洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究张元培,朱南屏（湖南省水产科学研究所沅江４１３１００）（湖南省华容县血防站４１４２００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥＩｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ｂｙＲｃｔａｉｎｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒｉｎＢｌｏｏｄＦｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）Ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉ－ｂｌｅＲｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｒｏｕｎｄＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｐｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｙｕａｎｊｉａｎｇ４１３１００）,ＺｈｕＮａｎｂｉｎｇ（ＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌＦｅｖｅｒＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＨｕａｒｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,４１４２００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２３－２５．Ｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｆｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｋｅｂｅａｃｈ,ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｎｄａｔｅｄｅｌｉｍｉ－ｎａｔｉｎｇｓｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｂｙｂｕｉｌ     

合理用药生态控制茶小绿叶蝉主要措施与评价

合理用药生态控制茶小绿叶蝉主要措施与评价张觉晚,王沅江（湖南省茶叶研究所,长沙４１０１４５）ＰｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｏｆＲａｔｉｏｎａｌＵｓｅｏｆＰｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅｆｏｒＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｖｅｒＴｅａＧｒｅｓｎＬｅａｆ...     

南方丘陵山区农业生态环境的改善：—以五华县新一村为例

南方丘陵山区农业生态环境的改善──以五华县新一村为例钟继洪,唐淑英,谭军（广东省土壤研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｃｎｔｏｆＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＨＩｉｌｌｙａｎｄＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｃａｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａ：ＴａｋｉｎｇＸｉｎｙｉＶｉｌｌａｇｅｏｆＷｕｈｕａＣｏｕｎｔｙａｓａｎＥｘａｍｐｌｅ￥．ＺｈｏｎｇＪｉｈｏｎｇ,ＴａｎｇＳｈｕｙｉｎｇ,ＴａｎＪｕｎ（ＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＩｎｓｔｉ－ｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６５０）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：５２－５４．ＸｉｎｙｉｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｈｉｌｌｙａｎｄｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓａｒｅａｉｎＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｐｒｏ－ｌｏｎｇｅｄｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ｉｔｓａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｗａｓｗｏｒｓｅｎｅｄ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｈａｒｎｅｓｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｆｔ     

从生态位观点评价苏南地区种植业结构调整

从生态位观点评价苏南地区种植业结构调整高德明（南京农业大学农学系,２１００１４）ＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅＡｄｊｕｓｔｌｎｅｎｔｓｉｎＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＪｉａｎｇｓｕｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＶｉｅｗｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｆＮｉｃｂｅＴｋｅｏｒｙ￥．ＧａｏＤｅｍｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｇｒｏｎｏｍｙ,ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,２１００１４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥ－ｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：４３－４４．ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＪｉａｎｇｓｕ,ｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ,ｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｙａｎｄｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆａｄ－ｊｕｓｔｉｎｇｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｒｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｖｉｅｗｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｆｎｉｃｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｉｅｓｏｆｔｗｏｃｒｏｐ－ｐｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎｕｔｉｌｉｚｉｎｇｐａｄｄｙｆｉｅｌｄｎｉｃｈｅｓａｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｐａｔ     

中国热带森林水文生态功能

中国热带森林水文生态功能周光益（中国林科院热带林业研究所,广州５１０５２０）Ｅｃｏ＿ｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＴｒｏｐｉｃａｌＦｏｒｅｓｔ,Ｃｈｉｎａ．ＺｈｏｕＧｕａｎｇｙｉ（ＴｈｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＴｒｏｐｉ...     

生态位概念演变与展望

生态位概念演变与展望张光明谢寿昌（中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,昆明６５０２２３）ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＮｉｃｈｅＣｏｎｃｅｐｔａｎｄＩｔｓＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ：ＡＲｅｖｉｅｗ．ＺｈａｎｇＧｕａｎｇｍｉｎｇ,ＸｉｅＳｈｏｕｃｈａｎｇ（Ｘｉｓ...     

害虫生态调控的原理与方法

害虫生态调控的原理与方法戈峰（中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理国家重点实验室,北京１０００８０）ＴｈｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄＭｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｅｓｔｓ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ（Ｉ...     

松嫩平原退化盐渍草地生态特性研究

松嫩平原退化盐渍草地生态特性研究侯彦林（北京农业大学博士后站土地资源系,１０００９４）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＤｅｇｒａｄｅｄＳａｌｉｎｅＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｉｎＳｏｎｇｎｅｎＰｌａｉｎ￥ＨｏｕＹａｎｌｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＬａｎｄＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：１１－１４．ＴｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓａｌｉｎｅｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｉｎＳｏｎｇｎｅｎＰｌａｉｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙａｎｄｒａｐｉｄｌｙｄｅｇｒａｄｅｄｂｙｈｅａｖｙｇｒａｚｉｎｇ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ,ｓｏｉｌｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｏｍｅｗｈａｔｓｌｏｗｅｒｃｏｍ－ｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ,ｗｈｉｃｈｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｓｔｈｅｆａｃｔｔｈａｔａｎｉｍａｌｈｕｓｂａｎｄｒｙｉｓｔｈｅｃｈｉｅｆｗａｙｏｆｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｉｎｇｓｏｄａ－ａｌｉｎｅ     

三峡库区生态环境保护的关键—发展生态农业

三峡库区生态环境保护的关键发展生态农业邓宁谭爱华（湖北三峡学院生物系,４４３０００）（湖北宜昌农业学校,宜昌４４３０００）ＴｈｅＫｅｙｆｏｒＩｍｐｒｏｖｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＴｈｅＴｈｒｅｅＧｏｒｇｅｓＲｅｓｅｒｖｉｏｒＡｒ...     

六索线虫的生态学研究

六索线虫的生态学研究李福春,许砚田,聂桂云,方七零（湖南省岳阳农校４１４０００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＨｅｘａｍｅｒｍｉｓｓｐ．￥ＬｉＦｕｃｈｕｎ;ＸｕＹａｎｔｉａｎ;ＮｉｅＧｕｉｙｕｎ;ＦａｎｇＱｉｌｉｎｇ（ＹｕｅｙａｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌ...     

Home Gardens Sustain Crop Diversity and Improve Farm Resilience in Candelaria Loxicha,Oaxaca, Mexico

Home gardens are land use units embedded in a larger land use system, in this case in Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we investigated how home gardens are integrated into local farming practices and how these influence biodiversity. Our findings suggest that home gardens harbour high levels of biodiversity, which are maintained and enriched by farmers’ practices, particularly plant and seed exchange. Plant diversity is higher in younger home gardens and in home gardens where owners actively exchange plant material with other people. Through plant exchange, seed storage, and the dispersion of seeds and plants in different land uses, farmers encourage plant diversity and consequently increase the resilience of their farming system in changing climatic, demographic and economic conditions. Both men and women participate in the establishment, care and management of home gardens, but they are responsible for different plants and home garden functions. For economic reasons, the inhabitants of Candelaria Loxicha are increasingly engaging in international migration. Migrants, upon their return bring new ideas and plants that might transform the rural landscape.     

Cuban Home Gardens and Their Role in Social–Ecological Resilience

Cuba’s political and economic isolation in today’s globalised world demands constant adaptation by its inhabitants. The Cubans’ capacity to adapt increases their ability to cope with change and to reshape local ecological and social systems, creating a more resilient system. Worldwide, home gardens are a community’s most adaptable and accessible land resource and are an important component in reducing vulnerability and ensuring food security. The role of Cuban home gardens in relation to political change and economic crisis was investigated in Trinidad de Cuba using standard ethnobotanical research methods. Major events, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent economic crisis as well as frequently changing Cuban policies on agriculture, food security, religious freedom and healthcare, have had an impact on household decision-making, influencing home garden composition and management. Social networking surrounding home garden produce plays an essential part in the continuous adaptation to change, aiming to increase a diversity of resources and strategies, hence resilience.     

Cultivated plant species diversity in home gardens of an Amazonian peasant village in Northeastern Peru

Research on agrobiodiversity points to the importance of home gardens in situ conservation, yet few studies to date explicate the origins and dynamics of plant species diversity. In this paper, we examine inter-household variations in cultivated plant species diversity among house gardens in a traditional peasant community, near Iquitos, Peru. In-depth household interviews (n = 24) and garden/field surveys reveal that home gardens are clearly the site of highest plant diversity in farmers’ field portfolios, and that substantial differences exist in garden composition, plant diversity, and the sources of garden planting material across households. Statistical analyses indicate that home garden diversity is related strongly to specific garden characteristics, household socioeconomic features, and access to planting material including seeds, cuttings, and suckers. The role and implications of differential access to planting material in the development and maintenance of crop species diversity is signaled as an important theme for future study in economic botany.     

城市绿地类型的划分及其在生态城市建设中的意义和作用

根据生境和绿地功能把城市绿地划分为10个类型,并阐述了这些类型的组建和管护问题。10个绿地类型包括保护区,植物园,城市公园,城市片林,街心花园、草坪和花坛,道路两旁绿化区,庭园绿地,房顶、墙壁、凉台和室内的绿化,村落生态经济园及生态农业景观。根据归属部门、管理级别、保护对象、管理对象及监控类型的不同,对保护区进行了进一步的划分。城市绿地分类系统的建立既能把城市建设与生物多样性保护相结合,也有助于生物多样性公约的实施,并在维护城市生态安全、美化城市环境、建立具有特色的生物多样性产业、开展生态旅游和生态教育培训、繁荣地方经济和提高当地人民生活水平等方面有重要意义。     

Induced Mutation inPetunia nyctaginiflora JUSS.

Seeds ofPetunia nyctaginifloraJuss. a common ornamental garden plant, were treated with two alkylating agents (methyl methane sulphonate and N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine). Six morphological and seven chlorophyll mutants were isolated from M₂ segregating families. The isolated induced mutants are described and genetically analysed.     

Partition behavior of hydrophilic diols in an ethanol/ammonium sulfate salting‐out extraction system

It is important to investigate the partition behavior of hydrophilic alcohols at different process parameters in order to have a deep understanding of the salting‐out extraction technique and to design suitable downstream processes. First, phase diagram data of ethanol/ammonium sulfate at 293.15 K were obtained, and the reliability of binodal curve and tie line data were proved by Merchuk, Othmer–Tobias, and Bancroft equations, respectively. Then, the partition behavior of five short‐chain diols was studied. For different tie lines, the partition coefficient changed linearly with an increase in tie line length. The concentration of diols also had a significant effect on the partition behavior due to the similarity between diols and ethanol. Further, the effect of temperature was increased as the hydrophobicity of the diols increased, and the partition behavior of diols was correlated with their hydrophobicity, implying that the solutes with higher hydrophobicity could be extracted more effectively. These findings are useful for designing an economic and efficient salting‐out extraction process for diverse products.     

Influence of socioeconomic status on design of Batswana home gardens and associated plant diversity patterns in northern South Africa

Over the last two decades, home garden studies have markedly increased in both developed and developing countries. However, garden design and its influence on the overall biodiversity of the urban green infrastructure remains a neglected aspect of home garden research. Home garden surveys were conducted in the North West and Gauteng Provinces of South Africa to contribute to this research focus. The two questions asked in this paper were: (1) Are Batswana garden designs associated with socioeconomic status (SES)? (2) Are the different garden designs characterized by specific plant species richness patterns? We hypothesized that SES influences garden design and that, as the SES of Batswana residents increases, the garden design changes from tshimo to colonial. Our results indicated that garden design reflected less cultural influences and took on a more Westernized colonial design appearance with improvement of SES of Batswana inhabitants. Tshimo gardens tended to have more native and utilitarian species. In contrast, colonial gardens have more alien ornamental species. In affluent areas, sampled Batswana gardens completely changed from a tshimo to colonial garden design. This change indicates that improved socioeconomic status overrides traditional cultural practices.     

试论植物园功能变迁与中国国家植物园体系建设

植物资源是自然生态系统的基本组成部分, 是经济社会可持续发展的重要物质来源, 植物多样性是关系到国家生态安全和生物安全的战略资源。就地保护和迁地保护是植物多样性保护的两种主要方法, 构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系是就地保护的主要形式, 构建以国家植物园为引领的植物园体系是迁地保护的主要形式, 二者相辅相成, 共同形成我国较为完整的植物多样性保护体系。通过建设国家植物园体系对我国植物多样性进行迁地保护, 同时开展科学研究、园林展示、科普教育和资源开发利用, 对深入推进生态文明建设和高质量发展具有重要意义。本文回顾了植物园的功能变迁、全球和中国植物园分布与数量以及植物迁地保护现状,讨论了植物园与植物迁地保护的关系, 在此基础上, 提出了我国国家植物园的定义及设立标准, 进而讨论了建设国家植物园体系的意义、挑战、统筹迁地保护和就地保护等问题, 最后提出了我国国家植物园体系的建设目标、管理体制、空间布局和认证等方面的建议, 以期为我国的国家植物园体系建设提供参考。     

中国植物园五十年

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