外源水杨酸调控水稻化感抑草作用及其分子生理特性

为了探讨外源水杨酸（SA）调控水稻化感抑草效应的可行性,研究了不同浓度的外源SA对强化感水稻PI312777抑草效应的影响及其生理生化特性,并运用实时定量RT-PCR(FQ-PCR)技术检测SA介导的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因（ZB8）的相对表达量.结果表明：外源SA能够诱导水稻化感抑草效应增强,而且这种诱导效应与SA的浓度和处理时间相关.叶面喷施SA后,PI312777对稗草的抑制率显著提高,其根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增强,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低;而伴生杂草稗草的相应生理指标的变化趋势则相反.PI312777植株中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性增强,总酚含量升高.0.2 mmol·L^-1的SA诱导水稻化感抑草效应最显著,该浓度下目的基因ZB8的相对表达丰度随处理时间先上调后下调,在24 h达到表达高峰.     

栽植生姜对不同种植模式下紫色土微生物生物量及水解酶活性的影响

研究了岷江下游紫色丘陵区玉米+红薯间作、大豆单作、生姜连作、水稻-紫云英轮作等4个典型种植模式下栽植生姜后土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量和水解酶活性的变化特征.结果表明： 栽植生姜显著降低了4个种植模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和磷含量,但各种植模式之间存在较大差异.其中,玉米+红薯间作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的下降幅度明显低于大豆单作与生姜连作模式,但土壤微生物生物量磷下降幅度明显较高.栽植生姜显著降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,其下降幅度以玉米+红薯间作模式最大,水稻-紫云英轮作模式最小;土壤转化酶活性在生姜连作模式下显著降低;土壤脲酶活性在大豆单作、生姜连作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下均显著降低.相对于其他模式,栽植生姜使玉米+红薯间作模式下的土壤维持了较高的转化酶和脲酶活性.     

栽植生姜对不同种植模式下紫色土微生物生物量及水解酶活性的影响

研究了岷江下游紫色丘陵区玉米+红薯间作、大豆单作、生姜连作、水稻-紫云英轮作等4个典型种植模式下栽植生姜后土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量和水解酶活性的变化特征.结果表明： 栽植生姜显著降低了4个种植模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和磷含量,但各种植模式之间存在较大差异.其中,玉米+红薯间作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的下降幅度明显低于大豆单作与生姜连作模式,但土壤微生物生物量磷下降幅度明显较高.栽植生姜显著降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,其下降幅度以玉米+红薯间作模式最大,水稻-紫云英轮作模式最小;土壤转化酶活性在生姜连作模式下显著降低;土壤脲酶活性在大豆单作、生姜连作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下均显著降低.相对于其他模式,栽植生姜使玉米+红薯间作模式下的土壤维持了较高的转化酶和脲酶活性.     

化感水稻根际微生物类群及酶活性变化

以化感水稻PI312777（PI）和非化感水稻Lemont（LE）为材料,分别测定不同水稻叶龄期（3～7叶期）根际微生物区系变化及根际土壤酶活性.结果表明,化感水稻明显影响土壤根际微生物类群及相关酶活性.化感水稻PI根际细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量高于非化感水稻LE,增幅分别在11.2%～28.3%、40%～78.6%和111.5%～173.9%之间,而真菌数量低于非化感水稻LE,最高仅为其值的25.5％,说明化感水稻PI对绝大多数细菌、放线菌、固氮菌生长有促进作用,对一些真菌生长有抑制作用.进一步分析表明,化感水稻PI对氨化细菌、亚硝酸细菌、硝酸细菌、好气性固氮菌、好气性纤维素分解菌、硫化细菌的生长具有促进作用,其中以氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌的更为明显,最低增幅分别为53.7％和57.6％;而对反硫化细菌、反硝化细菌生长有抑制作用,其值最高分别为非化感水稻的54.2％和50.6％.此外,化感水稻PI根系分泌物对脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶的活性具有促进作用,而对过氧化氢酶则呈抑制作用.     

不同胁迫条件下化感与非化感水稻PAL多基因家族的差异表达

水稻苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)调控酚酸类化感物质的合成代谢。编码PAL的基因是一个基因家族,包含至少11个基因成员,并受不同环境条件的调控。为了明确PAL基因家族中调控水稻化感作用的特定基因成员,本研究运用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了低氮及稗草胁迫条件下强化感水稻PI312777与非化感水稻Lemont中根系的11个PAL成员基因的表达差异。结果表明,低氮和稗草胁迫条件下,PI312777和Lemont中的 PAL4和PAL10均不表达,其余9个PAL基因成员发生了不同程度的表达变化。其中,PAL11均上调表达,其分别在低氮处理和稗草胁迫的PI312777中上调3.29倍和1.07倍,而在相同处理下的Lemont中上调3.92倍和1.08倍;PAL3和PAL9则仅在低氮和稗草胁迫条件下的PI312777中上调表达,低氮胁迫分别为1.83倍和2.66倍,稗草胁迫为1.46倍和2.65倍;而这两个基因在相同处理下的Lemont中表达下调,低氮胁迫下调1.05和1.24倍,稗草胁迫下调1.14和1.16倍,推测PAL3和PAL9可能与胁迫初期调控水稻化感作用有关。     

低磷营养胁迫下水稻化感抑草潜力的变化特性及其作用机理

在低磷(0.5 mg·L^-1) 营养胁迫下,运用生理生化方法分析了化感水稻PI312777（PI）与非化感水稻Lemont (Le) 对稗草抑制作用潜力的变化特性及其内在机理.结果表明,在低磷营养胁迫下,化感水稻品种PI对受体稗草根干重的抑制能力明显提高,在处理后的5 、10和15 d,其对稗草地下部干重的抑制率分别增加了5.64%、3.89%和12.13%,增加幅度比非化感水稻品种Le显著.生理生化分析结果表明,与正常营养条件相比,用低磷营养下生长的化感水稻PI的根系分泌物处理稗草5、10和15 d,受体稗草叶片中POD活性的促进率分别提高了20.19%、15.47%和6.68%,吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性的促进率分别提高了18.08%、17.71%和12.50%,硝酸还原酶活性的抑制率分别增加了13.89%、18.60%和2.10%. 在低磷营养胁迫下,化感水稻通过抑制受体植物的硝酸还原酶活性,影响其对氮营养的吸收,同时显著提高了吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性,减缓了受体稗草的生长速度,提高了其抑草作用潜力.     

不同稻蟹生产模式对土壤活性有机碳和酶活性的影响

采取田间定位试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了有机稻蟹、常规稻蟹与单作水稻生产模式对土壤活性有机碳和酶活性的影响。结果表明,与单作水稻模式相比,有机稻蟹模式下的土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、中活性有机碳(MLOC)、高活性有机碳(HLOC)含量及碳库管理指数(CMI)均显著或者极显著提高,且有机肥用量越大,效果越显著;有机稻蟹模式显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶及碱性磷酸酶活性,与2009年相比,2010年中量有机肥稻蟹模式(M3)的LOC和MLOC含量增幅最高,分别达10.11%和5.14%;低量有机肥稻蟹模式(M4)的脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增幅最为明显,分别达80.25%和46.62%;常规稻蟹模式各指标的变化也有其类似的规律,但均明显低于有机稻蟹模式。相关分析表明,TOC、LOC、MLOC与4种土壤酶活性呈显著或者极显著正相关,相关系数最低为0.584*(P<0.05),最高可达0.940**(P<0.01)。因此,有机稻蟹生产模式不仅能显著提高土壤有机质的数量和质量,而且能增加土壤酶活性,提高土壤肥力。     

苗期化感水稻对根际土壤微生物群落及其功能多样性的影响

水稻化感潜力的田间表现受根际微生物间接调控。以不种水稻的土壤为对照,通过平板计数法、氯仿熏蒸法和BIOLOG分析,探讨了水稻PI312777、IAC47Iguape Cateto和Lemont苗期根际土壤微生物的群落特征及其功能多样性。结果表明,水稻品种显著地影响其根际微生物生物量碳,不同品种水稻根际微生物生物量碳大小为:Iguape Cateto(441.0mg.kg-1)>IAC47(389.7mg.kg-1)>PI312777(333.2mg.kg-1)>Lemont(283.8mg.kg-1),对照土壤为129.3mg.kg-1;PI312777、IguapeCateto、IAC47、Lemont土壤的呼吸作用强度依次为1.404、1.019、0.671、0.488μgC.g-.1h-1,对照土壤仅为0.304μgC.g-.1h-1。不同品种水稻根际土壤微生物均以细菌占优势,占微生物总数的58.4%~65.6%,放线菌占32.2%~39.4%,占2.2%~2.8%。BIOLOG分析显示,不同水稻根际土壤的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)显著不同,总以强化感水稻PI312777最高,弱化感水稻Lemont最小,各土壤的AWCD值在培养144h时均达到最大值,此时PI312777、IAC47、Iguape Cateto和Lemont的AWCD值依次为对照土壤的1.89、1.79、1.60倍和1.43倍。主成分分析表明,从31个因素中提取的与碳源利用相关的主成分1、主成分2和主成分3依次能够解释变量方差的70.08%、11.33%和7.02%;与3个主成分显著正相关的碳源有19种,其中与主成分1显著相关的是酚酸、糖类、氨基酸和胺类,与主成分2显著相关的是酚酸、糖类和脂肪酸类,而与主成分3显著相关的是糖类和羟基酸,对各主成分起分异作用的主要碳源分别是胺类和氨基酸。相关分析表明,土壤微生物总量与细菌数量、莴苣根长抑制率IR、AWCD、MBC、MBR及Shannon指数间存在显著的正相关;土壤微生物总量与莴苣根长抑制率IR间的显著正相关与水稻品种有关。可见,水稻根际土壤微生物群落、活性和功能多样性与水稻品种密切相关,这些变化可能对水稻田间化感潜力起到重要的调节作用。     

会仙岩溶湿地4种覆被下土壤酶活性和微生物生物量

研究湿地系统中的稻田被撂荒以后土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的变化可以为湿地的保护提供参考依据。以桂林会仙岩溶湿地为研究样地,采集芦苇湿地、华科拉莎草湿地、稻田撂荒地（以双穗雀稗和莲子草为优势植被）和稻田的耕层土壤样品,采用比色法和氯仿熏蒸法分别检测土壤酶活性和微生物生物量。结果表明,稻田撂荒地的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）为（345.20±30.06） mg/kg,显著低于其它三种覆被下的土壤;微生物生物量氮（MBN）、微生物DNA、蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性分别为（48.03±18.48） mg/kg、（5.65±1.48）μg/kg、（19.16±1.43） mg g^-1（24h）^-1和（2.20±0.94） mg g^-1（24h）^-1,均显著低于稻田,而与两种天然湿地没有显著差异。主成分分析表明,稻田撂荒地能与稻田明显分开,而与其它两种覆被土壤有所交叉。统计分析表明,MBC和碱性磷酸酶活性均与pH呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;MBN、蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性均与土壤总有机碳（SOC）呈显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤微生物DNA与SOC、总氮（TN）和碱解氮（AN）均呈显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,与Mg²⁺呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。以上研究结果表明,会仙湿地中的稻田在撂荒以后,土壤微生物生物量和两种土壤酶活性显著降低,影响微生物生物量和土壤酶活性变化的主要因素是pH、SOC、TN、AN和Mg²⁺。因此,建议在稻田撂荒地上重新种植水稻,以加快会仙岩溶湿地的恢复过程。     

猪粪中铜对东北黑土的污染风险评价

集约化养殖使用大量铜(Cu)作为饲料添加剂,养殖废物的排放和利用可导致一定的环境问题.本文以东北黑土为供试材料,通过在盆栽试验中添加不同Cu浓度的猪粪来模拟不同施肥年限的菜园土,研究土壤中Cu累积对小白菜地上部分Cu浓度、地上部分生物量、土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶(脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶)活性的影响.结果表明：单独施用猪粪显著增加了小白菜地上部分生物量,对其Cu浓度则没有显著影响.猪粪的施用在一定时期内显著促进了脱氢酶和脲酶的活性,但随土壤Cu浓度的增加,脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性逐渐受到抑制.当土壤全Cu浓度达到301.3 mg·kg^-1后,小白菜地上部分生物量、土壤微生物生物量碳及脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均受到强烈抑制.小白菜地上部分Cu浓度与土壤全Cu和水溶态Cu浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而地上部分生物量与土壤全Cu浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05).研究表明,可用于种植蔬菜的黑土Cu浓度阈值应小于301.3 mg·kg^-1.     

Impact of allelopathic rice seedlings on rhizospheric microbial populations and their functional diversity

Field performance of rice allelopathic potential is indirectly regulated by the microflora in the rhizosphere. The present study aimed to investigate the dynamics of microbial populations and their functional diversities in the seedling rhizospheres of rice cultivars with varied allelopathic activities by employing agar plate bioassay, fumigation and BIOLOG analysis. Rice cultivars significantly affected the microbial carbon content in their associated rhizospheric soil. The microbial carbon contents were ranked in a decreasing order as Iguape Cateto (441.0 mg·kg^–1) > IAC47 (389.7 mg·kg^–1) > PI312777 (333.2 mg·kg^–1) > Lemont (283.8 mg·kg^–1) with the nil-rice control soil of 129.3 mg·kg^–1. Similarly, the respiration rate of the soils was 1.404, 1.019, 0.671 and 0.488 μgC·g^–1· h^–1 for PI312777, Iguape Cateto, IAC47 and Lemont, respectively. The respiration rate was only 0.304 μ gC·g^–1·h^–1 for the control soil. The microbial flora in the rhizospheric soil of different rice cultivars was dominated by bacteria (58.4%–65.6%), followed by actinomycete (32.2%–39.4%) and fungi (2.2%–2.8%). BIOLOG analysis showed that the value of Average Well Color Development (AWCD) differed significantly among rice cultivars. It was always the highest in the rhizospheric soil of the strongly allelopathic rice cv. PI312777, and the lowest in the rhizospheric soil of the poorly allelopathic rice cv. Lemont. The AWCD value reached the maximum in all the sampled soils after 144 hours of incubation. The AWCD values from the rhizospheric soils of PI312777, IAC47, Iguape Cateto and Lemont were 1.89, 1.79, 1.60 and 1.43 times higher than that of the control soil. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified 3 principal component factors (PCF) in relation to carbon sources, accounting for 70.1%, 11.3% and 7.0% of the variation, respectively. 19 categories of carbon sources were significantly positively correlated to the 3 principal components. Phenolic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids and amides were significantly correlated to the principal component 1, phenolic acids, carbohydrates and fatty acids to the principal component 2, and carbohydrates and hydroxylic acids to the principal component 3. Amino acids and amides were the two main carbon sources separating the 3 principal component factors. In addition, the total microbial population in the rhizospheric soil was significantly positively correlated with AWCD, microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration and Shannon index. There was a significantly positive correlation between the total microbial population and the inhibition rate (IR) on the root length of lettuce owing to the different allelopathic activities of the rice cultivars. These results suggest that changes in microbial population, activity and functional diversity in the rhizospheres are highly cultivar-dependent. These changes might play an important role in governing the rice allelopathic activity in the field.     

Influence of fertilizers on nitrogen mineralization and utilization in the rhizosphere of wheat

Plant roots and microorganisms play an important role in the soil N cycle and plant N nutrition through the release of extracellular enzymes. In the present greenhouse pot experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings were grown in a fluvo-aquic soil (Udifluvent) to investigate N mineralization and utilization in the rhizosphere of wheat. The soil received chemical fertilizer (¹⁵N-labeled urea), chemical fertilizer plus manure (common urea + ¹⁵N-labeled swine manure) or no N. Plant roots were separated from the soil with a nylon cloth, and 1-mm increments of soil moving laterally away from roots were analyzed for N, microbial C, and the activities of invertase, urease and protease. Chemical fertilizer plus manure promoted wheat growth and N absorption significantly compared with chemical fertilizer. ¹⁵N from both chemical fertilizer and swine manure accumulated significantly in the rhizosphere soil within 5 mm of the roots. Fertilized N could thus move easily laterally towards roots and there was no indication that movement through the soil limited plant N supply. A large proportion of fertilizer N was lost from the soil during the wheat growing period, and N utilization efficiency was 24% for chemical fertilizer and 30% for swine manure. In addition, faster rates of N mineralization, larger amounts of microbial C, and increased activities of invertase, urease and protease occurred in the rhizosphere compared with other parts of the soil. There was a significant correlation between microbial C and N mineralization rate (r?=?0.968, P?<?0.01) in the whole soil. Microbial C also showed significant positive correlations with activities of invertase (r?=?0.892, P?<?0.01) and protease (r?=?0.933, P?<?0.01). Further study showed that adding manure into soil increased microbial C and the activities of invertase and protease; adding urea stimulated urease activity in the same soil. Changes in soil enzyme activities in response to N fertilizers could be considered indicators for different fertilizer managements.     

Tree Species Composition Influences Enzyme Activities and Microbial Biomass in the Rhizosphere: A Rhizobox Approach

Monoculture causes nutrient losses and leads to declines in soil fertility and biomass production over successive cultivation. The rhizosphere, a zone of usually high microbial activities and clearly distinct from bulk soil, is defined as the volume of soil around living roots and influenced by root activities. Here we investigated enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere under different tree compositions. Six treatments with poplar, willow, and alder mono- or mixed seedlings were grown in rhizoboxes. Enzyme activities associated with nitrogen cycling and microbial biomass were measured in all rhizosphere and bulk soils. Both enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere differed significantly tree compositions. Microbial biomass contents were more sensitive to the changes of the rhizosphere environment than enzyme activities. Tree species coexistence did not consistently increase tested enzyme activities and microbial biomass, but varied depending on the complementarities of species traits. In general, impacts of tree species and coexistence were more pronounced on microbial composition than total biomass, evidenced by differences in microbial biomass C/N ratios stratified across the rhizosphere soils. Compared to poplar clone monoculture, other tree species addition obviously increased rhizosphere urease activity, but greatly reduced rhizosphere L-asparaginase activity. Poplar growth was enhanced only when coexisted with alder. Our results suggested that a highly productive or keystone plant species in a community had greater influence over soil functions than the contribution of diversity.     

Barnyard grass-induced rice allelopathy and momilactone B

Here, we investigated chemical-mediated interaction between crop and weeds. Allelopathic activity of rice seedlings exhibited 5.3-6.3-fold increases when rice and barnyard grass seedlings were grown together, where there may be the competitive interference between rice and barnyard grass for nutrients. Barnyard grass is one of the most noxious weeds in rice cultivation. The momilactone B concentration in rice seedlings incubated with barnyard grass seedlings was 6.9-fold greater than that in rice seedlings incubated independently. Low nutrient growth conditions also increased allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentrations in rice seedlings. However, the increases in the low nutrient-induced allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentration were much lower than those in barnyard grass-induced allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentration. Root exudates of barnyard grass seedlings increased allelopathic activity and momilactone B concentration in rice seedlings at concentrations greater than 30 mg/L of the root exudates, and increasing the exudate concentration increased the activity and momilactone B concentration. Therefore, barnyard grass-induced allelopathic activity of rice seedlings may be caused not only by nutrient competition between two species, but also by components in barnyard grass root exudates. As momilactone B shows strong allelopathic activities, barnyard grass-induced allelopathic activity of rice may be due to the increased concentration of momilactone B in rice seedlings. The present research suggests that rice may respond to the presence of neighboring barnyard grass by sensing the components in barnyard grass root exudates and increasing allelopathic activity by production of elevated concentration of momilactone B. Thus, rice allelopathy may be one of the inducible defense mechanisms by chemical-mediated plant interaction between rice and barnyard grass, and the induced-allelopathy may provide a competitive advantage for rice through suppression of the growth of barnyard grass.     

Influence of intercropping and intercropping plus rhizobial inoculation on microbial activity and community composition in rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.)

Alfalfa–Siberian wild rye intercropping is the predominant cropping system used to produce forage in China. In this study, the effects of intercropping and intercropping-rhizobial inoculation on soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere were examined. In both treatments, the yield of alfalfa, microbial biomass and activities of soil urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase in the alfalfa rhizosphere were markedly increased, whereas there was a slight increase in the yield of Siberian wild rye, few impacts on soil microbial biomass, and decreased enzyme activities (except for urease) in the Siberian wild rye rhizosphere. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes indicated that Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the major bacterial groups in the rhizosphere of both plants. However, intercropping and rhizobial inoculation induced some shifts in the relative abundance of them. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira groups were detected in all treatments by the T-RFLP patterns of ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA ) gene, but the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas increased and that of Nitrosospira decreased in the intercropping-rhizobial inoculation treatment. Both treatments tended to increase the diversity of amoA . Conclusively, the two treatments clearly affected soil microbial composition and soil enzyme activities, which might be reflected in changes in yield.     

Separation of allelopathy from resource competition using rice/barnyardgrass mixed-cultures

Plant-plant interference is the combined effect of allelopathy, resource competition, and many other factors. Separating allelopathy from resource competition is almost impossible in natural systems but it is important to evaluate the relative contribution of each of the two mechanisms on plant interference. Research on allelopathy in natural and cultivated plant communities has been hindered in the absence of a reliable method that can separate allelopathic effect from resource competition. In this paper, the interactions between allelopathic rice accession PI312777, non-allelopathic rice accession Lemont and barnyardgrass were explored respectively by using a target (rice)-neighbor (barnyardgrass) mixed-culture in hydroponic system. The relative competitive intensity (RCI), the relative neighbor effect (RNE) and the competitive ratio (CR) were used to quantify the intensity of competition between each of the two different potentially allelopathic rice accessions and barnyardgrass. Use of hydroponic culture system enabled us to exclude any uncontrolled factors that might operate in the soil and we were able to separate allelopathy from resource competition between each rice accession and barnyardgrass. The RCI and RNE values showed that the plant-plant interaction was positive (facilitation) for PI312777 but that was negative (competition) for Lemont and barnyardgrass in rice/barnyardgrass mixed-cultures. The CR values showed that one PI312777 plant was more competitive than 2 barnyardgrass plants. The allelopathic effects of PI312777 were much more intense than the resource competition in rice/barnyardgrass mixed cultures. The reverse was true for Lemont. These results demonstrate that the allelopathic effect of PI312777 was predominant in rice/barnyardgrass mixed-cultures. The most significant result of our study is the discovery of an experimental design, target-neighbor mixed-culture in combination with competition indices, can successfully separate allelopathic effects from competition.     

Analysis of gene expressions associated with increased allelopathy in rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by exogenous salicylic acid

The defense characteristics of allelopathic rice accession PI312777 and its counterpart Lemont induced by exogenous salicylic acid (SA) to suppress troublesome weed barnyardgrass (BYG) were investigated using the methods of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that exogenous SA could induce the allelopathic effect of rice on BYG and this inducible defense was SA dose-respondent and treatment time-dependent. PI312777 exhibited higher inhibitory effect than Lemont on BYG after treated with different concentrations of SA. The activities of cell protective enzymes including SOD, POD and CAT in the BYG plants co-cultured with PI312777 treated by SA were highly depressed compared with the control (co-cultured with rice without SA-treatment). Similar but lower depression on these enzymes except for CAT was also observed in the BYG plants when co-cultured with Lemont treated by SA. It is therefore suggested that allelopathic rice should be more sensitive than non-allelopathic rice to exogenous SA. Seventeen genes induced by SA were obtained by SSH analysis from PI312777. These genes encode receptor-kinase proteins, ubiquitin carrier proteins, proteins related to phenylpropanoid metabolism, antioxidant related proteins and some growth-mediating proteins. The differential expressions of these genes were validated in part by qRT-PCR in the two rice accessions. Our work elucidated that allelopathic rice possesses an active chemical defense and auto-detoxifying enzyme system such as the up-regulated enzymes involved in de novo biosynthesis of phenolic allelochemicals and the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) associated with xenobiotic detoxification.     

宁南山区典型植物根际与非根际土壤微生物功能多样性

选择宁南山区9种典型植物的根际与非根际土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog方法对土壤微生物功能多样性进行了研究。结果表明:9种不同植物根际土壤与非根际土壤的微生物活性(AWCD)、微生物多样性指数和微生物均匀度指数均存在明显差异;除冰草外,其他各种植物的根际土壤的微生物活性AWCD、微生物多样性指数和微生物均匀度指数均比非根际土壤的高;9种典型植物根际土壤微生物主要碳源利用类型是羧酸类和氨基酸类,非根际土壤微生物主要碳源利用类型是羧酸类、胺类、氨基酸类;微生物活性、微生物多样性指数和微生物均匀度指数两两之间均达到了极显著相关,与土壤化学性质各指标之间均未达到显著相关水平。