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1.
应用中性理论分析局域群落中的物种多样性及稳定性   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
张立敏  陈斌  李正跃 《生态学报》2010,30(6):1556-1563
如何解释群落中物种的丰富与稀少,并对物种多样性和群落稳定性进行合理的量化评价是群落生态学研究中的一个热点问题。20世纪中期,MacArthur将影响自然群落稳定性的因素归结为物种数量多少以及物种间相互作用的大小,20世纪末Doak等学者提出群落的容纳能力和物种间的维持机制是决定群落稳定性的关键因素。同时对群落结构及物种间维持机制的研究也有了新的突破,Hubbell提出"生物多样性与生物地理学统一的中性理论(Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography)"为群落生态学研究提供了新的思路和方法。从群落中性理论的基本假设出发,对Hubbell中性理论中局域群落的物种多度动态模型进行分析,归纳得出群落中性理论中物种多样性与群落稳定性之间的量化关系。封闭的局域群落中,出现物种灭绝或单物种独占的时间与群落大小及物种相对多度成正比,物种多样性程度的增加可延长物种灭绝或独占的时间;开放的局域群落中,物种多度期望值与局域群落大小、物种在集合群落中的物种相对多度成正比,周围群落中物种的灭绝会引起局域群落中相应物种的灭绝,最终导致整个生态群落物种多样性的降低;群落中物种多度的方差与局域群落大小、迁移率、物种在集合群落中的物种相对多度相关,局域群落物种多度的波动幅度随着群落间生态隔离的减弱或物种多样性程度的增加而减小。由此,集合群落物种多样性是影响局域群落物种多样性的重要因素,生态隔离程度的减弱及物种多样性的增加都将增强群落的稳定性。  相似文献   

2.
覃光莲  杜国祯 《生态科学》2005,24(2):158-161,181
近年来物种多样性的急剧丧失使得物种多样性与生态系统功能的时间变异性的关系及其机制问题的研究成为了生态学研究的一个热点。综述了物种多样性与群落集合性质变异性以及种群性质变异性的关系及其机制的最新研究成果:1、理论上探讨造成物种多样性与群落集合性质变异性负相关关系的机制包括:抽样效应、资源利用分化假说、统计平均效应、保险假说、种群变异性的均匀度效应等;但实验研究对理论预期的支持并不是普遍的;2.多样性与种群变异性之间的关系主要依赖于均值-方差尺度系数Z;理论上大部分自然群落是种群变异性应该随着多样性的增加而增加;但有研究表明:在变动环境中多样性对单个组分物种的种群水平有稳定性作用;而经验研究并不能得出多样性对种群变异性效应的清晰模式。讨论了目前的理论和实验研究中存在的和今后研究中需要认真思考的问题。  相似文献   

3.
集合群落及其在土壤动物群落构建中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
集合群落(metacommunity)指的是一系列由多个潜在的相互作用的物种通过扩散联系起来的局域群落。集合群落研究的基本问题是同一系统中多物种共存的机理、多样性的成因与维持机制。为了解决这些经典问题,Leibold提出了集合群落理论的4个经典范式,即斑块动态理论、物种分配理论、中性理论和集群效应理论。集合群落理论可以应用于土壤动物群落构建研究领域,解决多空间尺度土壤动物空间分布模式与驱动机制等问题。本文采用文献计量学方法梳理了集合群落自1992年提出到目前为止,集合群落理论、结构、驱动力以及基于功能性状的集合群落机制研究等四大核心方向与研究热点。同时,本文结合目前国内外土壤动物集合群落理论研究现状,提出进一步深入开展多尺度土壤动物多样性时空格局动态研究,旨在为土壤生物多样性管理提供对策措施。  相似文献   

4.
岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论是目前生物多样性保育所依赖的主要生态学理论。人们通常强调这两种理论的区别,对它们之间的关联却很少注意到。事实上,这两种理论是同根同源的。以经典集合种群理论的创始者R.Levim对他与岛屿生物地理学的创始者R.H.MaeArthur的合作过程以及岛屿生物地理学对他提出集合种群理论的影响的回顾为基础,分析比较了岛屿生物地理学、经典集合种群理论、以Hanski为代表的现代集合种群理论的基本假设、研究范式和核心思想的异同,简要介绍了多物种集合种群与集合群落研究的差异,最后分析了岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论在生物多样性保育实践中的应用和存在问题。  相似文献   

5.
集合群落(metacommunity)是指多个潜在相互作用的物种通过它们之间的扩散而连接在一起的一组局域群落,目前已成为斑块生境下生物群落结构、格局和动态的重要理论基础之一。斑块动态、物种排序、群体效应和中性模型等4种理论模型,可用于解释不同情形下集合群落内物种的迁移状况,描述集合群落的动态。可采用群落结构或生态学机制等途径,来阐述所研究的群落是属于哪一种特定的集合群落类型。集合群落可用于研究河流鱼类群聚,解释鱼类的群落结构等问题。另外本文还结合我国水域生态环境及水生生物现状,对今后集合群落的研究作了展望。  相似文献   

6.
群落生态学的中性理论   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
 生物多样性的分布格局和维持机制一直是群落生态学研究的核心问题,其中的关键是物种的共存机制。长 期以来,生态位分化的思想在这一研究领域占据着主导地位。然而这一理论在解释热带雨林很高的物种多 样性时遇到了困难。而以Hubbell为代表提出的群落中性漂变理论则假定在同一营养级物种构成的群落中 不同物种的不同个体在生态学上可看成是完全等同的;物种的多度随机游走,群落中的物种数取决于物种 灭绝和物种迁入/新物种形成之间的动态平衡。在这一假定之下,该理论预言了两种统计分布。一种是集 合群落在点突变形成新物种的模式下其各个物种相对多度服从对数级数分布,而受扩散限制的局域群落以 及按照随机分裂为新物种模式形成的集合群落则服从零和多项式分布。与生态位理论相反,中性理论不以 种间生态位差异作为研究群落结构的出发点,而是以物种间在个体水平上的对等性作为前提。该理论第一 次从基本生态学过程(出生、死亡、迁移、物种分化)出发,给出了群落物种多度分布的机理性解释,同 时其预测的物种多度分布格局在实际群落中也得到了广泛的印证。因此,中性理论自诞生以来便在生态学 界引发了极大的反响,也包括一些反对的声音。该文重点综述了关于中性理论的假设、预测和物种形成模 式等方面的最新研究进展,包括中性理论本身的发展、关于中性理论的假设和预测的合理性检验以及在集 合群落尺度上物种分化模式的讨论;并指出未来发展方向可能是在生态位理论和中性理论之间架起一座桥 梁,同时发展包含随机性的群落生态位模型,以及允许种间差异的近中性模型。  相似文献   

7.
2005-2006年的1月、4月、7月和10月,利用样带法对广州市新垦红树林湿地和周边农田进行鸟类物种多样性研究。利用Shannon-Wiener指数分析了生境类型的鸟类群落种数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数等特征。结果表明,新垦红树林湿地1月鸟类种数高于周边农田湿地2倍,鸟类群落个体数量高于农田湿地9倍;红树林湿地4月和7月鸟类种数高于周边农田湿地1.5倍,鸟类群落个体数量高于农田湿地4倍;红树林湿地10月鸟类种数高于周边农田湿地1.5倍,鸟类群落个体数量高于农田湿地6.8倍;新垦红树林湿地和周边农田湿地鸟类物种多样性表现出明显的季节性变化。  相似文献   

8.
集合群落(metacommunity)研究动态   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
周淑荣  王刚 《生态科学》2002,21(2):175-178
由于人类活动等原因,自然生境在日益丧失和破碎化。因此,聚合种群结构作为空间生态学的一个重要的研究途径越来越受到人们的重视,而斑块化环境中的生物群落即集合群落也成为生态学的一个研究热点,文中综述了集合群落动态,群落物种丰富度和物种分布,生境的丧失和破坏对集合群落的影响等的最新研究成果。  相似文献   

9.
集合种群与生物多样性保护   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
集合种群的概念受到空前的重视,其精髓是强调物种受局域和区域两个空间尺度上生态学过程的共同作用。主要介绍了集合种群概念的由来、集合种群动态理论以及集合种群理论在生物多样性保护及生物防治中一些可能的应用。  相似文献   

10.
物种多度格局研究进展   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
 物种多度格局研究始于20世纪30年代,是种群生态学和群落生态学研究的起点。物种多度格局研究主要在两个水平上进行:1)初期研究主要集中于群落水平,希望在不同群落之间发现一个共同的整体格局来描述群落的组织结构。常用模型包括几何级数、对数级数、对数正态和断棍模型,不同模型代表了不同的生态学过程。2)目前转向重视物种水平,并以物种多度的区域分布规律及其生态学机制研究为主。物种分布区多度关系有正相关、无相关和负相关3种形式。局部多度高的物种一般趋于广布,而局部多度低的物种趋于受限分布。物种多度区域分布的生态位模型预测为单峰型,还经常会出现“热点地区”;而异质种群模型预测为双峰型。物种多度的区域分布主要由环境资源特性、物种生态位和扩散过程等因素决定。3)物种多度格局的时间变化与空间变异类似,代表了这些生态学过程的时间异质性。4)物种多度格局的尺度变化经常表现出自相似性,但该规律并非一直存在,因为生物多样性由不同尺度上的不同生态学过程决定。5)多度(稀有度)是物种保护的基本依据,而群落多度模型能够指示生态学和干扰过程变化对群落结构的影响。物种多度格局的模型手段仍需改进,机制研究尚不系统,应用研究亟待扩展,对于物种多度格局的深入理解将为揭示生物多样性分布机制和有效保护提供帮助。  相似文献   

11.
Avian Use of Wetlands in Reclaimed Minelands in Southwestern Indiana   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
We studied the use of mineland wetlands by birds and the relationship between avian communities and wetland characteristics. Data were collected from 20 wetlands in Pike County, Indiana, and included wetland size, depth, water conductivity and salinity, aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance, vegetation, and bird use. Principal component analysis showed that physical variables could be explained by two principal component scores and that wetlands could be grouped on the basis of size and conductivity. Principal component analysis could not reduce vegetation variables to fewer principal component scores, meaning that wetland vegetation characteristics were independent of one another and did not show any trend. Most wetlands had low invertebrate density, and wetlands with higher invertebrate density had low invertebrate diversity. Wetlands with similar habitat characteristics (physical, vegetative, and invertebrate) did not necessarily show similarities in bird assemblages. Bird similarity index values ranged from 0 to 59%, implying that each wetland has its own bird community. Stepwise multiple regression analysis (α= 0.05) relating bird use and habitat characteristics showed that bird species richness increased with the species richness of submergent vegetation and was correlated negatively with the species richness of emergent vegetation. There was no significant relationship between bird species richness or bird species diversity and wetland size. The number of species within different avian guilds correlated with different habitat characteristics. The species richness of submergent plants was a factor that correlated positively with the number of species of several guilds (dabblers, wading birds, and plunge divers). Wetland age was not a factor that determined bird use.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract Aim The species–area relationship is a ubiquitous pattern. Previous methods describing the relationship have done little to elucidate mechanisms producing the pattern. Hanski & Gyllenberg (Science, 1997, 275 , 397) have shown that a model of metapopulation dynamics yields predictable species–area relationships. We elaborate on the biological interpretation of this mechanistic model and test the prediction that communities of species with a higher risk of extinction caused by environmental stochasticity should have lower species–area slopes than communities experiencing less impact of environmental stochasticity. Methods We develop the mainland–island version of the metapopulation model and show that the slope of the species–area relationship resulting from this model is related to the ratio of population growth rate to variability in population growth of individual species. We fit the metapopulation model to five data sets, and compared the fit with the power function model and Williams's (Ecology, 1995, 76 , 2607) extreme value function model. To test that communities consisting of species with a high risk of extinction should have lower slopes, we used the observation that small‐bodied species of vertebrates are more susceptible to environmental stochasticity than large‐bodied species. The data sets were divided into small and large bodied species and the model fit to both. Results and main conclusions The metapopulation model showed a good fit for all five data sets, and was comparable with the fits of the extreme value function and power function models. The slope of the metapopulation model of the species–area relationship was greater for larger than for smaller‐bodied species for each of five data sets. The slope of the metapopulation model of the species–area relationship has a clear biological interpretation, and allows for interpretation that is rooted in ecology, rather than ad hoc explanation.  相似文献   

13.
多尺度结合的西安市浐灞河湿地水鸟生境保护规划   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
城市湿地及其物种多样性的保护是城市生态建设的重要内容.结合西安市浐灞河湿地,对城市湿地水鸟生境的保护规划问题进行了探讨.经调查,西安市浐灞河段共发现水鸟20种,分属8目12科,孕育了丰富的水鸟多样性资源.同时保留有本地湿地植物种类,生境类型多样,具有很高的保护价值.浐灞河湿地水鸟生境的保护规划应以景观生态学、保护生物学、复合种群等相关理论为指导,区域/景观-局地-群落多尺度结合,保护与开发结合进行规划,具体从以下方面着手:生境网络的构建;小生境的设计,滨水地带土地利用格局优化及生境水深的控制;生境植物群落的构建.  相似文献   

14.
Theory predicts that founder effects have a primary role in determining metapopulation genetic structure. However, ecological factors that affect extinction-colonization dynamics may also create spatial variation in the strength of genetic drift and migration. We tested the hypothesis that ecological factors underlying extinction-colonization dynamics influenced the genetic structure of a tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) metapopulation. We used empirical data on metapopulation dynamics to make a priori predictions about the effects of population age and ecological factors on genetic diversity and divergence among 41 populations. Metapopulation dynamics of A. tigrinum depended on wetland area, connectivity and presence of predatory fish. We found that newly colonized populations were more genetically differentiated than established populations, suggesting that founder effects influenced genetic structure. However, ecological drivers of metapopulation dynamics were more important than age in predicting genetic structure. Consistent with demographic predictions from metapopulation theory, genetic diversity and divergence depended on wetland area and connectivity. Divergence was greatest in small, isolated wetlands where genetic diversity was low. Our results show that ecological factors underlying metapopulation dynamics can be key determinants of spatial genetic structure, and that habitat area and isolation may mediate the contributions of drift and migration to divergence and evolution in local populations.  相似文献   

15.
While habitat transformation driven by human activities is the main driver of current biodiversity changes, there is still no framework to explore and forecast the effects of different types of habitat changes on the richness and composition of biological communities. To tackle this issue, we modeled the dynamics of a regional meta‐community, composed either of ecologically equivalent species (neutral model) or of generalist and specialist species (specialization model), and explored the impact of the overall reduction, patch conversion or alteration of an original habitat into one or several other habitats of different total carrying capacity on the community metrics at equilibrium. Our simulations reveal strong interactions between the community model considered (neutral or specialization model) and the type of habitat change. Under neutrality, the impact of habitat changes on richness can be approached by a power law species–individual relationship (SIR), which may at constant density be simplified into the widely used power law species–area relationship (SAR), independent of the type of change. However, in the presence of generalist and specialist species, we found that 1) while habitat reduction in area also leads to approximately power law SIRs and SARs, 2) patch conversion and alteration have more complex effects on regional species richness, and 3) habitat alteration elicits the functional homogenization of communities, involving a decrease of their average level of specialization.  相似文献   

16.
Avian community composition of kopjes in a heterogeneous landscape   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Trager M  Mistry S 《Oecologia》2003,135(3):458-468
We examined avian communities of kopjes (naturally occurring insular rock outcrops) in grassland and thorn tree woodland habitats in the Seronera region of Serengeti National Park, northwestern Tanzania. Although kopjes cover a small proportion of the Park's area, they provide resources that are uncommon in the Serengeti landscape and are known to host diverse, yet poorly documented, biotic communities. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to compare avian communities of kopjes with those of their surrounding habitat matrixes; (2) to compare the avian communities among kopjes; and (3) to determine the effects of kopje characteristics (e.g., size, vegetation cover, level of human disturbance and matrix type) on avian diversity and community composition. The avian communities of kopjes differed significantly from those of the matrixes in species composition and guild characteristics. Rare species, frugivorous species and nectarivorous species were more abundant on kopjes, whereas there were more ground-feeding species in matrix sites. Species richness was positively correlated with the area of kopjes covered by tall vegetation (5+ m), but neither total habitat area nor total vegetation cover significantly affected avian diversity. The surrounding habitat type, the fruiting phenology of Ficus and Commiphora trees and the level of human disturbance also influenced the presence and abundance of individual species and accounted for differences in community composition among kopjes. Our results show that kopjes support unique avian assemblages comprising many species that are otherwise rare in Serengeti, and consequently that kopjes may be local hotspots of avian diversity in the region.  相似文献   

17.
This study utilized individual senesced sugar maple and beech leaves as natural sampling units within which to quantify saprotrophic fungal diversity. Quantifying communities in individual leaves allowed us to determine if fungi display a classic taxa–area relationship (species richness increasing with area). We found a significant taxa–area relationship for sugar maple leaves, but not beech leaves, consistent with Wright's species‐energy theory. This suggests that energy availability as affected plant biochemistry is a key factor regulating the scaling relationships of fungal diversity. We also compared taxa rank abundance distributions to models associated with niche or neutral theories of community assembly, and tested the influence of leaf type as an environmental niche factor controlling fungal community composition. Among rank abundance distribution models, the zero‐sum model derived from neutral theory showed the best fit to our data. Leaf type explained only 5% of the variability in community composition. Habitat (vernal pool, upland or riparian forest floor) and site of collection explained > 40%, but could be attributed to either niche or neutral processes. Hence, although niche dynamics may regulate fungal communities at the habitat scale, our evidence points towards neutral assembly of saprotrophic fungi on individual leaves, with energy availability constraining the taxa–area relationship.  相似文献   

18.
Island biogeography of temporary wetland carabid beetle communities   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Aim The study tests if island biogeography is applicable to invertebrate communities of habitat islands in the agricultural landscape that are not fragments of formerly larger habitats. Location Thirty temporary wetlands in the agricultural landscape of northeast Germany. Methods The composition and species richness of carabid beetle communities was analysed. Habitat area, isolation, the density of temporary wetlands in the landscape, land‐use intensity and the maximum duration of flooding were recorded as independent variables. Overall species richness and wetland species richness were studied in independent regression analyses. The community composition was analysed by means of a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A partial CCA was used to analyse the effect of the distance to the edge of the field after removing impacts of other independent variables. Results The area of the habitats and various measures of isolation (mean distances = 81–240 m) did not influence species richness or wetland species richness. The community composition was mainly determined by the land‐use intensity, habitat area did not have significant effects, and the distance to the edge of the field was the only effective isolation parameter. Short‐winged species were more often affected by the distance to the edge of the field than full‐winged species. Main conclusion There is evidence that the distances between the wetlands do not provide an effective barrier to the species dispersal and, therefore, metapopulation structures including subpopulations of multiple temporary wetlands might counteract local area effects on subpopulations. Short‐winged species, however, might be more affected by isolation than full‐winged species. As carabid beetle community structure in most early successional habitats is similar, these results may be representative of many agricultural landscape habitats. Nature conservancy concepts that aim to increase habitat area and habitat connectivity have successfully been applied to fragmented late‐successional habitats. The present study indicates that such concepts do not necessarily result in higher diversity or larger populations in early successional habitats.  相似文献   

19.
Urbanization and habitat fragmentation have the potential to influence bird communities. In addition, these phenomena, as well as ongoing lethal control measures, have also greatly reduced the range of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) since the beginning of the 20th century. Although prairie dogs are highly interactive species that can influence avian communities, few studies have investigated whether these interactions persist in urban settings. Our goal was to investigate the relative impacts of habitat fragmentation and prairie dogs on bird communities within an urban matrix. We performed bird surveys on 20 habitat fragments (10 colonized by prairie dogs, 10 uncolonized by prairie dogs) distributed throughout the Denver metropolitan area, and calculated Shannon–Weiner diversity and richness of all birds and native species, as well as total counts of grassland birds and raptors. Diversity, richness, and counts of many species increased with increasing fragment connectivity, and decreased on fragments isolated for longer periods of time. Avian diversity and richness did not differ between fragments with and without prairie dogs, suggesting that this element of the ecological role of prairie dogs is not fully retained in urban habitat. Future studies of the role of prairie dogs as keystone species in urban systems should include other taxa as well as consider the influence of the urban matrix surrounding prairie dog habitat. Our results emphasize that conservation of urban avian diversity should focus on landscape connectivity as well as local habitat features.  相似文献   

20.
We compared wintering bird communities and their habitats among three shoals at Jiuduansha, a newly-formed wetland in the Yangtze River estuary. The highest species richness and diversity were recorded in Shangsha, which is the highest shoal, and the highest abundance and lowest species diversity were recorded in Xiasha, which is the lowest shoal. Shangsha had the largest abundance of perching birds whereas Xiasha was the most abundant in waterbirds. Bird assemblages showed different associations with the different habitat types—perching birds were favored by reed (Phragmites australis) communities, shallow water foragers and dabbling ducks preferred sea-bulrush (Scirpus mariqueter) communities, and moist-soil foragers and gulls showed a preference for bare intertidal zones. All bird assemblages, however, avoided the smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) communities, which are dominated by an alien invasive plant. The composition of avian communities was related to habitat types at the three shoals. Our results suggest that the newly-formed tidelands can provide suitable habitats for waterbirds and that the lower tidelands can attract more waterfowl than the higher tidelands. Because the shoal with low species diversity could have exclusive bird species, conservation efforts should not concentrate only on the area with high species diversity. The estuarine wetlands should be considered as a whole when conservation strategies are designed. The alien invasive plant should, moreover, be effectively controlled, to provide suitable habitats for birds.  相似文献   

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