重金属土壤微生物的生态效应

通过分析重金属对土壤微生物生化过程与数量、种群及群落的影响、影响重金属对土壤微生物毒性的因素、重对土壤微生物毒性的评价指标、微生物对重金属的耐性与适应性以及重金属毒性的差异,综合评述了重金属对土壤微生物生态效应。     

土壤重金属生物毒性研究进展

世界范围内土壤重金属污染不断加重,由污染所带来的问题以及如何治理污染已经受到人们越来越多的关注.土壤重金属将对土壤生物产生影响,而土壤生物在重金属的胁迫下也会产生不同的响应.综述了国内外近年来土壤重金属生物毒性的研究进展,介绍了土壤重金属污染对陆地生态系统中植物、动物和微生物生长的影响;土壤重金属生物毒性的影响因素;土壤重金属生物毒性的研究方法;土壤重金属生物毒性的预测模型,最后提出了问题和展望.     

污水污泥土地投放重金属的环境效应研究进展

本文综述了污水污泥土地投放中重金属的环境效应研究方面的进展,重点就污水污泥土地投放中对植物生长的影响、对土壤微生物、土壤酶及昆虫生长的影响、重金属向地下水中的迁移情况、重金属在土壤中的生物活性变化及其影响因素、污水污泥土地投放后重金属的长期变化及土壤修复剂对重金属毒性的控制等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

异化铁还原诱导次生铁矿对土壤重金属形态转化的影响

土壤重金属具有残留时间长、毒性大、难迁移等特点,其形态转化又是影响重金属毒性和迁移的关键因子。同时,不同形态土壤重金属通过迁移进入到作物、水、大气循环中,对人类的健康构成极大威胁。厌氧条件下,土壤中丰富的铁含量和微生物异化铁还原过程为自然环境中不同晶型次生铁矿的形成提供了有利条件。微生物诱导生成的次生铁矿物有独特的形态和特征,如纳米颗粒、高表面积和高反应活性,这些矿物特征对土壤重金属形态转化起到重要作用。本文重点介绍在异化铁还原微生物驱动下次生铁矿形成过程对土壤重金属形态转化的影响效应及机制。次生铁矿物形成过程直接影响土壤中微量金属污染物的迁移转化及归宿,因此在重金属污染场地修复等方面具有很重要的应用前景。     

微生物与重金属间的相互作用及其应用研究

从多方面阐述了微生物与重金属二者间相互作用,指出微生物在生长代谢过程中能淋滤、吸收和转化重金属,对重金属有一定的抗性和解毒作用;但是,一定浓度的重金属对微生物过程及其种群具有较大的毒性。影响微生物在环境介质中的活动,矿业工程生产工艺已充分利用微生物能淋滤,吸收和转化重金属等特性来处理低品位难浸矿石,环境保护领域也积极利用微生物对重金属的抗性和解毒作用来实现工业废弃物的处理以及被重金属污染土壤的修复。利用微生物的生物量及其活性可以评价环境中不同介质的重金属污染水平。     

土壤中重金属形态分析及其环境学意义

介绍了土壤重金属的形态及各种分析方法,重点说明了土壤中重金属形态分布及影响因素;讨论了影响土壤环境中重金属形态转化的因素,重金属形态与重金属在土壤中的迁移性、可给性、活性的关系,重金属污染土壤修复与重金属形态分布的关系.形态分析在一定程度上反映自然与人为作用对土壤中重金属来源的贡献,并反映重金属的生物毒性.重金属可以因形态中某一个或几个方面不同而表现出不同的毒性和环境行为.     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态的影响

土壤重金属污染面积大,波及范围广,是一个全球性的环境问题。重金属的大量积累会降低土壤中微生物的生物量和活性,甚至会影响微生物群落的结构和多样性。土壤微生物由于其高灵敏度和及时对环境因素作出变化而越来越多地被用作监控土壤质量的生物指标。现主要针对土壤中重金属污染在土壤微生物活性、生物量、微生物群落结构等方面的影响进行综述。结合现有研究因素综合考虑,对微生物生态学研究指标在重金属土壤修复领域进行展望,为重金属污染土壤研究提供更为全面的质量评价和有效指标。     

农田土壤重金属污染的陆地生物配体模型研究进展

矿产开采和冶炼、工业"三废"排放等原因导致我国农田土壤重金属污染比较严重。如何科学准确地预测和评价土壤重金属的生物有效性及其生物毒性,是近年来人们关注的热点问题之一。陆地生物配体模型(Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model,t-BLM)是一种能够预测土壤中重金属生物有效性的机理性模型,模型假设环境中的金属进入到生物体内与一些生物位点结合形成金属-生物配体络合物(BL),当BL达到一定浓度时才会对生物产生毒性,由此判断重金属的生物有效性。本文在综述我国农田土壤重金属污染来源及现状的基础上,讨论了土壤重金属的生物有效性及其生物毒性的研究方法,重点介绍了t-BLM的基本原理,基于植物、土壤动物和微生物为受试生物的t-BLM预测和评价土壤重金属生物有效性及生物毒性的研究进展,提出了t-BLM理论和应用上存在的一些不足。     

溶磷微生物在钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用

钝化和植物修复是重金属污染土壤修复的重要技术手段,而溶磷微生物可进一步增强钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用。介绍了钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤的基本原理,总结了溶磷微生物对土壤中难溶性磷酸盐的溶解、利用磷酸盐钝化修复重金属污染土壤、溶磷微生物对磷酸盐钝化修复的强化以及溶磷微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展,探讨了溶磷微生物对重金属的抗性及其溶磷机理、溶磷微生物对磷酸盐钝化修复重金属污染土壤的强化作用机理以及溶磷微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用机理。旨在为生物修复重金属污染土壤研究提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

解磷微生物修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,具有普遍性、隐蔽性、表聚性、不可逆性等特点,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。解磷微生物能够依靠自身的代谢产物或通过与其他生物的协同作用,将土壤中的难溶性磷转化为可供植物吸收利用的磷,具有多重植物促生长功能和重金属解毒能力,可在重金属毒害水平下,促进植物生长、提高植物抗病能力、克服重金属对植物生长的不利影响,从而增强重金属修复植物的生存竞争力。从解磷微生物的研究现状入手,介绍了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染的修复能力,综述了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染修复的作用机制,分析了目前解磷微生物在重金属修复过程中存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向,为重金属污染土壤的修复提供了新思路。     

微生物胞外多糖的合成及其在重金属修复中的作用机制与应用

重金属的生物不可降解性使其在环境中长期存在,导致严重的环境污染,对人类健康和生态系统构成威胁。与传统的物化修复技术相比,微生物修复具有成本低廉、环境友好和高效等特点。在面对重金属胁迫或营养不均衡时,微生物会被激发以分泌合成胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)。由此可见,EPS的产生是微生物对抗重金属胁迫的重要策略之一。EPS不仅能保护微生物在低温、高温、高盐等极端环境或受毒性化合物胁迫的条件下存活,并且在细胞内外进行信息和物质的交流与传递,既作为保护屏障限制重金属离子进入细胞,又作为介质进行交流。EPS结构中含有多个带负电荷的官能团,能够与重金属离子发生络合、离子交换、氧化还原等反应,从而降低重金属的生物有效性并减轻其毒性。微生物EPS在重金属胁迫环境中的修复具有重要意义。然而,目前缺乏关于微生物EPS合成过程、与重金属互作机制及其在重金属胁迫环境中应用现状的系统综述。本文概述了微生物EPS及其分类,详细阐述了细菌EPS胞内及胞外的生物合成机制,并探讨了微生物EPS与重金属互作机制,以及微生物EPS修复水、土环境中重金属污染方面的研究进展。最后,展望了EPS合成及其在重金属修复中的作用机制研究,可为微生物EPS进一步应用于环境重金属污染修复提供支持。     

Effects of Long-Term exposure to Heavy Metals upon Rhizosphere Bacteria from Baia Mare Area (Maramureş County,Romania)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of heavy metal (HM) pollution and its effect on microorganisms from rhizosphere soil in Baia Mare area (Maramure? County, Romania). Two sites with different contamination degrees were included in the study: one with a long history of mining activities and one within a drinking water safeguard zone. Rhizosphere soil samples were characterized with respect to physico-chemical parameters and the Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contents. Native bacteria were investigated for HM tolerance and biofilm formation under toxic exposure by the microdilution assay. The most resistant strains were identified and the minimum inhibitory concentrations for HMs were determined. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exceeded the intervention threshold in Bozânta tailings site, while Pb content exceeded the intervention level within the area of the drinking water treatment plant. Cd showed a very high potential ecological risk in Bozânta area. The long-term exposure to HMs contributed to the selection of HM-tolerant and weakly adherent strains. Biofouling was significantly reduced under the influence of copper ions. Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus and Acidovorax strains with exceptional resistant profiles were isolated from the tailings site, indicating the important role of native microorganisms in rhizosphere ecosystems of contaminated sites.     

Interactions between invasive plants and heavy metal stresses: a review

入侵植物与重金属胁迫的相互作用研究进展 全球变化改变了植物群落的分布格局,包括入侵植物,而人为污染可能降低本地植物对入侵植物的抗性。因此,本文总结了近几十年本地植物、入侵植物和植物-土壤生态系统中重金属生物地球化学行为的研究,以加深我们对入侵植物与环境胁迫因子相互作用的认识。我们的研究结合已有文献报道表明：(i)入侵物种对环境胁迫的影响具有异质性, (ii)影响的大小是多变的, (iii)即使在同一影响类型内,影响类型也具有多向性。然而,入侵植物暴露在重金属环境中表现出更强的自我保护机制,对重金属的生物可利用性和毒性有正向或负向的影响。另一方面,由于入侵植物普遍具有较高的耐受性,加之本地植物暴露于有毒重金属污染时具有“逃逸行为”,重金属胁迫环境更有利于植物的成功入侵。但是,对于入侵植物的重金属等元素组成是否与污染地区的本地植物不同,目前尚无共识。因此,在全球范围内对外来入侵植物与本土植物的植物体内、凋落物和土壤污染物含量进行定量比较是今后研究的一个重要方向。     

Vacuolar compartmentalization as indispensable component of heavy metal detoxification in plants

Plant cells orchestrate an array of molecular mechanisms for maintaining plasmatic concentrations of essential heavy metal (HM) ions, for example, iron, zinc and copper, within the optimal functional range. In parallel, concentrations of non‐essential HMs and metalloids, for example, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, should be kept below their toxicity threshold levels. Vacuolar compartmentalization is central to HM homeostasis. It depends on two vacuolar pumps (V‐ATPase and V‐PPase) and a set of tonoplast transporters, which are directly driven by proton motive force, and primary ATP‐dependent pumps. While HM non‐hyperaccumulator plants largely sequester toxic HMs in root vacuoles, HM hyperaccumulators usually sequester them in leaf cell vacuoles following efficient long‐distance translocation. The distinct strategies evolved as a consequence of organ‐specific differences particularly in vacuolar transporters and in addition to distinct features in long‐distance transport. Recent molecular and functional characterization of tonoplast HM transporters has advanced our understanding of their contribution to HM homeostasis, tolerance and hyperaccumulation. Another important part of the dynamic vacuolar sequestration syndrome involves enhanced vacuolation. It involves vesicular trafficking in HM detoxification. The present review provides an updated account of molecular aspects that contribute to the vacuolar compartmentalization of HMs.     

Integrative Application of Soil Conditioners and Bio-augmentation for Enhanced Heavy Metal Stabilization from Wastewater and Improved Growth of Nicotiana alata L. and Petunia hydrida L.

Wastewater generated from industries contains numerous contaminants, among which heavy metals (HMs) are non-degradable. This research work highlights the use of commonly used ornamental plants, Nicotiana alata L. and Petunia hydrida L., with compost (C) and peat moss (M), and rhizospheric bacterial augmentation using Pseudomonas japonica, for the phytostabilization of HMs from synthetic wastewater. After plant–soil acclimatization, plants were exposed for 6 weeks to synthetic wastewater, containing cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc concentrations (based on the HMs level of wastewaters collected from textile and pharmaceutical industry). Physiological response, biochemical status, and enzymatic fluctuations of plants and the distribution of HMs in plant parts and soil, were quantified. With the combined use (5% each v/v conditioner/soil) of C and M, in bio-augmented soil, physiological response and enzymatic status of both plants improved, with decreased stress injury due to HMs. Further, the plant HMs uptake was reduced, with better stabilization of HM in soil. For better phytostabilization of HMs in wastewater, the use of compost, peat moss, and bacterial augmentation is recommended with Nicotiana alata L. and Petunia hydrida L.

     

电子废弃物拆解区土壤重金属污染对丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

【背景】电子废弃物拆解造成的土壤重金属污染引发的环境问题日益突出,丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌能侵染植物根系并增强植物抵御环境胁迫的能力,具有重要的生态功能和应用潜力。【目的】探究电子废弃物拆解区土壤重金属污染对AM真菌群落结构与多样性的影响,甄别可耐受重金属污染的AM真菌类群。【方法】从浙江台州某典型电子废弃物拆解场地及其周边区域共采集土壤样品12份,针对土壤中AM真菌的18S rRNA基因进行高通量测序以及可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)相对丰度和多样性指数计算。【结果】该区土壤中AM真菌由原囊霉目(Archaeosporales)、球囊霉目(Glomerales)和多孢囊霉目(Diversisporales)组成,其中球囊霉目占据优势地位。土壤AM真菌多样性指数与重金属的浓度、综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数间均无显著相关性,但疑似泡囊根生囊霉(Rhizophagus vesiculiferus)的OTU相对丰度与上述重金属污染指标之间均呈显著正相关关系。【结论】R. vesiculiferus可能对重金属污染有极强耐受性,可为今后电子废弃物拆解污染土壤治理提供技术基础。     

Heavy metal contamination of soil and tree-ring in urban forest around highway in Shanghai,China

The heavy metal (HM) pollution of forest soil has been known as one of the most challenging pollution issues due to their characteristics. In order to know the HM pollution condition in urban forest, identify the possible source of HM, 102 sub-samples of soil in 34 sites and 39 tree rings sub-samples in 7 sites were collected in the outer-ring greenbelt (ORG) in Shanghai, China. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soil and tree rings were analyzed, and the soil properties pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and organic matter were analyzed too. Geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were used for assessing the contamination level of HMs. Nonparametric tests, one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis were applied. The results showed that: (1) concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil were significantly higher than their corresponding background values of Shanghai (BVs); concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in tree rings increased gradually in the past 10 years; (2) Zn and Cd were in unpolluted to moderately polluted level, Cd has moderate degree potential ecological risk; (3) vehicle exhausts and abrasion of vehicle parts of tires and historical agricultural activities were the main sources of HM contamination; (4) Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. has the potential to reconstruct the change of Cu, Zn, and Pb as a bioindicator. In conclusion, Cd should be considered as a priority control component. The relationship between plant and soil should take further focus and more studies of the behavior of HMs in soil and plants are required.     

Effect of tannery sludge amendments on the activity of soil enzymes and phytoremediation potential of two economically important cultivars of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

A field experiment was conducted to observe the effect of TS amendments on soil enzymes and phytoremediation potential of two economically important cultivars of geranium. Different doses of TS were applied in soil to examine threshold limit of HMs where geranium cultivars can be grown successfully in contaminated sites. Treatment variation significantly affected pH, EC, OC, N, P, K and HM content in soil after 50 days of incubation. After harvest, both cultivars were examined to assess the impact of various treatments on their fresh herb, dry matter, essential oil yield and HM accumulation. C/G ratio close to 1 was observed at 50 tha^?1 sludge treatment in both cultivars. Urease and β-glucosidase activities in soil were maximum at 50 tha^?1 whereas dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were maximum at 100 tha^?1 in both cultivars. β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase activities were relatively high after 85 days over 45 days in both cultivars. Maximum metal uptake was found in roots of cv. Bourbon followed by leaves. Geranium was observed to be a good candidate for phytoremediation as it mitigates metal toxicity by root absorption and cv. Bourbon is better candidate for the same.