西藏米林县珍稀濒危药用植物优先保护评价

通过设置样方和路线踏查,对米林县的野生药用植物资源进行调查,并利用多个指标定量计算各濒危植物的优先保护值,确定其珍稀濒危物种优先保护序列,对珍稀濒危药用植物的种类、药效和入药部位多样性进行了分析。结果表明:米林县共有药用保护植物37科72属97种,分别占药用植物总科数、总属数、总种数的48.05%、32.00%、30.70%。其中,被子植物有35科69属95种,裸子植物有2科2属2种。97种珍稀濒危药用植物中,处于Ⅰ级保护的药用植物有9科11属11种,处于Ⅱ级保护的药用植物有18科25属27种,处于Ⅲ级保护的药用植物有28科46属59种。从珍稀濒危药用植物的药效来看,清热功效和补虚功效的药用植物较多,分别有32种和20种,各占濒危药用植物总种数的32.99%、20.62%;从药用部位统计,根与根茎类和全草类的药用植物分别有34种和26种,占珍稀濒危药用植物总数比例较大,分别为35.05%、26.80%。该区评估的优先保护等级和濒危等级与保护植物名录有一定差异,桃儿七在本区的保护等级由Ⅲ级升为Ⅰ级,另外有7种植物的濒危程度在本区加强。基于调查和研究结果分析了米林县珍稀濒危药用植物的致濒原因,并就此提出了一些具体的保护建议和措施。     

雅鲁藏布江下游地区兰科植物濒危程度和优先保护序列研究

在对雅鲁藏布江下游地区兰科（Orchidaceae）植物资源进行调查的基础上,结合资料收集和标本查阅,利用多个评价指标定量计算各濒危植物的优先保护值,确定该区域珍稀濒危兰科植物的濒危等级和优先保护序列。结果表明：对雅鲁藏布江下游地区的60属156种濒危兰科植物濒危等级进行评价,其中处于极危（CR）状态的有15种,处于濒危（EN）状态的有46种,处于易危（VU）状态的有78种,处于近危（NT）状态的有17种;优先保护范围值为0.853 9~0.416 8,其中被划分为Ⅰ级保护植物有45种,Ⅱ级保护植物有72种,Ⅲ级保护植物有39种。该研究结果与各种保护植物名录的濒危程度和优先保护级别存在较大差异,大部分兰科植物在该区受威胁程度加强,与这些兰科植物在雅鲁藏布江下游地区现实生存状态基本保持一致,对该区域兰科植物的保护迫在眉睫,应引起足够重视。     

色季拉山珍稀濒危植物优先保护研究

以西藏色季拉山16科、49属、87种珍稀濒危植物为研究对象,通过对其评价指标的定量化和权重分配处理,求得物种的“濒危系数”和“优先保护值”,确定了物种濒危等级和优先保护等级.结果表明:(1)西藏色季拉山的87种植物中有1种处于极危状态,13种处于濒危状态,55种处于易危状态,18种处于近危状态.(2)西藏色季拉山有一级保护植物23种,二级保护植物53种,三级保护植物11种.(3)该研究结果与各种保护植物名录的濒危等级和优先保护级别存在较大差异,大部分植物在本区受威胁程度加强,应引起足够重视.     

江西珍稀濒危药用植物分级标准的研究

以江西省受威胁的３２种药用植物为研究对象,制定出江西省珍稀濒危药用植物保护的定量化分级标准。经过一系列评价标准的定量化及权得分配处理,以求得药用植物种的“濒危系数”和“Ｑ刀切保护值”,然后确定药用植物的受威胁程度和急切的保护的序列。     

金佛山濒危药用植物资源及其评价体系的建立

为弄清金佛山的濒危野生药用植物资源,经过5年的野外调查、标本采集与鉴定,建立了以蕴藏系数、濒危系数、遗传价值系数等6项指标在内的金佛山濒危药用植物评价体系。结果表明,金佛山有73科113属149种野生药用植物(含变种、变型)的生存受到较为严重的威胁,其中急需重点保护的物种有74种,需要采取保护措施的有65种,需要采取一般保护措施的有10种。根据各物种的优先保护值和资源利用情况,列出了149种濒危药用植物的建议保护等级,其中建议列为Ⅰ级保护的53种,列为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级保护的各48种。     

广西苦苣苔科植物濒危程度和优先保护序列研究

在资料收集和实地调查的基础上,以已知广西现存分布的苦苣苔科24属236种珍稀特有植物(截至2018年底)为研究对象,通过对其评价指标定量化和权重分配处理,计算各物种的“濒危系数”和“优先保护值”,确定其濒危等级及优先保护次序。结果表明:236种广西苦苣苔科植物中有58种处于极危状态(CR),70种处于濒危状态(EN),72种处于易危状态(VU),31种处于近危状态(NT),5种处于无危状态(LC); 优先保护值范围为0.429～0.952,其中被划为I级保护植物107种,Ⅱ级保护植物75种,Ⅲ级保护植物28种,Ⅳ级保护植物26种。该研究结果与国家级、省级植物保护的种类和级别以及根据文献和IUCN物种红色名录所综合得出的濒危等级情况在部分种类上存在一定差异,但与目前广西分布的苦苣苔科植物所受保护与受破坏的现象基本一致,大部分苦苣苔科植物在广西所遭受的威胁程度在进一步加强,应当引起重视。     

基于生境选择的喀斯特濒危野生药用植物近地保护探讨

在喀斯特生境中,濒危野生药用植物具有分布狭窄、种群数量稀少的特点。石漠化和人为过度掠夺加剧了对濒危种的危害,使濒危野生药用植物种质资源多样性受到威胁。开展抢救性保护具有急迫性,是濒危药用植物资源可持续利用的需要。一方面,喀斯特野生濒危药用植物对生境的选择性强,另一方面,喀斯特生境破碎化。仅依靠自然保护区就地保护,难以覆盖和有针对性地解决不同地域濒危药用植物种群恢复的问题。迁地保护不仅存在生境、药材道地性的挑战,而且可能会增加濒危种残余种群的灭绝风险和遗传问题。据此,本文提倡在喀斯特适宜生境中,通过近地保护策略,促进喀斯特濒危野生药用植物种质资源的保存与保护,维护喀斯特脆弱生态系统的稳定和生物多样性。     

江苏省稀有濒危药用植物的现状和保护

本文讨论了江苏省药用植物资源的破坏现状、原因及加强保护管理的意见。列举了江苏省６３种保护药用植物的濒危等级。     

峨眉山珍稀濒危药用植物资源及保护

报道了峨眉山43种国家级珍稀濒危野生药用植物,简要介绍了其药用价值及濒危状况等,并对资源保护提出了建议。     

重楼属药用植物资源分布及少数民族应用研究

目的：弄清重楼属药用植物历代产地变迁、分类学研究、资源分布与濒危情况以及少数民族用药习惯等，为重楼属药用植物的野生资源保护与利用提供参考依据。方法：通过查阅历代本草、近年来相关文献资料并结合实地调查，综合分析重楼属药用植物分布概况及少数民族用药情况。结果：自汉以来重楼产地由北向南迁移趋势明显，现以云、贵、川为主产地，文献分析和调查共发现有38种（变种）重楼属植物分布，根据IUCN物种濒危等级划分长柱重楼、西畴重楼、皱叶重楼等7种已处于濒危状态。文献分析发现共有28个少数民族使用重楼属植物治疗相关疾病，相关民间或文献记载主治疾病与《中华人民共和国药典》（2020年版）规定基本相似，其主要用于治疗疔疮痈肿，咽喉肿痛，蛇虫咬伤，跌打伤痛，惊风抽搐等。结论：重楼产地变迁明显，多数重楼物种趋于濒危，急需开展野生资源保护，重楼在治疗消化系统癌、颈淋巴结核、流行性乙型脑炎、心脏病等方面的少数民族用药记载，可为利用现代药学方法系统开发相关药物，提高重楼的药用价值。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.