古尼虫草分生孢子阶段的分离和鉴定

用古尼虫草[Cordyceps gunnii(Berk.)Berk.]的子座和内菌核作组织分离,用成熟子座自然发射的子囊孢子作孢子分离,经多批次重复操作结果皆获得同一种真菌培养物。鉴定表明这种真菌是拟青霉属的一个新种——古尼拟青霉(Paecilomyces gunnii Liang sp.nov.)。它的主要特征是,在察氏琼脂上菌落白色至灰色,背面棕色;分生孢子梗短,多从气生菌丝上长出,一般长60μm;瓶梗7—12(-19)×2—3(-4)μm,有再育现象;分生孢子多数拟椭圆形或梭形,表面具细刺,(1.6-)2.6—4.0(-4.8)×(1.2-)1.6—2.5(-3.5)μm,平均大小为4.0×2.6μm;厚垣孢子近球形,光滑;5.5—7.2×3.2—5.5μm。32℃以上不生长。     

冬虫夏草和中国被毛孢形态学再研究

产自甘肃省冬虫夏草主产区的冬虫夏草具有丰富的形态多样性,少教具有2-4个子座,个别子座叉状分枝.通过移栽培养,对冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis子座的发育过程进行了连续观察,并对子囊孢子的萌发及中国被毛孢Hirsutella sinensis的形态特征进行了再研究.观察到:在子囊孢子弹射期,子座可...     

感染蛴螬的一种新虫草

描述了感染鞘翅目幼虫的茂兰虫草新种(CordycepsmaolanensisZ.Y.LiuetLiangsp．nov．）,其主要物征为子座单生,可孕部分白色,近球形或卵圆形,其皮层栅状,100～125μm;柄中部地上和地下相交处有瘤节,子囊壳黄色,埋生,600～700×300～350μm;子囊柱状,300～450×3～4.5μm;每个子囊具有4个丝状多隔的子囊孢子,次生子囊孢子柱状,6～8×1．5μm,这些特征与近似种Cgracilis,C.gracilioides,C.insignis,C.entomorrhiza,C.amazonicda,C.amazonica,和C.amazonicavar．neoamazonica有明显的不同。     

江西井冈山地区的两个虫草新种

从江西井冈山地区发现两个虫草新种,它们是江西虫草(草木王) (Cordyceps jiangxiensis Z.Q.Liang , A.Y.Liu et Y.Ch.Jiang )和井冈山虫草(Cordyceps jinggangshanensis Z.Q.Liang, A.Y.Liu et Y.Ch.Jiang)。前者以子座丛生,菌核白色,较细的分隔细胞（5.5~7.5×1.0~1.2μm）和锥形子囊帽与其近缘种相区别。后者的鉴别特征是,子座纤细,子囊壳显著黑色,子囊孢子的宽度达3μm。模式标本保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究室（LFRGU）。     

采集自贵州的两个稀有虫草

1994年6月采集自贵州梵净山和荔波茂兰保护区的虫草属真菌,中国新记录种──螳螂虫草（CordycepsmantidaecolaKob.etShim.）和属于蛇形虫草亚属头状组的一新种──贵州虫草（CordycepsguizhouensisLiu,LiangetLiusp.nov）。贵州虫草寄生于刺蛾茧上,茧表面褐色,椭圆形,大小为4～6×5～9mm,在一个茧上可长1～2根子座,子座单生,不分枝,圆柱形,高1．5～5cm;柄和可孕部分界线不明,粗细相当,直径1～2mm,均为淡黄色,可孕部分皮层为丝状细胞的伪柔组织,有的柄部为白色;子囊壳散埋生,梨形,黄色,230～250×160～180μm;子囊为棍棒状或纺锤形,60～140×5～8μm,头部3～4μm;每个子囊中有8个子囊孢子,子囊孢子梭形,具3～4个隔膜,40～60×0．8～1．7μm,不断裂成次生子囊孢子。     

中国单顶孢属三新记录种

陀螺单顶孢图1Monacrosporium bembicodes(Drechsler)Subram.,J.Indian Bot.Soc.42:293,1963.Dactylella bembicodes Drechsler,Mycologia29:491,1937.在CMA培养基上菌丝无色,扩展,分隔,宽2-5μm;分生孢子梗高250-450μm,单生,不分枝,顶端着生单个分生孢子;分生孢子阔纺锤形,顶端钝圆,基部渐尖细、平截,36-43.2(40)×16.8-21.6(20.5)μm,3-4个分隔,4个隔为主。可通过微循环产孢方式或直接在一些分生孢子梗上形成小分生孢子,小分生孢子倒卵圆形,10-19×4-5μm,0-1个分隔。捕食器为收缩环。图1陀螺单顶孢Monacrosporium bembicodes(Drec…     

晶杯菌科3个新种（英文）

对来自四川、甘肃和青海的晶杯菌科盘菌采集物进行分类研究,发现了3个新种,它们隶属于黄杯菌属和绒被盘菌属。竹黄杯菌的子囊盘直径0.2-0.5mm,子实层表面米色至米灰色;子囊具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,58-68×4.5-5.5μm;子囊孢子梭形,具一个分隔,8-12×2.3-3μm。单胞黄杯菌的子囊盘盘状,直径1mm,子实层表面污黄色;子囊具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,82-92×6-8μm;子囊孢子梭形,14-21×2-3.5μm。隔孢绒被盘菌的子囊盘盘状,直径0.5-1mm,子实层表面白色至淡灰色,子层托表面具短棒状细胞延伸物;子囊棒状至近圆柱形,具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,73-84×6.8-7.5μm;子囊孢子柱梭形,具3个分隔,18-20.5×2.5-3.3μm。     

武夷山和张家界自然保护区的一些虫生真菌 I. 虫草属

从武夷山和张家界自然保护区发现三虫草新种,武夷山虫草Cordyceps wuyishanensis, 张家界虫草Cordyceps zhangjiajiensis 和拟茂兰虫草Cordyceps maolanoides.武夷山虫草和其近缘种的主要区别是,可孕部分柱状、非多年生、子囊孢子不断裂和间细胞长达6～10μm.张家界虫草与其近缘种相比较的鉴别特征为非木质化的较小子座、子囊壳表生和具有较长的(15～23μm)次生子囊孢子.拟茂兰虫草和近缘种茂兰虫草C.maolanoides的形态特征相近,其主要差别是前者的子座和子囊壳都小得多.报道了玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus与蜣螂虫草Cordyceps geotrupis 有密切关系.研究标本保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究室(LFRGU).     

中国叶生地衣型真菌2新种和1新记录种

基于形态、解剖、化学等研究方法,报道了中国的地衣型真菌2个新种和1个新记录种,分别是黄绿浅盘衣Calenia flavescens、多疣浅盘衣Calenia verrucosa和黑盘刺衣Echinoplaca fusconitida。黄绿浅盘衣的主要特征是地衣体浅黄绿色,具不明显的白色疣体,盘面黄色,子囊含2或4个孢子,子囊孢子(2～) 3～7隔,15. 5～22.5×4.0～8.5μm,分生孢子柱刚毛状,长约0.15 mm,白色。多疣浅盘衣的主要特征是地衣体浅橄榄绿色,具与地衣体同色且密集的疣体,盘面褐色,子囊含(6～) 8个孢子,子囊孢子(2～) 3～5隔,15.5～25.0×6.5～8.5μm,分生孢子柱刚毛状,长0.4～1.5 mm,白色至浅黄色。黑盘刺衣的地衣体为壳状,具白色疣状突起和黄白色刚毛,子囊盘直径0.2～0.5 mm;盘面平坦,灰褐色至黑褐色,子囊含1个孢子,子囊孢子无色,砖壁型,35～65×15～20μm。文中详细描述了3个种的形态特征并提供了图片。     

中国块菌属一新种

本文描述了块菌属(Tuber)的一个新种,巨孢块菌(Tuber gigantosporum)。这一新种1989年采于四川省会东县。它的子囊孢子特殊大,一般105—115×75μm,最大可达120×80μm,小者亦可达80×55μm。而块菌属已知种的子囊孢子的大小一般在21—52×15—38μm范围内,最大也不超过90×60μm。仅此一点已使其明显区别于该属任何已知种。此外,该种孢子壁异常厚,可达14μm,有三层,也是别于其它块菌已知种的重要特征。该块菌生于地下,与云南松有共生关系。模式标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态所植物标本室(IFS)。     

桫椤自然保护区的虫草及其相关真菌*

从贵州省赤水市桫椤自然保护区采集到虫草5种,其中新种3个:赤水虫草Cordyceps chishuiensis Liang & Liu, 桫椤虫草Cordyceps suoluoensis Liang & Liu和柄壳虫草Cordyceps stipillata Liang & Liu。赤水虫草和其近缘种的主要区别是子座直接从寄主的头部或腹部长出,单生,分枝,子囊壳广拟卵形,无喙。桫椤虫草的主要特征为子囊孢子具细丝状、柱状和囊状等多种形状,子囊孢子在子囊中呈绳状排列。柄壳虫草以子座柄分枝,子囊壳有柄和子囊孢子较粗(2祄)与其近缘种相区别。模式标本保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究室(LFRGU)     

Meiosis and ascospore development in Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Cochliobolus heterostrophus produces eight filiform ascospores per ascus, following meiosis and a postmeiotic mitosis. Early ascus development and nuclear divisions in C. heterostrophus resemble those of the prototypic Pyrenomycete Neurospora crassa. However, the two fungi differ in several important details owing to differences in ascus and ascospore shape, spindle pole body (SPB) behavior during spore delimitation, and ascospore development. In C. heterostrophus, the two spindles at meiosis II, and the four spindles at the postmeiotic mitosis are aligned irregularly, unlike the tandem or ladder rung-like orientation of spindles of N. crassa. Prior to ascospore delimitation, all eight nuclei reorient themselves and their SPB plaques migrate toward the base of the ascus. The SPB plaques facilitate demarcation of the lower end of each incipient ascospore. The filiform ascospores are uninucleate and unsegmented at inception but they become highly multinucleate, multisegmented, and helically coiled when mature. An account of ascus development, nuclear divisions, and ascospore delimitation and maturation is presented here and supported by a series of photomicrographs.     

Meiosis and ascospore development in Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

Cochliobolus heterostrophus produces eight filiform ascospores per ascus, following meiosis and a postmeiotic mitosis. Early ascus development and nuclear divisions in C. heterostrophus resemble those of the prototypic Pyrenomycete Neurospora crassa. However, the two fungi differ in several important details owing to differences in ascus and ascospore shape, spindle pole body (SPB) behavior during spore delimitation, and ascospore development. In C. heterostrophus, the two spindles at meiosis II, and the four spindles at the postmeiotic mitosis are aligned irregularly, unlike the tandem or ladder rung-like orientation of spindles of N. crassa. Prior to ascospore delimitation, all eight nuclei reorient themselves and their SPB plaques migrate toward the base of the ascus. The SPB plaques facilitate demarcation of the lower end of each incipient ascospore. The filiform ascospores are uninucleate and unsegmented at inception but they become highly multinucleate, multisegmented, and helically coiled when mature. An account of ascus development, nuclear divisions, and ascospore delimitation and maturation is presented here and supported by a series of photomicrographs.     

The fine structure of ascospore shape and development inCeratocystis fimbriata

Ascospore development inCeratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. commenced in an eight-nucleate ascus. A single vesicle formed along the periphery of the ascus from fragments of ascospore delimiting membranes, surrounded all eight nuclei and eventually invaginated, first forming pouches with open ends, then finally enclosing each of the eight nuclei in a separate sac, thus delimiting ascospores. Pairing of the ascospores followed and brim formation occurred at the contact area between two ascospores. Osmiophilic bodies contributed to the formation of brim-like appendages by fusing to the ascospore walls. Additional brims were observed at opposite ends of the ascospores giving them a double-brimmed appearance.Abbreviations AV ascus vesicle - DM delimiting membrane - EV electron translucent bodies - G granules - M mitochondria - N nucleus - OB osmiophilic bodies - PMV plasmamembrane vesicles - PW primary wall - SW secondary wall     

Morphogenesis of Ascospores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ultrastructural changes associated with ascospore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated by using freeze-etching and thin-sectioning techniques. The first nuclear division (meiosis I) is indicated by the appearance of spindle fibers within the nucleus. The nucleus subsequently elongates and eventually assumes a barbell shape; the second nuclear division (meiosis II) occurs before nuclear separation. The spindle fibers involved in meiosis II appear to be oriented perpendicular to those observed in meiosis I. A discrete bilaminar structure (forespore wall) progressively delineates each ascospore nucleus and encloses cytoplasmic material including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The forespores then elongate, close off, and become separated from the ascus cytoplasm by membranes. The ascospores assume a spherical shape as spore coat material is laid down; the latter stages of ascospore formation are characterized by thickening of the ascospore wall and disintegration of the ascus cytoplasm. No structures which could be identified as chromosomes were observed.     

虫草成熟子囊壳、子囊与子囊孢子的电镜观察

虫草子囊壳壁为拟薄壁组织,基部与子座菌丝相联,顶端有一孔口,其内无缘丝,中心腔内无侧丝,基部着生的子囊垂直平行排列。子囊顶端中央是乳状突起,围以隆起的环状膜质边缘。成熟时,其顶端乳状突起膨大,膜质边缘也随之翻卷,中央有一小孔。同一子囊壳内子囊顶端发育阶段不同,说明子囊的形成不同步。子囊内含有两条平行的具横隔的子囊孢子。虫草子囊顶端形态结构即不象虫草属模式种蛹虫草,也不象头状虫草,说明子囊顶端的形态结构的种间差异。     

冬虫夏草的微循环产孢及其无性型的分离*

从采自云南德钦白马雪山的冬虫夏草子实体上,利用改进的子囊孢子弹射法获得其无性型中国被毛孢,并利用冬虫夏草子囊孢子的微循环产孢和无性型菌丝的载片培养,证明我们获得纯培养是冬虫夏草的无性型。