红菜薹游离小孢子培养与植株再生

以5个红菜薹(Brassica compestris ssp．chinensis var．pupurea Hort．)基因型为试材,探讨了基因型和活性炭对产胚量的影响。结果表明：产胚量最高的是基因型8902,达到42个／皿,最少的为零;加适量活性炭可以使产胚量提高近3倍。同时,对胚状体进一步再生成苗因素也进行了研究：在培养基中添加1．2％的琼脂浓度再生率最高,达到50．1％;4℃下处理10d可使再生成苗率从45％提高到65％;随胚状体年龄的延长,其再生成株率明显降低,最适的胚龄是20-24d;而培养基B5和MS对小孢子再生率的影响不大。     

羽衣甘蓝的小孢子胚诱导和植株再生

以羽衣甘蓝10个品种的游离小孢子培养,研究其胚状体及其再生植株诱导方法的结果表明,琼脂糖和活性炭对诱导胚状体发生及发育有促进作用;改良MS培养基中添加0.01%的活性炭可促进植株再生;确定1/2MS NAA 0.1 mg·L-1是优化生根的培养基;小孢子再生植株成活率可达74.6%.     

结球甘蓝游离小孢子胚胎发生

以结球甘蓝品种“强夏”为材料进行游离小孢子培养,对与胚胎发生关系密切的因子进行探讨。研究结果表明,在盛花前期取材最适宜;单核晚期至双核期的小孢子才能发育成胚状体;含17%蔗糖的培养液在培养初期有利于小孢子存活;培养3d后胚胎诱导则以14％蔗糖浓度为最好;高浓度（17％）蔗糖培养3d后添加低浓度（11％）蔗糖培养液能大大提高胚胎发生能力,比一直在14％蔗糖培养液培养的提高282．4％,比更新培养液培养的提高126．1％。     

不结球白菜小孢子胚植株再生及倍性研究

以不结球白菜子叶型小孢子胚为外植体,研究冷处理、活性炭及AgNO3对小孢子植株再生的影响,并对再生植株染色体倍性进行鉴定.结果表明:对小孢子胚进行5 d的4℃冷处理培养能提高其胚芽诱导率和胚芽数;培养基中添加1.0 g/L的活性炭对提高小孢子胚芽诱导率没有明显效果,但能有效减轻胚芽的玻璃化;添加5.0或7.0 mg/L的AgNO3对小孢子胚芽诱导有显著效果.染色体倍性鉴定结果表明:不结球白菜小孢子植株的染色体自然加倍率较高,在50%～100%之间;不同基因型不结球白菜小孢子植株的倍性变异具有多样性;在部分基因型中嵌合体占较高比例,最高达到42.86%.     

结球甘蓝和青花菜小孢子胚植株再生

结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)和青花菜(Brassica oleracea var. italica)小孢子胚再生植株频率低是目前影响游离小孢子培养技术有效应用的关键问题之一, 研究其小孢子胚植株再生频率的影响因素, 提高胚再生植株频率, 对促进游离小孢子培养技术在甘蓝类蔬菜育种中更好地应用具有重要意义。该文以结球甘蓝中甘11和青花菜TI-111等基因型为试材, 对影响游离小孢子胚再生成植株的固体培养基类型、琼脂浓度、胚的类型及胚在液体培养基中的滞留时间等因素进行了研究。结果表明: 游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在琼脂浓度为1%–1.25%的B5培养基上植株再生频率最高。进一步通过8个不同基因型对上述实验结果进行了验证, 结果显示, 游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在1%琼脂浓度的B5培养基上植株再生频率达77.8%–97.2%。     

甘蓝和青花菜杂种小孢子培养

对甘蓝(Brassicaoleraceavar.capitata)×青花菜(Brassicaoleraceavar.italica)的20个杂种及相应的父母本进行游离小孢子培养,并对影响甘青杂种小孢子胚胎发生的主要因子进行探讨,适于小孢子培养的培养基为1/2NLN,附加0.5mgL-1NAA、0.05mgL-1BA、5mgL-1AgNO3、0.2mgL-12,4-D和0.1mgL-1活性炭。结果有14个杂种能产生胚状体,诱导率70%;不同杂种间小孢子胚胎发生频率存在很大差异,最高的是绿洲808×夏宝,平均每蕾16.2个胚。诱导杂种胚状体发生的最佳时期是小孢子单核靠边期至双核期,34℃热激2d有利于小孢子细胞对称分裂。在含糖170gL-1的液体培养基中培养3d,添加低糖(含糖110gL-1)的培养液,可显著提高出胚率。     

水稻游离小孢子培养最新研究进展

水稻小孢子培养技术不但可用来生产单倍体植株和加倍单倍体植株,而且可望成为转基因的理想受体系统。目前转基因技术、分子杂交技术与小孢子培育技术的有机结合已成为加快水稻育种速度的有效途径。本文从水稻小孢子分离纯化、影响愈伤组织或胚状体发生的因素以及植株再生三个方面综述了水稻游离小孢子培养的最新研究进展。最后就水稻小孢子培育技术急需解决的问题进行了讨论,并对小孢子培育技术发展前景进行了展望。     

籼型光敏雄性不育水稻杂种花粉植株游离小孢子培养成植株

禾本科植物游离小孢子的培养已在水稻、小麦、玉米、大麦等主要农作物上获得成功,且在大麦、玉米上成功地从未经预处理及预培养的游离小孢子培养获得了再生植株。籼稻花药培养能力远远低于粳稻,对其游离小孢子的离体培养研究甚少。本文简要报道这方面的研究结果。     

芸苔属蔬菜小孢子胚状体再生成苗及倍性鉴定

研究影响大白菜、甘蓝和红菜薹小孢子胚状体再生成苗的几个生理因素的结果表明,在1．0％～1．2％的琼脂中胚状体再生成苗率显著高于0．8％琼脂的。4℃处理10d可显著提高大白菜和甘蓝胚状体再生成苗率。大白菜和红菜薹胚状体再生成苗的最适胚龄为20—29d,甘蓝则为30—35d。培养基B,和MS对再生成苗率影响不大。检测3种芸苔属蔬菜小孢子再生植株的倍性结果表明,大白菜和红菜薹小孢子植株自然加倍率较高,均超过70％;甘蓝较低,仅为30％左右。同一物种的不同品种间胚状体再生成苗所需的条件和加倍效率基本一致。     

大白菜与结球甘蓝异源三倍体小孢子植株的获得与鉴定

以6个不同基因型的大白菜四倍体(AAAA,2n=4x=40)品系9401、9402、9403、9404、9405、9406为母本,结球甘蓝二倍体(CC,2n=2x=18)自交系9501为父本配制杂交组合得到的6个杂种一代为试材,进行了游离小孢子培养研究,成功诱导出胚状体,获得了再生植株,并对部分再生株进行了染色体数鉴定和性状调查。结果表明:不同组合小孢子胚胎发生能力不同,各组合产胚率均较低;小孢子再生植株中,染色体数为18的个体所占比例最大,达46.7%;小孢子植株减数分裂行为复杂,终变期除二价体和单价体外,还有三价体等联会形式;小孢子植株性状表现各异。     

A decimal code describing the developmental stages of head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

The developmental stages of head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) as a vegetable have been characterised by a decimal code. Five primary stages are recognised: germination, emergence and establishment, leaf formation, head formation and maturity. Each primary stage is divided into secondary stages, which apply both to single plants and to crops. Maturity is defined as the head having obtained a marketable weight and density. The standing ability is defined as the number of days from 90% of the crop being marketable to 25% of the crop having become unmarketable.     

西兰花CYP83A1基因的克隆及序列分析

为深入研究西兰花4-甲基亚磺酰丁基芥子油苷的合成代谢途径,对关键合成酶基因CYP83A1进行了克隆与生物信息学分析。根据前期西兰花转录组测序工作中获得的序列数据,同时参照Gen Bank数据库中拟南芥、小白菜和油菜等7种植物的CYP83A1基因CDS序列与西兰花进行比对,确定西兰花CYP83A1基因(Bo CYP83A1)的CDS序列。采用RT-PCR技术对其进行了克隆,获得Bo CYP83A1基因的CDS区序列,其全长为1 509 bp,编码502个氨基酸。预测该蛋白质的分子量为57.47 k D,理论等电点为7.1,包含2个跨膜结构域,且整个序列中不含信号肽,具有一个典型的P450结构域。氨基酸同源性分析表明,西兰花与油菜、大白菜的CYP83A1的相似性较高,均为98%。首次获得Bo CYP83A1的CDS序列,其登录号为KM111290。     

提高榨菜离体培养植株再生频率

采用榨菜“浙桐1号”品种为材料,以MS为基本培养基,通过对不同植物生长调节剂的组合和不同外植体等主要因素的筛选,大幅度提高了榨菜离体培养植株再生频率。结果表明,2mg／L6．BA 0．2mg／L2,4-D的组合较为适宜,其不定芽再生频率可达50％,且外植体以下胚轴为好：而CPPU和2,4-D的适宜组合为1．5mg／L 0．2mg／L,其不定芽再生频率高达66．67％,最适外植体为带柄子叶。同时,研究结果显示,添加0．25～1mg／L的GA,对榨菜已分化的不定芽的伸长有抑制作用;子叶柄和下胚轴外植体的分化具有极性现象。     

Highly enantioselective bioreduction of prochiral ketones by stem and germinated plant of Brassica oleracea variety italica

Abstract

An eco-friendly and environmentally benign asymmetric reduction of a broad range of prochiral ketones employing Brassica oleracea variety italica (stems and germinated plant) as a novel biocatalyst was developed. It was found that B. oleracea variety italica could be used effectively for enantioselective bioreduction in aqueous medium with moderate to excellent chemical yield and enantiomeric excess (ee). This process is more efficient and generates less waste than conventional chemical reagents or microorganisms. Both R- and S-configurations were obtained by these asymmetric reactions. The best ee were achieved for pyridine derivatives (92–99%). The ee in germinated plant reactions were significantly higher than those of stem reactions. The low cost and the easy availability of these biocatalysts suggest their possible use for large scale preparations of important chiral alcohols.     

The influence of various physical parameters on anther culture of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

Embryo formation by cultured broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) anthers was best in the pH range of 5.5 to 5.8. Manipulation of the initial medium pH showed, however, that embryos could be recovered throughout the entire pH range tested. Experiments designed to test the influence of anther density on embryo production exhibited an apparent population effect. Comparison of anthers cultured with and without filaments showed a significantly lower level of embryo formation with filaments attached. The importance of anther orientation with the adaxial surface up was also demonstrated. Detailed studies of the effect of temperature on anther response showed the importance of 35°C treatments. Other temperatures and a variety of temperature manipulations were either comparatively ineffective or inhibitory. The duration of 35°C exposure required for optimal response varied widely between 18 and 48 h. Wide variation in plant to plant response was observed despite attempts to optimize the manipulation of physical parameters. Individual plants were identified that reliably formed many thousands of embryos, whereas other plants failed to form embryos under all tested conditions.     

几种影响羽衣甘蓝小孢子胚状体成苗的因素

羽衣甘蓝成熟小孢子胚转到固体培养基上可直接萌发成苗。成苗率与基因型、培养基成分和培养温度有关。MS+1.0%琼脂+3%蔗糖是适宜的成苗培养基;100MG·L-1活性炭对鱼雷形胚成苗起促进作用;10℃低温培养10D可提高成苗率。     

农杆菌介导的芥蓝遗传转化体系的建立

采用正交旋转设计方法对影响芥蓝遗传转化体系的因素进行了优化研究,结果表明:影响芥蓝KanR苗率的最主要因素是Kan浓度,而预培养时间和共培养时间是芥蓝遗传转化的主要影响因素。最利于芥蓝遗传转化的操作程序为:将芥蓝无菌苗下胚轴在预培养基上预培养2天后,在LBA4404菌液中感染8min,置于共培养培养基上培养2天,随后把外植体转入含Kan的选择分化培养基上诱导不定芽,28天转瓶一次,当抗性幼苗长至2～3cm时,齐愈伤组织处切下幼苗在生根培养基上诱导不定根,25天左右后等不定根长成即可开瓶炼苗,继而移栽至营养土中,正常管理至开花结果;经PCR、Southern印迹检测,证明CYP86MF基因已经整合至转基因植株染色体中。     

羽衣甘蓝柱头酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建与分析

目的:构建应用于酵母双杂交系统的羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA文库。方法:以羽衣甘蓝S13-bS13-b自交不亲和系为材料,提取柱头的总RNA,用亲和层析法分离纯化mRNA,利用CytoTrapXR建库试剂盒构建羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA文库。结果:羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA原始文库的库容量为2.5×105;扩增后文库的库容量约为4×108,重组率为96%,插入片段大小为0.4～3kb,平均长度在0.8kb左右。结论:构建了应用于酵母双杂交系统的羽衣甘蓝自交不亲和系柱头的cDNA文库,为探讨芸苔属植物自交不亲和的分子机理奠定了基础。