Evaluation of Genetic Diversity,Population Structure,and Relationship Between Legendary Vechur Cattle and Crossbred Cattle of Kerala State,India

The legendary Vechur cattle of Kerala, described as a very short breed, and the crossbred (CB) Sunandini cattle population exhibited great phenotypic variation; hence, the present study attempted to analyze the genetic diversity existing between them. A set of 14 polymorphic microsatellites were chosen from FAO-ISAG panel and amplified from genomic DNA isolated from blood samples of 30 Vechur and 64 unrelated crossbred cattle, using fluorescent labeled primers. Both populations revealed high genetic diversity as evidenced from high observed number of alleles, Polymorphic Information Content and expected heterozygosity. Observed heterozygosity was lesser (0.699) than expected (0.752) in Vechur population which was further supported by positive F_IS value of 0.1149, indicating slight level of inbreeding in Vechur population. Overall, F_ST value was 0.065, which means genetic differentiation between crossbred and Vechur population was 6.5%, indicating that the crossbred cattle must have differentiated into a definite population that is different from the indigenous Vechur cows. Structure analysis indicated that the two populations showed distinct differences, with two underlying clusters. The present study supports the separation between Taurine and Zebu cattle and throws light onto the genetic diversity and relationship between native Vechur and crossbred cattle populations in Kerala state.     

Birds,Cattle, and Bracken Ferns: Bird Community Responses to a Neotropical Landscape Shaped by Cattle Grazing Activities

Large areas of tropical moist forests have been converted to cattle pastures, generating complex landscapes where different habitats are represented by small patches with an uneven spatial distribution. Here, we describe how bird communities respond to the different elements present in a livestock landscape that was originally dominated by tropical moist forest. We surveyed six habitats: open pastures, pastures with shrubs, early‐ and middle‐secondary forests, mature forest, and pastures invaded by bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum). Bird diversity was high in secondary and mature forests, and low in fern‐invaded sites and open pastures. Fern‐dominated sites had the lowest bird species richness, and trophic guild diversity of all habitats. Habitat structure affected both bird species richness and densities in similar ways. Tree species richness was the habitat attribute that had a bigger positive effect on bird species richness. Bird community structure varied among sampled habitats, separating habitats in two major groups (forests and pastures). Our data indicate that bracken fern‐invaded pastures were the worst habitat condition for avian communities. To increase bird diversity, we recommend to eliminate or manage bracken fern and to increase shrub and tree cover in open pastures to provide food resources and shelter for birds. Finally, we encourage the maintenance of secondary and mature forest remnants as a strategy to conserve resident birds within a landscape dominated by livestock activities.     

Cryopreservation of Preimplantation Embryos of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Preimplantation embryos from cattle, sheep, and goats may be cryopreserved for short- or long-term storage. Preimplantation embryos consist predominantly of water, and the avoidance of intracellular ice crystal formation during the cryopreservation process is of paramount importance to maintain embryo viability. Embryos are placed into a hypertonic solution (1.4 – 1.5 M) of a cryoprotective agent (CPA) such as ethylene glycol (EG) or glycerol (GLYC) to create an osmotic gradient that facilitates cellular dehydration. After embryos reach osmotic equilibrium in the CPA solution, they are individually loaded in the hypertonic CPA solution into 0.25 ml plastic straws for freezing. Embryos are placed into a controlled rate freezer at a temperature of -6°C. Ice crystal formation is induced in the CPA solution surrounding the embryo, and crystallization causes an increase in the concentration of CPA outside of the embryo, causing further cellular dehydration. Embryos are cooled at a rate of 0.5°C/min, enabling further dehydration, to a temperature of -34°C before being plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Cryopreserved embryos must be thawed prior to transfer to a recipient (surrogate) female. Straws containing the embryos are removed from the liquid nitrogen dewar, held in room temperature air for 3 to 5 sec, and placed into a 37°C water bath for 25 to 30 sec. Embryos cryopreserved in GLYC are placed into a 1 M solution of sucrose for 10 min for removal of the CPA before transfer to a recipient (surrogate) female. Embryos cryopreserved in EG, however, may be directly transferred to the uterus of a recipient.     

Cattle and small ruminant piroplasmosis in Macedonia, Greece

Macedonia is an endemic region of cattle as well as of sheep and goat piroplasmosis In cattle, Theileria orientalis (=T. buffeli?), the agent of Eurasian benign theileriosis, is the most common and widespread piroplasm species. T. annulata, the agent of tropical theileriosis, seems to be rare and limited to few foci, but causes very severe clinical cases, especially in imported pure-bred or cross-bred animals. Babesia bovis and B. bigemina are present in several localities, and often coexist. Cattle babesiosis cases are due to both piroplasms, but B. bovis is considered responsible for the severe and acute clinical cases. Ovine and caprine babesiosis is due to B. ovis and mainly affected imported animals as well as indigenous animals which have been transported from localities where the infection was absent. B. ovis is extremely widespread in both sheep and goats. During the last decades, no clinical cases of small ruminant theileriosis have been registered in this region. However, T. ovis, a non-pathogenic theileria, is common in sheep, but not in goats. Anaplasma ovis, a protobacterium of small ruminants, is also present in the region.     

Cattle as capital

Livestock have been seen either as a source of subsistence or as commodities in a process of capital accumulation. Is the association of cattle with capital just a poetic metaphor or the grounds for a serious analysis of third world herding communities? Economists are divided between an orthodox notion of capital as physical equipment and a Marxist emphasis on social relations dominated by money. Nevertheless, some anthropologists assert that herders should be conceptualised as capitalists. The key elements in the Western folk concept of capital are: increase, money, physical stock and preoccupation with future time. Despite the plausible link between herding and some of these ideas, we conclude that, as an analytical category, ‘capital’ is too loaded and diffuse for fruitful application to the analysis of pastoralist production.     

Oxytetragyclines in Cattle

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied in 4 cows after administration of either a conventional (OTC-C) or a long-acting (OTC-LA) preparation. After intravenous administration of OTG-G the elimination half-life for OTG was found to be 6 h. Intramuscular injection of OTC-C and OTC-LA resulted in almost identical plasma concentrations of OTC with peak values after 6–8 h. For both preparations the bioavailability after i.m. administration was 100 % and about 60 % of the dose was excreted in the urine during the first week. Plasma concentrations above 0.5 μg/ml were with both preparations maintained for approximately 60 h, indicating no retard effect of OTC-LA as compared to OTC-C.     

Worldwide Patterns of Ancestry,Divergence, and Admixture in Domesticated Cattle

The domestication and development of cattle has considerably impacted human societies, but the histories of cattle breeds and populations have been poorly understood especially for African, Asian, and American breeds. Using genotypes from 43,043 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers scored in 1,543 animals, we evaluate the population structure of 134 domesticated bovid breeds. Regardless of the analytical method or sample subset, the three major groups of Asian indicine, Eurasian taurine, and African taurine were consistently observed. Patterns of geographic dispersal resulting from co-migration with humans and exportation are recognizable in phylogenetic networks. All analytical methods reveal patterns of hybridization which occurred after divergence. Using 19 breeds, we map the cline of indicine introgression into Africa. We infer that African taurine possess a large portion of wild African auroch ancestry, causing their divergence from Eurasian taurine. We detect exportation patterns in Asia and identify a cline of Eurasian taurine/indicine hybridization in Asia. We also identify the influence of species other than Bos taurus taurus and B. t. indicus in the formation of Asian breeds. We detect the pronounced influence of Shorthorn cattle in the formation of European breeds. Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine. American Criollo cattle originate from Iberia, and not directly from Africa with African ancestry inherited via Iberian ancestors. Indicine introgression into American cattle occurred in the Americas, and not Europe. We argue that cattle migration, movement and trading followed by admixture have been important forces in shaping modern bovine genomic variation.     

牛肝干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

该实验旨在分离牛肝干细胞,培养观察其生长特性,为比较医学研究及开发牛肝脏体外研究工具提供实验基础。实验采用改良的离体两步胶原酶灌流法,结合密度梯度离心分离牛肝干细胞,观察细胞形态及生长特性,并利用免疫荧光染色和PCR对牛肝干细胞相关标志物进行鉴定。实验分离的细胞接种48 h开始贴壁分裂,随后呈集落样生长,表现出干细胞的特性,低密度下培养504 h后细胞呈肝细胞样分化。正常接种密度的细胞可传至P3代,HE染色可见细胞均为单核,核浆比大,呈幼稚低分化状态;免疫荧光染色和PCR结果均显示,该细胞表达甲胎蛋白AFP、上皮细胞黏附蛋白(EpCAM)、造血干/祖细胞表面标志CD34、干细胞因子受体蛋白(c-kit)、细胞角蛋白CK18、CK19。结果表明,该研究分离了一种具有明显干细胞特征,并表达成熟肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞表面标志物的牛肝干细胞。     

Identification of Cryptosporidium from Dairy Cattle in Pahang,Malaysia

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, can cause cryptosporidiosis which is a gastrointestinal disease that can infect humans and livestock. Cattle are the most common livestock that can be infected with this protozoan. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia and to find out the association between the occurrence of infection and 3 different ages of cattle (calves less than 1 year, yearling, and adult cattle). The samples were processed by using formol-ether concentration technique and stained by modified Ziehl Neelsen. The results showed that 15.9% (24/151) of cattle were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium in calves less than 1 year was the highest with the percentage of 20.0% (11/55) followed by yearling and adult cattle, with the percentage occurrence of 15.6 % (7/45) and 11.8% (6/51), respectively. There was no significant association between the occurrence and age of cattle and presence of diarrhea. Good management practices and proper hygiene management must be taken in order to reduce the infection. It is highly important to control the infection since infected cattle may serve as potential reservoirs of the infection to other animals and humans, especially animal handlers.     

Modeling Tuberculosis Dynamics,Detection and Control in Cattle Herds

Epidemiological models are key tools for designing and evaluating detection and control strategies against animal infectious diseases. In France, after decades of decrease of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incidence, the disease keeps circulating. Increasing prevalence levels are observed in several areas, where the detection and control strategy could be adapted. The objective of this work was to design and calibrate a model of the within-herd transmission of bTB. The proposed model is a stochastic model operating in discrete-time. Three health states were distinguished: susceptible, latent and infected. Dairy and beef herd dynamics and bTB detection and control programs were explicitly represented. Approximate Bayesian computation was used to estimate three model parameters from field data: the transmission parameter when animals are inside (β_inside) and outside (β_outside) buildings, and the duration of the latent phase. An independent dataset was used for model validation. The estimated median was 0.43 [0.16–0.84] month⁻¹ for β_inside and 0.08 [0.01–0.32] month⁻¹ for β_outside. The median duration of the latent period was estimated 3.5 [2]–[8] months. The sensitivity analysis showed only minor influences of fixed parameter values on these posterior estimates. Validation based on an independent dataset showed that in more than 80% of herds, the observed proportion of animals with detected lesions was between the 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles of the simulated distribution. In the absence of control program and once bTB has become enzootic within a herd, the median effective reproductive ratio was estimated to be 2.2 in beef herds and 1.7 in dairy herds. These low estimates are consistent with field observations of a low prevalence level in French bTB-infected herds.     

Before Cattle: A Comparative Floristic Study of Eucalyptus Savanna Grazed by Macropods and Cattle in North Queensland,Australia1

Floristic differences between cattle-grazed and macropod-grazed sites (protected from domestic stock by enclosure within a Holocene lava flow) were examined in Eucalyptus savanna in north Queensland, Australia. While macropod-grazed sites have had a lower incidence of fire than the cattle-grazed sites, it seems probable that grazing impacts per se are the major differences between these treatments. One dominant (Capillipedium parviflorum) and another common (Sehima nervosa) native perennial grass in the macropod-grazed treatment were not recorded within the cattle-grazed treatment. There was generally a lower species richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity of perennial forbs in the cattle-grazed treatment compared to the macropod-grazed treatment. There was higher richness, diversity, and abundance of annual grasses in the cattle-grazed treatment compared to the macropod-grazed treatment. The relative richness of native and exotic species was not significantly affected by cattle grazing.