骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞过程中Notch表达的研究

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞过程中Notch表达的研究。方法用密度梯度离心法分离培养犬骨髓间充质干细胞,按照酶法及差速贴壁法分离培养心肌细胞。观察干细胞增殖及传代情况。单独培养的干细胞为对照组,实验组将骨髓间充质干细胞与心肌细胞共培养,用RT-PCR、免疫细胞化学、MTT等方法检测干细胞分化为心肌细胞的情况,及干细胞在增殖与分化为心肌细胞过程中Notch信号系统的表达情况。结果骨髓间充质干细胞呈梭形、旋涡样生长,增殖及传代能力强,并可诱导分化为心肌样细胞,免疫荧光示心肌细胞标志物的表达。RT-PCR及免疫细胞化学显示实验组有Notch信号通路受体及配体的表达,而对照组表达微弱。结论骨髓间充质干细胞在增殖及分化过程中存在Notch信号通路,在干细胞分化为心肌细胞过程中Notch信号系统的表达上调。     

对比不同年龄段食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特征

骨髓间充质干细胞因其广泛的临床应用前景而备受关注.非人灵长类动物在基因、生理和代谢等方面与人类相似,在制作疾病模型和疾病治疗研究等方面具有无可比拟的优势.因此,来源于非人灵长类的骨髓间充质干细胞是细胞移植和组织工程研究中的重要工具.本实验对比研究了不同年龄段食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特征.结果发现,与中年食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞比较,青少年食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞具有明显高的增殖和分化潜能.长期体外培养的食蟹猴骨髓间充质干细胞能发生自发转变,转变后的细胞具有明显不同于骨髓间充质干细胞的形态特征.端粒酶活性检测显示,各年龄组不同代数的骨髓间充质干细胞端粒酶活性没有明显差别,但与骨髓间充质干细胞比较,转变后的细胞端粒酶活性显著增高.另一方面,随着体外培养时间延长,染色体不稳定性发生频率相应增加.这些结果提示在使用间充质干细胞进行实验或临床研究前,必须全面考虑各种因素,包括供体的年龄等,并且完善各种检测.     

细胞共培养在牙周膜干细胞相关研究中的应用

细胞共培养是一种将不同种类、不同来源的细胞在同一个体系中进行培养、增殖的技术,在细胞间的相互作用、细胞信号转导、细胞功能性间隙连接等方面的研究中有重要作用。近年来,随着组织工程学和干细胞技术的飞速发展,牙周膜干细胞(periodontal ligament stem cells,PDLSCs)已成为研究热点之一。将PDLSCs与不同的细胞共培养,可研究其免疫调节机制及定向分化作用;在牙周组织工程中,则可为组织修复材料的研究提供技术支持。故本文对目前细胞共培养技术在PDLSCs研究中的应用做一简要综述。     

起搏基因体外调控骨髓间充质干细胞分化为类起搏细胞的研究

目的本研究旨在通过体外构建起搏基因质粒pIRES2-EGFP-HCN2,电穿孔转染骨髓间充质干细胞,检测其在体外的表达情况。方法对含mHCN2 cDNA的PTR载体进行转化和扩增,将所得mHCN2基因定向克隆到含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP中,进行双酶切来鉴定克隆的正确性。将重组质粒及空白质粒用电穿孔法转染骨髓间充质干细胞,并在体外与心肌细胞共培养,观察搏动频率变化及mHCN2的表达,并检测其电生理和组织学特征。结果构建了重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-HCN2。荧光显微镜下可见转染后的骨髓间充质干细胞呈绿色荧光,细胞中mHCN2的阳性表达率为98.2%。免疫荧光显示转染起搏基因的骨髓间充质干细胞mHCN2的表达,而对照组无表达。实验组共培养的心肌细胞搏动频率较对照组干细胞共培养的明显增快(140±11次/分VS 100±13次/分,P0.05),动作电位显示实验组最大舒张期电位值小于对照组(-62±2mv VS-71±2mv,P0.05)。免疫荧光显示干细胞与心肌细胞间形成间隙连接。结论成功构建了重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-HCN2,转染后的骨髓间充质干细胞可在体外成功表达功能性mH-CN2通道,提供起搏电流,具有类起搏细胞的功能,为进一步构建生物起搏器提供依据。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在组织工程研究中的应用新进展

骨髓间充质干细胞又称为骨髓源性间充质干细胞,是指存在于骨髓基质细胞系统中的一类干细胞,具有高度稳定的体外扩增能力和多向分化潜能等特点。骨髓间充质干细胞因其取材方便,易于分离和培养,以及在适当条件下可诱导分化为皮肤、骨骼、内脏、血液、神经等多种组织细胞的独特优势,目前被广泛应用于药物开发、免疫调节、组织修复、器官重建等多个研究领域。近年来,骨髓间充质干细胞作为种子细胞在组织工程领域有着非常诱人的潜在应用前景。本文就骨髓间充质干细胞在组织工程学研究中应用的最新进展作一综述。     

过表达IDO的骨髓间充质干细胞分泌外泌体下调树突状细胞免疫促进分子表达和上调Treg细胞数量

目的探讨过表达吲哚胺2, 3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2, 3-dioxy genase, IDO)大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchy mal stem cells, BMSCs))分泌外泌体(exosome, ES)的免疫抑制调节作用。方法构建过表达IDO大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞提取分泌的外泌体做为实验组,将空载体大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞、大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体做为对照组,将实验组及对照组分泌的外泌体分别与树突状细胞(DC细胞)、T细胞体外共培养48h后采用流式细胞检测DC细胞表面免疫调节分子表达及T细胞亚群分子标志物表达,同时采用RT-PCR检测DC细胞中IDO表达量。结果过表达IDO的BMSCs分泌的外泌体与DC细胞共培养使DC细胞CD40、CD86、CD80、MHCII、CD45RA+CD45RB、OX62等免疫促进分子表达率降低,而CD274表达率升高,同时DC细胞中IDO表达量增多;而过表达IDO的BMSCs分泌的外泌体与T细胞共培养组使T细胞亚群中的Treg细胞数量增加,CD4阳性T细胞变化无规律性,但CD8阳性T细胞减少。结论过表达IDO-BMSCs分泌的外泌体可通过抑制DC活性和上调Treg细胞数量,产生免疫抑制作用。     

不同龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞活性对比

目的:分别在低氧环境和正常氧环境下研究不同周龄SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的细胞活性以及细胞分化能力的差别,并观察和检测不同周龄大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞成骨活性有何差异。方法:1)、进行不同周龄SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的提取及在低氧环境及正常氧环境下的培养。2)、进行细胞生物活性的测定及比较。结果:低氧环境下培养的2周4周龄大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)活性好于常氧状态下培养的2周4周龄大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)。结论:低氧环境下培养的年轻大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞活性较好。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞过表达白细胞介素-34对THP-1细胞的调节作用

构建人IL-34真核表达载体并将其转染到人骨髓间充质干细胞,观察高表达IL-34的骨髓间充质干细胞对THP-1细胞的影响。PCR扩增IL-34 DNA,并将其克隆到真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP;将构建成功的重组体转染到骨髓间充质干细胞,Western blotting和ELISA分析IL-34在细胞中的表达;用高表达IL-34的骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液来培养THP-1细胞,Real-time PCR分析THP-1细胞中IL-10和TNFα的表达变化。经双酶切和测序鉴定,成功构建了pIRES2-EGFP-IL-34重组体;转染至骨髓间充质干细胞的IL-34可以促进THP-1细胞表达IL-10和TNFα。结果表明,骨髓间充质干细胞表达分泌的IL-34对THP-1有调节作用。     

基质衍生因子(SDF-1)对骨髓间充质干细胞定向迁移的影响

目的:研究基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)/CXCR4轴在骨髓间充质干细胞迁徙到受损胰腺中的作用。方法:密度梯度离心、贴壁培养骨髓间充质干细胞,建立STZ诱导糖尿病模型并制备正常和受损胰腺组织提取液,利用Transwell小室体外迁移体系观察不同浓度SDF-1和不同组织提取液对骨髓间充质干细胞的趋化作用,及SDF-1/CXCR4特异抑制剂AMD3100对骨髓间充质干细胞迁移的影响。结果:成功培养了骨髓间充质干细胞并建立了糖尿病大鼠模型。SDF-l对骨髓间充质干细胞有剂量依赖性的趋化作用,造模1周的胰腺组织提取液对骨髓间充质干细胞有明显的趋化作用,而这种作用可部分被SDF-1受体CXCR4的抑制剂AMD3100抑制。结论:受损胰腺组织提取液对骨髓间充质干细胞有明显的趋化作用,SDF-1/CXCR4轴可能在组织提取液趋化骨髓间充质干细胞迁移中起主要的作用。     

3种间充质干细胞成软骨分化潜能比较

目的:比较骨髓间充质干细胞、脂肪间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞3种间充质干细胞的成软骨分化潜能,为软骨组织工程中种子细胞的选择提供实验依据。方法:采用贴壁法分别分离提取兔骨髓间充质干细胞、脂肪间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞3种间充质干细胞,并进行传代培养,绘制3种间充质干细胞的生长曲线并比较其倍增时间。将3种间充质干细胞成软骨诱导14 d后,行甲苯胺蓝染色及II型胶原免疫组化染色以观测3种细胞成软骨分化能力。结果:脂肪间充质干细胞的倍增时间短于骨髓间充质干细胞,滑膜间充质干细胞的倍增时间最短;3种细胞成软骨诱导14 d后均产生糖胺聚糖和II型胶原,且组与组之间II型胶原表达水平的差异有统计学意义,骨髓间充质干细胞组高于脂肪间充质干细胞组(P0.01),滑膜间充质干细胞组高于骨髓间充质干细胞组(P0.01)。结论:在一定的培养条件下,3种间充质干细胞均有一定的成软骨细胞分化潜能,滑膜间充质干细胞最快的增殖速度及最强的成软骨分化潜能。     

Mesenchymal stem cells induce dermal fibroblast responses to injury

Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to promote repair when applied to cutaneous wounds, the mechanism for this response remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of paracrine signaling from mesenchymal stem cells on dermal fibroblast responses to injury including proliferation, migration and expression of genes important in wound repair. Dermal fibroblasts were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells grown in inserts, which allowed for paracrine interactions without direct cell contact. In this co-culture model, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells regulate dermal fibroblast proliferation, migration and gene expression. When co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells, dermal fibroblasts show increased proliferation and accelerated migration in a scratch assay. A chemotaxis assay also demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts migrate towards bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. A PCR array was used to analyze the effect of mesenchymal stem cells on dermal fibroblast gene expression. In response to mesenchymal stem cells, dermal fibroblasts up-regulate integrin alpha 7 expression and down-regulate expression of ICAM1, VCAM1 and MMP11. These observations suggest that mesenchymal stem cells may provide an important early signal for dermal fibroblast responses to cutaneous injury.     

Direct cell contact influences bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate

Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into various cell types of mesenchymal origin, but mechanisms regulating such cellular changes are unclear. We have conducted co-culture experiments to examine whether mesenchymal stem cell differentiation is influenced by indirect or direct contact with differentiated cells. Cultured adult mesenchymal stem cells showed some characteristics of synthetic state vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). When co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells (EC) without cell contact, they exhibited abundant well-organised smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-actin) filaments. Direct co-culture with endothelial cells resulted in increased smooth muscle alpha-actin mRNA and protein, yet also comprehensive disruption of smooth muscle alpha-actin filament organisation. In order to assess whether these cell contact effects on mesenchymal stem cells were cell type specific, we also analysed direct co-cultures of mesenchymal stem cells with dermal fibroblasts. However, these experiments were characterised by the appearance of abundant spindle-shaped myofibroblast-like cells containing organised smooth muscle alpha-actin filaments. Thus, direct contact with distinct differentiated cells may be a critical determinant of mesenchymal stem cell fate in blood vessels and other connective tissues.     

Schwann cell mediated trophic effects by differentiated mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the bone marrow of rats and differentiated to provide a functional substitute for slow growing Schwann cells for peripheral nerve regeneration. To assess the properties of the differentiated mesenchymal stem cell, the cells were co-cultured with dorsal root ganglia and the secretion of the neurotrophic factors and the neurite outgrowth was evaluated. The neurite outgrowth of the dorsal root ganglia neurons was enhanced in co-culture with the differentiated stem cells compared to the undifferentiated stem cells. Differentiated stem cells like Schwann cells were responsible for the stimulation of longer and branched neurites. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays and blocking antibodies, we have shown that this effect is due to the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor, which were up-regulated in differentiated mesenchymal stem cells following co-culture. The relevance of the tyrosine kinase receptors was confirmed by the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K252a which abolished the neurite outgrowth of the dorsal root ganglia neurons when co-cultured with the differentiated mesenchymal stem cells similar to Schwann cells. The results of the study further support the notion that mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated and display trophic influences as those of Schwann cells.     

Low Immunogenicity of Neural Progenitor Cells Differentiated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Less Immunogenic Somatic Cells

The groundbreaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) provides a new source for cell therapy. However, whether the iPS derived functional lineages from different cell origins have different immunogenicity remains unknown. It had been known that the cells isolated from extra-embryonic tissues, such as umbilical cord mesenchymal cells (UMCs), are less immunogenic than other adult lineages such as skin fibroblasts (SFs). In this report, we differentiated iPS cells from human UMCs and SFs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and analyzed their immunogenicity. Through co-culture with allologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we showed that UMCs were indeed less immunogenic than skin cells to simulate proliferation of PBMCs. Surprisingly, we found that the NPCs differentiated from UMC-iPS cells retained low immunogenicity as the parental UMCs based on the PBMC proliferation assay. In cytotoxic expression assay, reactions in most kinds of immune effector cells showed more perforin and granzyme B expression with SF-NPCs stimulation than that with UMC-NPCs stimulation in PBMC co-culture system, in T cell co-culture system as well. Furthermore, through whole genome expression microarray analysis, we showed that over 70 immune genes, including all members of HLA-I, were expressed at lower levels in NPCs derived from UMC-iPS cells than that from SF-iPS cells. Our results demonstrated a phenomenon that the low immunogenicity of the less immunogenic cells could be retained after cell reprogramming and further differentiation, thus provide a new concept to generate functional lineages with lower immunogenicity for regenerative medicine.     

Equine bone marrow mesenchymal or amniotic epithelial stem cells as feeder in a model for the in vitro culture of bovine embryos

Various studies have shown that the in vitro culture environment is one of the key determinants of the blastocyst output. In the present study we investigated the effects of co-culturing bovine embryos with equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) or equine amniotic epithelial stem cells (AE-SCs) on in vitro blastocysts development. BM specimens were obtained aseptically from sternal aspirates of horses under local anaesthesia and the isolated cells were resuspended in Dulbecco Modified Earle's Medium supplemented with 10 ng/ml of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Amniotic membranes were obtained from fresh placentas and, to release the AE cells, amniotic fragments were incubated with 0.05% trypsin for 45 min. Separated AE cells were plated in standard culture medium containing 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF). Seven hundred and five cumulus-oocyte complexes were used and, after IVM and IVF, cumulus-free presumptive zygotes were randomly transferred into one of three co-culture systems in which they were cultured up to day 7: (1) co-culture with cumulus cells (control); (2) co-culture with BM-MSCs; and (3) co-culture with AE-SCs. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA. Blastocyst developmental rates were significantly different (p < 0.001) between control, AE-SCs and BM-MSCs (respectively 35.45, 41.84 and 30.09%). In conclusion, the AE-SC monolayer create a more suitable microenvironment necessary for inducing local cell activation and proliferation of the growing embryos in comparison with BM-MSCs and cumulus cells. It can be suggested that these cells secrete biologically active substances, including signalling molecules and growth factors of epithelial nature, different to those of the BM cells of mesenchymal origin.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠实验中的移植途径及比较

骨髓间充质干细胞是具有自我更新能力和分化潜能的一类成体干细胞,经过局部微环境的诱导,可在体内外进行扩展,到晚期可分化成为多种细胞系。当组织受损伤时,可迅速到达损伤部位,分化为特异的组织细胞,参与组织修复。骨髓间充质干细胞这种惊人的分化及组织修复能力,为治疗退行性疾病和器官损伤性疾病提供广阔前景,故成为科研热点。国内外相关实验研究多以大鼠为动物模型,而骨髓间充质干细胞如何进入大鼠体内并定植,是实验成功的重要前提。因此如何找到最合适、最安全的移植途径将骨髓间充质干细胞有效地移植进入大鼠疾病模型体内的受损区域,是研究者关心的重点。本文就目前骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠实验中不同移植途径进行综述,并比较各种途径的优缺点,希望能对临床科研工作提供参考,并期待能有更成熟的移植手段来推动骨髓间充质干细胞实验研究的进展。     

UMSCs对U87MG细胞增殖的影响

目的：通过对研究脐带间充质干细胞（Umbilical cord mesenchymalstellcells,UCMSCs）与人恶性胶质母细胞瘤细胞U87MG细胞（U87 Malignant glioma cells）体外共培养,模拟肿瘤生长的内环境,以及其对U87MG细胞增值作用的影响及肿瘤细胞与间充质干细胞的共培养方法。方法：提取人脐带间充质干细胞进行体外培养、扩增,用MTT法测定uMSCS上清液对U87MG的影响,用瑞士染色法检测U87MG形态学变化。结果：MTT比色法结果显示UMSCS对U87MG有抑制作用。96小时培养后1：8、1：4、1：2及未稀释的UMSCs上清液对u87MG的抑制率分别为17％,24％,37．2％及46．4％,u87MG细胞形态亦随着培养时间的延长由多角形变为梭形,突起消失,细胞间骨架结构断裂。结论：通过对共培养前后U87MG与UMSCs共培养后形态学变化、生长曲线变化及对生长周期的影响作用的观察分析,得出UMSCs及其上清液对U87MG有抑制作用,而且呈时间及浓度依赖性。