割草和放牧对大针茅根际与非根际土壤养分和微生物数量的影响

选取内蒙古典型草原大针茅为主要研究对象,研究割草和放牧干扰对其根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷含量以及微生物数量的影响.结果表明：在割草和放牧干扰下,根际土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮含量均有不同程度的减少,根际截存效应减弱;土壤全磷由于固定性强不易向植物根部聚集,土壤全磷的根际效应不明显;土壤有效磷异质性较大,在放牧和割草干扰下有不同程度的变化,但根际和非根际间差异不显著;放牧干扰显著减少了土壤微生物的数量;土壤养分的变化与土壤微生物数量的变化关系密切,细菌和真菌的数量变化可能对土壤养分的影响更大;相对于割草,放牧干扰更易造成根际土壤养分的流失及微生物数量的减少.     

石油污染土壤修复植物的根-土界面微生物特征

选取沈抚灌区的主要修复植物蓖麻为实验材料,分析了蓖麻根区土壤、根际土壤、根面、根内4个层面上细菌和真菌的数量,优势菌种的生理生化特征,及细菌菌株生长营养类型,揭示了根-土界面微生物区系特征与石油污染土壤生物修复的关系.结果发现：修复植物根-土界面上,细菌数量为根际>根面>根内,真菌数量为根内>根面>根际,根面细菌与真菌数量均处于根际与根内区域微生物数量之间;修复植物蓖麻根面区域优势细菌种类最多,根内区域优势真菌种类最多;根际与根内的优势细菌具有较强的降解大分子物质的能力;根面细菌在营养需求分类上可归为氨基酸需求菌群.     

药用植物根际促生菌促生机理研究进展

药用植物是中药体系中最重要的药物来源,是人类赖以防病治病的天然宝库。根际是植物与外界环境进行物质与能量交换的主要场所。根际促生菌能够改变药用植物根际土壤的理化性质,加快根际土壤有效养分的转化,产生相应的特定物质,进而影响着其生长、发育及代谢活动等,这些促生菌对植物生长起到极其重要的作用。就国内外近年来药用植物根际促生菌在固氮、溶磷、产生激素以及生物防治方面研究进展进行总结,旨在为药用植物的研究奠定理论基础,为应用于药用植物的栽培、生产及种质创新提供新思路。     

植物根系分泌物主要生态功能研究进展

根系分泌物在植物根系-土壤-微生物互作过程及其生态反馈机制中发挥重要作用。在植物根际复杂网络互作过程中, 根系分泌物被认为是“根际对话”的媒介, 其在调控植物适应微生境、缓解根际养分竞争及构建根际微生物群落结构方面意义重大。该文结合国内外该领域主要研究成果, 综述了根系分泌物对植物生长、土壤微生物特性及土壤养分循环的影响, 并展望了未来根系分泌物的研究方向。     

土壤微生物在植物获得养分中的作用

大量施用化肥是当今农业的一个重要特征。化肥为粮食增产做出了巨大贡献,同时也带来一系列问题,如土壤酸化、水体富营养化、温室气体排放、资源耗竭等,直接威胁着农业可持续发展。土壤微生物是陆地生态系统植物多样性和生产力的重要驱动者,直接参与了植物获得养分和土壤养分循环两个过程。因此,通过调控土壤微生物的功能,有望降低农业对化肥的过分依赖。介绍了共生固氮菌、菌根真菌和根际促生菌对植物获得养分能力的影响及其机制,分析了土壤微生物对土壤氮、磷循环的影响及其与土壤养分生物有效性、养分损失的关系。依据这些知识,提出了改善植物营养、降低化肥施用的土壤微生物途径。虽然大量试验已证明了土壤微生物在改善植物营养中的重要作用,但是大面积应用土壤微生物技术来改善植物营养还存在不少问题。随着以后对这方面研究的加强以及上述问题的不断解决,土壤微生物有望在降低化肥施用量和维持农业可持续发展中做出重要贡献。     

根际营养环境与持续农业

根据ｐＨ,Ｅｈ、分泌物及微生物等营养特征极大地影响土壤中养分的利用率,也制约着外源污染物从土壤经根际进入植物体内的迁移过程,并进而影响到农产品品质。此外,与土传植物病害的发生和控制,植物对土壤营养逆境的适应性和对矿质营养基因型的差异,植物生化互作效应及土壤中温室效应气体的排放等重大生态和环境问题有关。因此,采取合理的措施调控根际营养环境,对促进农业的持续发展是十分重要的。     

根分泌物在污染土壤生物修复中的作用

对根分泌物在植物根际微生态环境中 ,通过土壤 植物 微生物系统协同作用高效修复重金属和有机污染土壤的环境过程与机理进行了综述。根分泌物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用主要表现在活化污染区重金属元素 ,使固定态转化为植物可吸收态 ,大大提高了重金属的植物有效性 ,通过植物的超积累作用 ,降低土壤中重金属污染物的含量 ;此外 ,根分泌物也可以和重金属形成稳定的螯合体 ,降低他们在土壤中的移动性 ,起到固定和钝化作用。对于有机污染物 ,根分泌物一方面为根际的微生物提供了丰富的营养和能源 ,使植物根际的微生物数量和代谢活力比非根际区高 ,增强了微生物对环境中的有机污染物的降解能力 ;另一方面植物根分泌到根际的酶系统可直接参与有机污染物降解的生化过程 ,提高降解效率。并对此领域今后研究工作的方向做了探讨     

根际土壤动物及其对植物生长的影响

土壤动物是根际土壤生物的重要组成部分,对于营养物质的转化、储存和释放,土壤微生物的调节及土壤理化性质的改变都发挥着积极作用,最终影响地上植物生长及其生产力。本文综述了土壤动物在根际土壤生态系统中的作用、根际土壤动物与土壤微生物之间的关系、根际土壤动物对植物生长的影响等。就目前根际土壤动物及其对植物生长的影响研究中亟待解决的一些问题进行了探讨,并提出今后应加强研究的方向。     

Research Advances in the Main Ecological Functions of Root Exudates

根系分泌物在植物根系-土壤-微生物互作过程及其生态反馈机制中发挥重要作用。在植物根际复杂网络互作过程中, 根系分泌物被认为是“根际对话”的媒介, 其在调控植物适应微生境、缓解根际养分竞争及构建根际微生物群落结构方面意义重大。该文结合国内外该领域主要研究成果, 综述了根系分泌物对植物生长、土壤微生物特性及土壤养分循环的影响, 并展望了未来根系分泌物的研究方向。     

荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成对柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是荒漠草原区主要的造林绿化树种,研究其根际土壤微生物和酶活性与不同土壤类型土壤粒径组成的关系有重要意义,然而土壤粒径对荒漠草原柠条根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响知之甚少,探讨土壤颗粒组分与微生物数量、土壤酶活性之间的关系,以及土壤颗粒组成对荒漠草原区固沙灌木植物柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,可为揭示荒漠草原土壤退化及生态修复提供参考。以宁夏荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成差异显著的灰钙土、红黏土、风沙土环境下栽植的柠条为研究对象,研究不同土壤颗粒组成对根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的相互关系与影响。结果表明:土壤微生物的数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌。根际土壤中的细菌、真菌数量显著高于非根际,且在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂粒的增多,真菌和放线菌数量逐渐降低,而细菌数量呈先增大后减小的趋势;根际与非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出灰钙土红黏土风沙土的趋势,红黏土根际土壤中的脲酶活性显著高于灰钙土与风沙土;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性表现为根际高于非根际,在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂含量的增加,土壤酶活性均呈递减趋势。土壤颗粒组成与微生物数量之间没有明显的相关性,而与土壤酶活性之间显著相关,土壤酶活性与黏粒、粉粒呈正相关,与细砂、中砂呈负相关关系,根际土壤中酶活性更高,能够为植物及微生物提供更多的营养。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.