和（15.31±0.47）℃。有效积温分别为（33.82±4.13）日·度、（49.11±7.93）日·度、（128.88±27.87）日·度和（277.00±14.15）日·度。雌性成蜂易于低温保存,对寄主有较强的搜索力和攻击力。繁蜂寄主容易大量获得,是生物防治白蜡窄吉丁的重要理想天敌之一。     

海切叶蜂的筑巢和访花行为

【目的】研究毛乌素沙地重要野生传粉昆虫海切叶蜂Megachile maritima的筑巢和访花行为对保护其栖息环境具有重要意义。【方法】采用目测及拍照等方法对海切叶蜂的整个筑巢过程进行了连续观测;以2 m×2 m 样方的方式观测海切叶蜂的访花频率、单花停留时间及日活动规律等访花行为,其中日活动规律每天连续观测,共观测7天。【结果】海切叶蜂在沙土中筑巢,每巢只有一个巢室,其筑巢过程为：寻找合适的筑巢地点,挖巢,构建巢室,采集蜂粮,产卵,封住巢室,筑完一个巢。它连续筑完一个巢大约需要9 h。海切叶蜂构建一个巢室需要切取26～29片叶子,为每巢室采集蜂粮11～12次,每巢室内产卵1粒;在塔落岩黄芪和细叶益母草上的平均访花频率分别为（13.23±6.49）朵/min和（16.72±4.84）朵/min,平均单花停留时间分别为（3.08±2.48）s和（2.49±1.31）s。晴天,海切叶蜂在12:00～14:00期间活动较活跃。【结论】海切叶蜂不同个体之间的筑巢行为相似。该蜂在塔落岩黄芪和细叶益母草上的访花过程、访花频率及单花停留时间具有显著的差异。     

Morphology,development and reproduction of Pyrgomorpha vignaudii (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)

Pyrgomorpha vignaudii (Guérin‐Méneville, 1849) is a pest of a wide variety of crop plants in Africa. To facilitate the search for a sustainable strategy against this pest, we have studied the post‐embryonic development, morphology and reproduction on Manihot esculenta in the laboratory. Five‐hundred and two larvae at the first stage of development obtained in the laboratory were individually reared in cages. Post‐embryonic development passed through seven stages. The total number of days spent for larval development varied from 77 to 108. The mean duration of development of stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 larvae were, respectively, 16.48 ± 0.43, 14.40 ± 0.55, 13.70 ± 0.61, 15.07 ± 0.84, 15.21 ± 1.31 and 16.21 ± 1.27 days. After the final molt, the females of P. vignaudii take an average of 12.7 ± 1.04 days before the first mating. The time between the first mating and first oviposition ranged from 14 to 34 days (averagely 25.2 ± 4.62 days). The females realized one to nine ovipositions during their lives. The number of eggs per egg‐pods (ootheca) varied from 16 to 93 with a mean of 45.31 ± 3.51. Our results provide valuable information for the search for a control strategy against P. vignaudii.     

Seasonal Occurrence of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Its Parasitoid on Ashwagandha in India

The outbreak of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) was noticed on a medicinal plant, Withania somnifera Dunal during 2004-05. The population level of the pest was reached its peak in August. The parasitoid Pediobius foveolatus caused 51.94%±12.20% parasitism. The pest completed its life cycle in 20.15±1.50 days on W. somnifera. The longevity of the male and female adults of the pest was 22.07±3.71 and 31.07±4.38 days, respectively. The gravid females of H. vigintioctopunctata laid an average of 287.64±33.38 eggs during their oviposition period of 10.40±2.80 days.     

杨始叶螨生物学和有效积温研究

杨始叶螨Eotetranychus populi(Koch)是危害杨柳科植物的重要害螨。本文研究了该螨的主要生物学特性和有效积温。结果表明：在16℃一28℃范围内,该螨的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,反之则延长。经测定,卵的发育起点为(8.77±0.83)℃,有效积温为(100.0±5.96)日度; 幼螨至成螨的发育起点为(9.64±1.60)℃,有效积温为113.3±13.88)日度;全世代的发育起点为(8.67±0.92)℃,有效积温为(2182±14.37)日度。同时还观察了该螨在不同温度下的产卵进度、单雌产卵量、寿命和交配活动等。     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Development rate and lower temperature threshold in the eggs of Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)

The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. has a wide distribution in the Palearctic region. It is the most important pest problem of wheat in Turkey. The objective of this study was to attain better knowledge of the development of the sunn pest eggs. The lower temperature threshold and development rate of eggs were determined at 17, 20, 23, 26 and 32°C ± 1°C in the laboratory. A linear model was used to describe the developmental rate and temperature. The egg development required 90.9 degree‐days above the theoretical threshold of 11.7°C. The development time was 17.6 ± 0.1 days at 17°C, and 4.5 ± 0.01 days at 32°C. Incubation time was inversely related to temperature. The study showed that the eggs of E. integriceps needed shorter periods of time to complete their development than immature stages of their parasitoids Trissolcus spp.     

Predation of Clitostethus arcuatus (Col.: Coccinellidae) on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae)

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, is a serious pest of glasshouse crops. It shows resistance to different insecticides and growers are interested in finding other useful control methods. This research was carried out to study the predation potential and biology of Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) as one of the most important predators of this pest. Adult C. arcuatus were reared on tobacco leaves bearing colonies of greenhouse whitefly eggs under controlled conditions (25±2°C, 65±5% RH and 16 h L:8 h D). Results showed that the average developmental time of the egg, first through fourth instar larva and pupa were 2.82±0.12, 4.47±0.14, 4.54±0.1, 6.3±0.2, 7±0.22 and 3.8±0.13 days, respectively; and longevity of female and male were 66.4±2.6 and 54.9±2.5 days, respectively. The average feeding rates of female, male and larvae (first through fourth) were 61.4±0.7, 27.6±0.9 eggs/day and 12±1.03, 30.3±2.4, 41.3±2, 68.04±2 eggs/day, respectively. The larvae consumed an average of 992.2±36 eggs during the total larval developmental period with a daily mean of 45.8±0.5. A significant difference was shown between the feeding rate of fourth instar larval stages and between sexes. Females, males and one pair of C. arcuatus (♀,♂) consumed an average of 17.2±0.4, 10.6±0.8, 23.1±0.5 nymph/day; 28.5±0.9, 20.3±0.6, 47.2±0.6 pupa/day and 8±0.3, 6.5±0.54, 13.6±0.4 adult/day, respectively. The feeding rate was significantly different among whitefly life stages. Females laid an average of 3±0.23 eggs/day.     

湖北高海拔地区性信息素对小菜蛾的诱捕和防治效果

2002年应用性诱剂对海拔1 200 m山区甘蓝田小菜蛾的发生及防治进行了研究。在第一茬蔬菜生长期有2个诱蛾高峰,诱蛾量(头/盆)分别为11.7±2.4和9.2±1.0;第二茬蔬菜生长期有3个诱蛾高峰,诱蛾量(头/盆)分别为70.9±8.0、16.1±2.5和11.1±1.9。应用性诱剂诱捕山区甘蓝田小菜蛾时,第一茬田间蛾密度与单盆诱捕量相关性不显著,而第二茬菜生长期田间蛾密度与单盆诱蛾量相关性显著(y=0.0116x+0.1614, r=0.9213, P=0.0011)。性诱剂在光期与暗期都可诱到小菜蛾雄虫, 没有明显的诱蛾高峰。应用性诱剂可以使菜田的农药使用减少3～5次,降低田间子代幼虫密度。     

我国大陆红火蚁不同等级和虫态过冷却点的测定

了解我国红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren的耐低温能力并为其风险分析提供科学依据,本文对采自我国4个地点红火蚁蚁群中不同等级和虫态的过冷却点,以及不同季节和室内不同饥饿程度的工蚁过冷却点进行了测定。结果表明：蚁群中不同等级和虫态的过冷却点差异显著。工蚁成虫的过冷却点（－11.8±0.4℃）显著低于有翅雌蚁（－8.1±0.6℃）及蚁后（－7.9±0.5℃）,工蚁蛹和幼虫的过冷却点分别为－13.6±0.3℃和－12.1±0.4℃,蚁后蛹和幼虫的分别为－13.3±0.3℃和－12.2±0.3℃。工蚁蛹的过冷却点均显著低于其成虫和幼虫。蚁后蛹与其幼虫的过冷却点没有显著差异,但与其成虫的差异显著。同一未成熟期不同等级之间的也没有显著差异;不同季节的工蚁过冷却点有显著差异,其中以春季的最高（－4.3±0.2℃）,夏季（－6.6±0.2℃）、秋季（－9.4±0.1℃）的次之,冬季的（－12.0±0.3℃）最低;深圳、珠海、广州和陆川4个地理种群的工蚁过冷却点在春、秋和冬季无显著差异,但夏季陆川种群的过冷却点显著低于其他3个种群的（P<0.05）。饥饿可使工蚁的过冷却点明显升高,但大工蚁的过冷却点较小工蚁升高的幅度更大,饥饿15 d后的大工蚁比饥饿前的过冷却点升高了7.0℃,而小工蚁仅升高了4.9℃。这些结果为评价红火蚁在我国潜在的传播风险提供了理论依据。