浅谈鼬獾

<正>鼬獾(Melogale moschata),别名山獭、山狟、白猪鼻、白猸,属食肉目鼬科鼬獾属,为东洋界特产动物(封面照片林剑声2010年3月27日摄于江西武夷山国家级自然保护区海拔1100m处)。     

鼬獾对枳棋种子选择和消化时间的研究

鼬獾（Melogale moschata）是湖北后河国家级自然保护区中一种占优势的鼬科动物，取食多种无脊椎动物和植物果实。于2006年秋季在后河保护区调查了鼬獾消化时间及其对枳棋种子的选择，并初步探究了鼬獾对枳棋的种子传播作用。结果表明：鼬獾个体间的消化时间无明显差异。鼬獾对枳棋有较强的选择性，主要取食种子个体大，较为成熟的枳棋果实，这对枳楔的分布与扩散起到积极的作用。     

鼬獾对枳椇种子选择和消化时间的研究

鼬獾(Melogale moschata)是湖北后河国家级自然保护区中一种占优势的鼬科动物,取食多种无脊椎动物和植物果实.于2006年秋季在后河保护区调查了鼬獾消化时间及其对枳椇种子的选择,并初步探究了鼬獾对枳惧的种子传播作用.结果表明:鼬獾个体间的消化时间无明显差异.鼬獾对枳椇有较强的选择性,主要取食种子个体大,较为成熟的枳棋果实,这对枳棋的分布与扩散起到积极的作用.     

同域分布鼬獾和食蟹獴活动节律的比较

为探明同域分布的鼬獾（Melogale moschata）和食蟹獴（Herpestes urva）的日活动节律、时间生态位及其两者共存机制,于2016年12月至2017年12月,在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区开展红外相机监测获取数据,后采用核密度估计（Kernel density estimation）和重叠指数（Coefficient of overlap）对该地区的鼬獾和食蟹獴进行了研究。结果表明：鼬獾属于典型的夜行性动物,其日活动模式为双峰型,活动峰值出现在01：00—05：00和21：00—24：00;与雨季相比,旱季的活动峰值均提前1 h,活动高峰期延长3 h。食蟹獴为典型昼行性动物,其日活动模式为单峰型,活动峰值出现在11：00—18：00,与雨季相比,旱季活动高峰期提前并延长1 h。两者间的日活动模式重叠指数较低（Δ=0.17）,但旱季（Δ=0.22）高于雨季（Δ=0.12）。两者主要通过改变时间生态位来避免对食物资源和领域的竞争,从而实现共存。     

利用红外相机对广西崇左白头叶猴自然保护区兽类和鸟类资源的初步调查

广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区属于典型的喀斯特地貌,分布着丰富的野生动物资源。为掌握保护区内大中型兽类和林下鸟类资源现状,我们在保护区驮逐片区布设60个红外相机调查位点,于2017年1月至2018年1月开展了连续监测。共收集4848份独立有效相片,经鉴定为16种兽类和29种鸟类,包括2种国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物和9种国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。小泡巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsi）、鼬獾（Melogale moschata）、北树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）、野猪（Sus scrofa）和食蟹獴（Herpestes urva）的相对多度指数分别位于兽类前五位;白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、蓝背八色鸫（Pitta soror）、紫啸鸫（Myophonus caeruleus）以及黑冠鳽（Gorsachius melanolophus）的相对多度指数分别位于鸟类前四位。活动节律分析结果表明小泡巨鼠和鼬獾为夜行性动物,野猪、食蟹獴、白鹇和蓝背八色鸫为昼行性动物。核心区、缓冲区和实验区的物种数和多样性指数均无显著差异。本研究结果初步了解了崇左保护区内大中型兽类及林下鸟类物种组成、相对数量及空间分布,为后期的科研工作及保护管理提供了丰富的基础资料。     

利用红外相机对贵州茂兰自然保护区兽类和鸟类资源的初步调查

2016年8月至12月,在贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区布设69台红外相机(1台丢失,3台损坏),对区内大中型兽类及林下鸟类资源进行连续监测。共记录到11种兽类和16种鸟类,包括1种国家I级重点保护野生动物（白颈长尾雉Syrmaticus ellioti）和4种国家II级重点保护野生动物（斑灵狸Prionodon pardicolor、猕猴Macaca mulatta、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、仙八色鸫Pitta nympha）。其中,相对丰富度最高的兽类为小泡巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsi）（RAI=15.22）、红腿长吻松鼠（Dremomys pyrrhomerus）（RAI=9.58）、帚尾豪猪（Atherurus macrourus）（RAI=1.46）、鼬獾（Melogale moschata）（RAI=1.04）、赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythraeus）（RAI=0.57）;相对丰富度最高的鸟类为紫啸鸫（Myiophoneus caeruleus）（RAI=3.79）,白鹇（RAI=3.25）,橙头地鸫（Zoothera citrina）（RAI=0.45）,虎斑地鸫（Zoothera dauma）（RAI=0.45）。豹猫（Prionailurus bengalensis）、仙八色鸫、灰头鸫（Turdus rubrocanus）、灰翅鸫（Turdus boulboul）、灰眶雀鹛（Alcippe morrisonia）、绿翅金鸠（Chalcophaps indica）、黄嘴栗啄木鸟（Blythipicus pyrrhotis）为保护区新记录。活动节律分析结果显示,白鹇和紫啸鸫为昼行性动物,帚尾豪猪和鼬獾为夜行性动物,结果与传统方法基本一致。本研究结果有助于监测茂兰保护区中大中型兽类和林下鸟类资源,为保护区有效管理提供数据支持。     

国家级自然保护区生态系统格局十年变化(2000-2010年)评估

为揭示国家级自然保护区生态系统格局构成及变化状况,基于2000年和2010年319个国家级自然保护区生态系统类型与分布数据,根据生态系统类型转化及其转化幅度,考虑自然保护区各功能区的重要性,构建生态系统格局变化指数,分析国家级自然保护区生态系统格局动态变化。结果表明,国家级自然保护区草地生态系统面积最大,2000年和2010年分别占全国国家级自然保护区总面积的57.88%和57.74%,其次为荒漠生态系统,两期占比约17%,其他依次是湿地、森林、灌丛、农田、冰川/永久积雪、海洋、城镇等生态系统类型。2000-2010年,国家级自然保护区内森林、湿地面积明显增加,城镇有一定程度扩张,冰川/永久积雪略微减少。总体上,国家级自然保护区生态系统格局基本保持稳定,基本维持的保护区数量219个,占国家级自然保护区总数的68.65%,生态系统格局改善的保护区数量略多于退化的数量,10年来国家级自然保护区生态系统格局保护取得一定效果。国家级自然保护区生态系统格局在基本维持的基础上,表现出一定的地域不平衡性。生态系统改善的保护区多分布在秦岭、大巴山、大娄山、南岭一带,而东部省份、内蒙古高原、东北平原一带生态系统退化的保护区数量较多,主要是荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、野生动物、自然遗迹等类型自然保护区。最后,提出3点建议为提高国家级自然保护区管理水平提供参考。     

四川省森林和野生动物类型自然保护区

序号名称级别主要保护对象总面积ｋｍ2山系批建时间所在市县备注1卧龙自然保护区国家级大熊猫、森林生态系统2000邛崃山1963汶川1975年升为国家级2唐家河自然保护区国家级大熊猫、森林生态系统400岷山1978青川1986年升为国家级3九寨沟自然保护区国家级大熊猫、金丝猴、森林生态系统643岷山1979九寨沟1994年升为国家级4马边大风顶自然保护区国家级大熊猫、牛羚、森林生态系统300凉山1979马边1994年升为国家级5蜂桶寨自然保护区国家级大熊猫、金丝猴、森林生态系统39039邛崃山1979宝兴1994年升为国家级6美姑大风顶自然保护区国家级大熊猫、森…     

贵州坡岗喀斯特森林自然保护区红外相机兽类和鸟类监测及活动节律分析

本研究于2017—2020年利用红外相机对贵州兴义坡岗喀斯特森林自然保护区的兽类和鸟类进行了连续4年的监测,分析了保护区内兽类和鸟类物种组成多样性及主要地栖性物种的活动节律。本次调查共记录到兽类和鸟类物种数共72种,其中兽类13种,隶属于4目7科;鸟类59种,隶属于6目18科。国家一级重点保护野生动物有黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)和小灵猫(Viverricula indica);国家二级重点保护野生动物有白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)、猕猴(Macaca mulatta)、斑林狸(Prionodon pardicolor)、豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)等13种。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高的区域为保护区的核心区(H=2.76)。活动节律分析表明,白腹锦鸡为昼行性动物,花面狸(Paguma larvata)、鼬獾(Melogale moschata)等为典型的夜行性动物。白腹锦鸡和鼬獾日活动节律呈双峰趋势,花面狸和豹猫呈单峰型。本次监测结果可为进一步加强喀斯特森林鸟兽物种保护管理和生态学研究提供基础。     

中国两栖类一新种(有尾目,小鲵科)

对2003年2月、2005年11月采自广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的1种小鲵进行了研究,认为其特征与现有的小鲵都不相同,确定为中国两栖纲有尾目小鲵科小鲵属1新种,即猫儿山小鲵Hynobius maoershanensis sp.nov..模式标本保存于广西大学动物科技学院标本室,部分副模标本(MESH05111001,MESH05111002)保存于广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区标本室.     

The seven ways eukaryotes produce repeated colour motifs on external tissues

The external tissues of numerous eukaryote species show repeated colour patterns, usually characterized by units that are present at least twice on the body. These dotted, striped or more complex phenotypes carry out crucial biological functions, such as partner recognition, aposematism or camouflage. Very diverse mechanisms explaining the formation of repeated colour patterns in eukaryotes have been identified and described, and it is timely to review this field from an evolutionary and developmental biology perspective. We propose a novel classification consisting of seven families of primary mechanisms: Turing(-like), cellular automaton, multi-induction, physical cracking, random, neuromuscular and printing. In addition, we report six pattern modifiers, acting synergistically with these primary mechanisms to enhance the spectrum of repeated colour patterns. We discuss the limitations of our classification in light of currently unexplored extant diversity. As repeated colour patterns require both the production of a repetitive structure and colouration, we also discuss the nature of the links between these two processes. A more complete understanding of the formation of repeated colour patterns in eukaryotes will require (i) a deeper exploration of biological diversity, tackling the issue of pattern elaboration during the development of non-model taxa, and (ii) exploring some of the most promising ways to discover new families of mechanisms. Good starting points include evaluating the role of mechanisms known to produce non-repeated colour patterns and that of mechanisms responsible for repeated spatial patterns lacking colouration.     

The use of ribotyping and antibiotic resistance patterns for identification of host sources of Escherichia coli strains

AIMS: To compare antibiotic resistance and ribotyping patterns ability to identify triplicate isolates sent from a group of 40 Escherichia coli taken from seven host sources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of the 120 isolates, 22 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim and 98 isolates were susceptible. Antibiotic patterns identified 33 of the triplicates and three of the six groups had isolates from multiple hosts. Ribotyping divided the isolates into 27 ribotype groups with all triplicates grouped into the same ribotype group with one host per group. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern placed 98 of the isolates in a single group with 50% of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern groups containing multiple host species. Ribotyping groups were host specific with each host having one to seven ribotype groups. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern groups have been used for environmental source identification and faecal pollution tracking, however these groups do not always distinguish between host species. Stability of the markers is a potential concern and this system can only be used if antibiotic resistance levels are high in the isolates studied. All isolates have a ribotype group which was stable and like other molecular methods has advantages over antibiotic susceptibility pattern groups which uses a phenotypic method.     

Absence of triradius d in a three-generation pedigree and other variations of main-line D

An example is reported of a rare dermatoglyphic variant (absence of triradius d) in a woman of mixed European and Cherokee American Indian ancestry. This variant was not present in her parents, her five siblings, four nephews or one niece. Attention is drawn to the continuum from an absent triradius d to a triradius with an abbreviated main-line associated with either an open field in interdigital area IV, or a loop in interdigital area IV or a tented arch at d. This same continuum occurs at c. The absent triradius at d is extremely rare and the tented arch at d is very rare.     

汉族左利人群指纹和趾纹的研究

本文对长治市部分左利人群和右利人群的指纹和趾纹进行了对比分析。结果表明,左利人群的指端A、A^t、L^r频率和趾端A、A^n频率均显著低于对照组,而指端和趾端的W及W^4频率均显著高于对照组。结论：左利人群的指纹和趾纹可能有其自身的遗传特征。     

一个多食性天敌与害虫系统的有界性和稳定性

本文讨论一个多食性天敌与害虫系统的有界性和稳定性，给出了该系统有界性和稳定性的充分条件，与之同时还阐述了它们的生态意义．     

Comparative historical biogeography of three groups of Nearctic freshwater fishes across central Mexico

Biogeographic patterns of the three main Nearctic groups of continental fishes inhabiting river drainages in central Mexico (livebearing goodeids, southern Mexican notropins and species of Algansea, the last two representing independent lineages of cyprinids) were obtained and compared by following two approaches: an estimate of divergence times and using a well‐defined biogeographic method. Three concordant biogeographic events were identified among the three groups, showing some evidence of a partially congruent evolutionary history. The analysed groups show at least three independent colonization events into central Mexico: two western routes, followed by the Goodeinae and members of Algansea, and an early Plateau route followed by southern notropins. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of each of the three freshwater fish groups diversified in central Mexico in the Late Miocene. The lack of a strong congruence in their biogeographic patterns, and the differences in species richness among the three clades might be evidence for distinct patterns of diversification.     

Developmental changes in the facial soft tissues

Short-base stereophotogrammetry was used to study differential growth and development of the soft tissues of the face. Thirteen facial parameters were measured at ages 9, 11, 13, 15, and 16 years on 170 facial contour maps selected from a mixed longitudinal study of 26 boys and 26 girls. Each parameter was measured three-dimensionally, and its developmental progress at the earlier stages was expressed as a percentage of its value at 16 years of age. Standing height development was assessed in the same way. Three parameters that measured soft tissues surrounding the eyes grew little but were very advanced in their development, following a "neural" pattern. The remaining facial parameters grew more but were less advanced, and standing height was least advanced. There appeared to be three separate patterns of development, "neural," "facial," and "skeletal." Girls were, in general, smaller than boys, but their development was more advanced when measured as a percentage of size at 16 years compared with boys.     

下辽河平原景观格局脆弱性及空间关联格局

以东北三省开发强度最大的辽河中下游地区——下辽河平原为研究对象,根据景观格局脆弱性的概念及内涵,通过景观敏感度指数和景观适应度指数构建景观格局脆弱度指数,并借助地统计学和空间自相关模型分析的理论方法,对下辽河平原景观格局脆弱度的空间分布特征、变异规律以及空间关联格局进行探讨,结果表明:①1989—2010年下辽河平原景观格局脆弱度总体上呈递减趋势;②1989—2010年研究区景观格局脆弱度Moran's I表现为一定程度的正相关,且相关程度略微呈下降趋势;③1989—2010年研究区景观格局脆弱度局部空间自相关和显著性水平均发生了明显的变化;④研究区各时期景观格局脆弱度的空间相关性是受结构性因素和非结构性因素共同影响,C0所占的比例在3a期间有逐步上升趋势,表明非结构性因素对景观格局脆弱度演变的影响程度不断加深,但是结构性因素(地形地貌、水文、土壤植被类型等)仍然对本区景观格局脆弱度的空间分布起决定性作用。     

新疆柯尔克孜族肤纹初步研究

本文报道新疆柯尔克孜族肤纹参数的正常值,样本中有男女各500例,本文的研究包括13类,它们是:指纹总嵴数,a-b间嵴数,指纹,指间花纹,大鱼际纹,小鱼际纹,猿线,掌指c三叉缺失,多个t三叉点,(足母)趾球部纹,足小鱼际纹,趾间纹,足跟纹。