方穗山羊草Rubisco活性及小亚基基因克隆和功能分析

以方穗山羊草(Aegilops squarrosa L.)为母本,普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为父本杂交,并以普通小麦为父本回交10代获得的核质杂种小麦为实验材料,测定了父母本及其核质杂种小麦rubisco的羧化活性和加氧活性。同时以方穗山羊草幼苗叶片为材料构建了库容量为5.5×10~5pfu的λgt10cDNA文库,并以水稻rbcS部分片段为探针筛选该cDNA文库,获得了方穗山羊草rbcS的cDNA克隆pRAS-1。核苷酸序列分析表明该cDNA全长815bp。比较以上三种材料中Rubisco活性和小亚基氨基酸的差异,推测小亚基上第56、84、98和117位氨基酸残基可能对酶的功能起着重要的作用。     

梅花鹿卵泡刺激素α-亚基cDNA的分子克隆与序列分析

从新屠宰的母梅花鹿脑垂体中提取总RNA,反转录获得CDNA,以此CDNA为模板用PCR法扩增目的片段,获得长为380bp的梅花鹿卵泡刺激素α-亚基CDNA片段,它将克隆至PMD-18-T-Verctor。随机挑选3个阳性重组子进行测序,并将测序结果与绵羊、牛、猪等多种哺乳动物该基因的核苷酸序列及相应氨基酸序列进行比较。结果表明,梅花鹿卵泡刺激素α-亚基基因编码的氨基酸序列与绵羊、水牛的该基因同源性最高,达97%,只有4个氨基酸不同;与牛的该基因同源性达96%。与人的该基因氨基酸序列同源性较低,为75%。其编码的核苷酸序列与绵羊、水牛、牛的同源性最高,达96%,只有14-16个碱基不同,与人的基因核苷酸同源性最低,为84%,总的来说,哺乳动物的卵泡刺激素α-亚基具有很高的同源性。     

三七植物GAPDH基因克隆及序列分析

采用改进的异硫氰酸胍法提取高质量三七总RNA,运用RT-PCR方法克隆了三七GAPDH基因的部分序列,长度为627 bp,编码209个氨基酸,为半定量RT-PCR以及Real-time RT-PCR等技术在三七植物研究中的应用提供了条件.氨基酸序列比对结果表明,该序列与拟南芥、烟草、人参的GAPDH氨基酸序列的同源性分别为91%、93%、95%;核苷酸序列的同源性分别为82%、84%、85%.     

山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基cDNA的分子克隆与序列分析

从新屠宰的雌山羊脑垂体中提取总RNA ,反转录获得cDNA .以此cDNA为模板用PCR法扩增目的片段 ,获得长为 380bp的山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基cDNA片段 .将它克隆至pMD 18 T Verctor.随机挑选 3个阳性重组子进行测序 ,将测序结果与绵羊、牛、猪等多种哺乳动物该基因的核苷酸序列及相应氨基酸序列进行比较 .结果表明 ,山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基基因氨基酸序列与绵羊、水牛的同源性最高 ,达 96 % ,与牛的同源性达 95 % ,与人的同源性较低 ,为 74 % .山羊卵泡刺激素α亚基基因编码区的核苷酸与绵羊的同源性最高 ,达 95 % ,与水牛、牛的同源性达 94 % ,与马和大鼠的同源性较低 ,为 85 % .总体来看 ,在哺乳类动物中FSHα亚基基因同源性还是很高的 .     

类大麦属高分子量谷蛋白基因Kx的序列测定及表达

利用SDS-PAGE检测了2份类大麦属(Crithopsis delileana)材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,并对其中1份材料的x型亚基进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,2份材料具有完全相同的蛋白电泳图谱。在小麦的高分子量区域仅检测到一条蛋白质带,与小麦y型亚基的迁移率接近,但克隆测序表明其为x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基,其编码基因命名为Kx。Kx基因编码区序列长度为2052bp．编码长度为661个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其序列具有典型的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基的特征。Kx基因能在原核表达系统内正确表达,其表达蛋白与来源于种子中的Kx亚基的迁移率完全一致。Kx亚基与小麦属A、B和D,山羊草属C和U以及黑麦属R染色体组编码的高分子量谷蛋白亚基氨基酸序列非常相似,但在N和C保守区的氨基酸组成以及重复区长度上与它们存在明显差异。聚类分析可将Kx与Ax1聚类为平行的分支。由此可见,来源于C．delileana的Kx基因为一新的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基基因。     

杜氏盐藻RuBisCO小亚基基因的克隆和分析

根据莱菌衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)、团藻(Volvox carteri)、伞藻(Acetabularia cliftonii)等生物的1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(RuBisCO)的小亚基rbcS基因氨基酸的高度保守序列,设计一对简并引物,进行RT-PCR.209 bp的PCR产物经测序分析及进行氨基酸序列同源性比对,表明克隆的序列为盐藻rbcS基因的cDNA片段.根据该序列信息,采用RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends) 方法扩增其5'上游未知区和3'下游未知区.5'RACE得到的cDNA长度为约300 bp,3'RACE得到的长度约380 bp.三段序列拼接后cDNA全长为878bp,其中开放读码框包括190个氨基酸.此cDNA序列,推导成氨基酸序列与已知物种的rbcS基因相比对,同源性分别为V.carteri 78%,C.reinhardtii 75%,A.cliftonii 67%,据此可推断所克隆的序列为盐藻RuBisCO的小亚基cDNA序列,GenBank收录号为AY739272.     

星星草脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（PtDHAR）cDNA的克隆及表达分析

脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶是抗坏血酸代谢循环中的关键酶,在多种植物中与抗胁迫相关。为了获得抗盐碱植物星星草中该基因序列,利用RACE技术,从星星草中克隆出脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因（PtDHAR）的cDNA全长序列,其GenBank登录号为HM125046。PtDHAR cDNA核苷酸序列长度为987bp,开放阅读框为639bp,编码213个氨基酸。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与水稻、小麦等禾本科作物具有很高的同源性。Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在盐碱胁迫下表达量显著升高。     

小麦Rubisco活化酶基因的克隆和表达特性

Rubisco活化酶是广泛存在于光合生物中调节Rubisco活性的酶,我们利用PCR技术,从小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶片cDNA文库中克隆得到Rubisco活化酶基因cDNA片段,该片段长度为850 bp,编码201个氨基酸.Northern blot表明,小麦叶片在暗诱导衰老的条件下,叶片中活化酶基因表达水平逐渐下降;同时,小麦叶片的光合特性、叶绿素含量和Rubisco活性呈现下降趋势.这些结果表明,衰老时小麦叶片Rubisco活化酶基因表达水平下降与光合速率下降密切相关.     

小麦Rubisco 活化酶基因的克隆和表达特性

Rubisco活化酶是广泛存在于光合生物中调节Rubisco活性的酶, 我们利用PCR技术, 从小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶片cDNA文库中克隆得到Rubisco活化酶基因cDNA片段, 该片段长度为850 bp, 编码201个氨基酸。Northern blot表明, 小麦叶片在暗诱导衰老的条件下, 叶片中活化酶基因表达水平逐渐下降; 同时, 小麦叶片的光合特性、叶绿素含量和Rubisco活性呈现下降趋势。这些结果表明, 衰老时小麦叶片Rubisco活化酶基因表达水平下降与光合速率下降密切相关。     

核质杂种小麦Rubisco大亚基的基因结构与功能的关系

NC4号小麦是一高产、抗逆的核质杂种 ,它是由山羊草 (Aegilops squarrosa,♀ )与小麦 (Triticumaestivum, )杂交 ,并多次回交和筛选而获得。测定了 NC4号及其父本的 Rubisco rbc L序列 ,证明 NC4号的 rbc L是由山羊草基因编码。对核质杂种及其亲本 Rubisco的羧化和加氧活性测定表明 ,杂种的羧化 /加氧活性比低于母本山羊草 ,高于父本小麦。rbc L序列测定表明 ,NC4号与父本小麦的 rbc L 有 3个核苷酸的差异 ,即在其氨基酸序列上第 14、86和 95位有 3个残基不同。     

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL SUBUNIT OF RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE FROM FUCUS (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

This paper reports for the first time amino acid sequence information for the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase (Rubisco) from a non-green alga. N-terminal sequences are presented for the polypeptide from three species of the genus Fucus (Phaeophyceae). Although homologous to small subunit polypeptides from other organisms, the Fucus sequences exhibit a unique N-terminal section resembling neither cyanobacterial nor chlorophytic sequences. This difference may be a consequence of the plastid DNA coding arrangement for the small subunit in chromophytes, a situation reported for the related organism Olisthodiscus but not previously investigated at the amino acid sequence level.     

Relationship Between the Sequence and Function of Rubisco rbcL in Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Hybrid Wheat

Nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrid wheat NC4 is resistent to a number of stresses and produces high yield. It was obtained by crossing Aegilops squarrosa (♀) with Triticum aestivum ( ♂ ), and several back crossings. The rbcLs (the gene of large subunit of Rubisco ( rihulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase )) cloned from NC4 and T. aestivum have been sequenced, and the result showed that the rbcL of NC4 was originated from Ae. squarrosa. The ratio of carhoxylase activity to oxygenase activity, Vco2/Vo2, of hybrid NC4 Was lower than that of Ae. squarrosa, but higher than that of T. aestivum. This difference may be accounted for the higher yield of NC4 than that of T. aestivum. Sequence analysis showed that three nucleotides in the rbcL of NC4 which were different from those of T. aestivum, corresponded to the No. 14, 86 and 95 amino acid residues of rbcL.     

高杆野生稻PR2同源序列的分离与序列分析

根据已知植物病程相关蛋白基因β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因（PR2）的保守结构域设计2对简并引物,从高杆野生稻基因组DNA中分离出3条防卫基因类似物（defense—genes analogues,DGAs）,其中2条具有通读的ORF,另一条提前出现终止密码子。对这3条序列在NCBI上进行同源性搜索发现,在核苷酸水平这3条序列均与水稻的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因具有90％～93％的同源性,与已知大麦、小麦、高梁、黑麦、燕麦、玉米等其它植物的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因具有69％-81％的同源性。在氨基酸水平与水稻、大麦、小麦、黑麦的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶具有60％～93％的同源性。对具有通读ORF的2条序列RD1-GG6和RD1-GG12进行表达分析,发现经水杨酸（SA）诱导后表达量明显提高。     

二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)BdAD1基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

本研究利用生物信息学结合RT-PCR技术从二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)中克隆出BdAD1的c DNA基因,该基因编码一个包含500个氨基酸残基的乙醛脱氢酶家族蛋白。系统进化关系分析表明,该BdAD1蛋白序列与小麦(Triticum aestivum)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)和大麦(Hordeum vulgare)的同源蛋白具有较近的亲缘关系。BdAD1基因在植物细胞的细胞核和细胞质中均有表达,而且BdAD1蛋白兼具松柏醛脱氢酶和芥子醛脱氢酶的活性(CALDH/SALDH),可将松柏醛与芥子醛分别酶解生成阿魏酸和芥子酸,但它对松柏醛的催化效率显著高于芥子醛,因此推测BdAD1可能在苯丙烷代谢途径中对阿魏酸的合成具有重要的调控作用。     

川草2号老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus L.）UV-B辐射敏感基因rbcL的克隆及其调控表达研究

rbcL是编码光合关键酶1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（Rubisco）大亚基的基因。本文运用mRNA差异显示技术（DDRT-PCR）并通过5ˊRACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) 从高原植物川草2号老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus L. cv. 'chuancao No.2'）中获得了受增强UV-B辐射抑制的rbcL基因,该基因全长cDNA为1.51kb,开放阅读框（ORF）长1.434kb,编码477个氨基酸。氨基酸序列与Elymus trachycaulus中的Rubisco大亚基具有97％的同源性、与Triticum aestivum和Hordeum comosum的Rubisco大亚基同源性均为 98％。Northern杂交分析表明,增强UV-B辐射后6h,rbcL基因表达受到强烈抑制,处理后60h,其表达几乎完全被抑制,表明即使是长期生长在高原地区、强UV-B辐射条件下的高原物种,在受到较强的UV-B辐射后,其rbcL基因的转录也会受到抑制。     

Degradation of Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Wheat Leaves During Dark-induced Senescence

The degradation of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 158) leaves during dark-induced senescence was studied. An in vivo degradation product of Rubisco large subunit (LSU) with molecular weight of 50 kD was detected by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with antibody against tobacco Rubisco. This fragment could also be detected in natural senescence. The result also suggested that the Rubisco holoenzyme had not dissociated when LSU hydrolyzed from 53 kD to 50 kD. And LSU could be fragmented to 50 kD at 30-35 ℃ and at pH 7.5 in crude enzyme extracts of wheat leaves dark-induced for 48 h, which suggested that maybe LSU was degraded to 50 kD by an unknown protease in chloroplast.     

A point mutation in the gene encoding the Rubisco large subunit interferes with holoenzyme assembly

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), a key enzyme of photosynthetic CO₂ fixation, is composed of 8 large and 8 small subunits. The Rubisco-deficient Nicotiana tabacum mutant Sp25 is able to synthesize the peptides for both subunits but does not contain any active holoenzyme. The phenotype is maternally inherited and thus caused by a mutation in the chloroplast genome, which also encodes the Rubisco large subunit. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the large subunit gene of the Sp25 mutant with that of the wild-type tobacco revealed a single nucleotide change in the Sp25 mutant. This resulted in an amino acid substitution at Gly-322, which was replaced by serine.     

小麦3个被白粉菌诱导基因表达的分析

含有抗白粉病基因Pm2 1的小麦 簇毛麦 6VS/6AL易位系在接种白粉菌后 ,叶片无任何病症。应用mRNA差异显示技术从小麦 簇毛麦 6VS/ 6AL易位系分离到 3个叶绿体蛋白基因片段 ,它们是TaD5、TaD2 3和TaD33,3个基因片段分别与小麦叶绿体基因rbcL ,拟斯卑尔脱山羊草叶绿体RNA聚合酶α亚基基因rpoA和大麦 1,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活化酶基因(Rubiscoactivase ,RcaA2 )同源性达 97%、98%和 88%。据此推测TaD5、TaD2 3和TaD33分别是 6VS/ 6AL易位系中的rbcL、rpoA和 1,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活化酶基因的片断。Northern分析表明这 3个叶绿体基因的表达在白粉菌诱导下得到增强。叶绿体基因组含有胸腺嘧啶重复区是在mRNA差异显示中克隆到叶绿体基因组基因的原因     

The small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is plastid-encoded in the chlorophyll c-containing alga Cryptomonas Φ

The gene for the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) is located in the large single-copy region of the plastid genome of the chlorophyll c-containing alga Cryptomonas . The coding sequence is 417 base pairs long, encoding a protein of 139 amino acids, considerably longer than most other small subunit proteins. It is found 83 base pairs downstream from the gene for the large subunit and is cotranscribed with it. An 18 base pair perfect inverted repeat is located 8 base pairs beyond the termination codon. Sequence analysis shows the gene to be more closely related to cyanobacterial and cyanelle small-subunit genes than to those of green algae or land plants. This is the first reported sequence of a Rubisco small-subunit gene which is plastid-encoded and it exhibits a number of unique features. The derived amino acid sequence shows extensive similarity to a partial amino acid sequence from a brown alga, indicating that this gene will be of major interest as a probe for the small subunit genes in other algae and for determining possible evolutionary ancestors of algal plastids.