中国生物多样性监测网络建设: 从CForBio到Sino BON

<正>生物多样性监测网络的建设在近年来得到了快速发展,特别是在联合国《生物多样性公约》爱知目标(2011–2020生物多样性战略规划,www.cbd.int/sp/)的推动下(马克平,2011a),从全球到区域和国家尺度,都在加强生物多样性监测工作,以期为生物多样性保护及其进展评估提供翔实可靠的数据(马克平,2011b)。全球尺度上有代表性     

基于多源遥感数据的生态保护修复项目区监测方法评述

回顾了山水林田湖草生态保护修复项目的实施背景,针对生态保护修复项目监测监管范围广、技术难等问题,强调了基于多源遥感数据开展项目遥感监测的重要性与必要性。从监测指标拟定、遥感地物信息提取、多源遥感数据融合、动态变化检测等方面评述了基于多源遥感数据的生态保护修复项目区监测方法,包括基于中高空间分辨率遥感数据的地物信息提取、融合机器学习的非线性混合像元分析、基于混合像元分析的时空融合等。在总结技术和工作推进方面的优势、局限基础上,提出要结合实际工作,持续优化国土空间生态保护修复监测指标;充分挖掘遥感数据解析的相关算法潜力,提升地物信息提取和混合像元分析的精度;加强时空融合算法与变化检测方法的研究探索,加强相关方法的实践应用;以“山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点”项目为平台,建立稳定的国土空间生态保护修复遥感监测运行机制,加强科技创新,形成技术标准,指导工作开展。     

环境空气自动监测系统质量保证与控制的探讨

在《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095—2012)、《环境空气颗粒物连续自动监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ653-2013)和《环境空气气态污染物连续自动监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ654-2013)发布并逐步实施的形势下,结合环境空气自动监测系统质量保证实际工作开展情况,对点位设置、质量保证制度、仪器质量控制、数据审核和保存等环境空气自动监测工作的关键环节进行探讨,为加强环境空气自动监测质量保证体系提供了重要参考依据。     

迁飞性害虫监测预警技术发展概况与应用展望

迁飞性害虫具有突发性、暴发性和毁灭性的发生特点,做好迁飞性害虫的监测预警在粮食安全生产方面具有重要意义.为加强迁飞性害虫监测预警技术手段的应用与推广,提高迁飞性害虫的监测预警水平,本文从常规和现代监测技术入手,综述了我国迁飞性害虫监测预警技术的发展、研究现状和取得的进展,分析了迁飞性害虫监测预警面临的瓶颈问题,展望了做好迁飞性害虫监测预警的努力方向,以期为提高我国迁飞性害虫的监测预警水平提供参考.     

大型水母迁移规律和灾害监测预警技术研究进展

20世纪80年代以来,全球大型水母灾害发生频率与成灾种类不断增加,已严重影响了近海海洋渔业、沿海工业、滨海旅游业和海洋生态系统,已引起了各国政府高度重视,并且越来越多海洋工作者投身水母迁移等科学研究和监测预警工作中。回顾近年来国内外学者对水母漂移聚集和溯源等迁移规律的研究进展以及水母灾害监测预警工作现状。水母研究为预测预警工作服务,应侧重于开展系统的水母海上和室内试验,建立业务化立体监测体系;加强水母漂移聚集机理研究,建立更完善的水母预警模式。     

广东省核医学科工作场所放射卫生防护现状分析

目的:了解广东省核医学工作场所的放射卫生防护现状,为全省放射性工作场所的卫生防护制定有效的防护对策提供依据,进一步保护从事放射工作人员、受检者和公众的身体健康.方法:依据国家相关标准,采用现场调查和监测的方法,对省内的22家医院核医学科工作场所的放射性污染水平和空气比释动能率进行测量.结果:部分医院个别测量值偏大,如控制区域辐射水平最大值为43p Gy/h,表面污染最大值为89.9Bq/cm2,其测试点也符合相关标准要求的限值,并无测出严重污染的工作场所或区域.结论:广东省核医学科工作场所辐射防护监测基本符合相关标准要求,放射防护管理较完善,正常条件下能有效地控制职业病危害,但放射防护管理还需进一步加强.     

中国农业监测统计的现状及未来发展方向

农业监测统计是健全农产品市场监测预警机制、优化市场资源配置、强化政府宏观调控的基础性工作,也是加速推进现代农业发展的有力抓手。本文基于“互联网+农业”驱动机制的新形势,系统论述了农业监测统计在掌握农业生产经营活动、认识农业经济运行规律、推动农业生产区域布局等现代农业发展中的重要地位,深入分析了当前我国农业监测统计工作的成效,发现在已取得突出成绩的同时,还存在着多源数据处理能力不强、产业链各环节信息不贯通、调查方法智能化水平不高、信息发布渠道低效等问题。将来,为适应农业新常态,应从强化数据资源的战略地位、提升信息技术的支撑作用、创新信息服务产品、建设覆盖全产业链的农业信息监测统计制度等方面加强农业监测统计工作。     

生物物种资源监测原则与指标及抽样设计方法

生物物种资源监测是了解生物物种资源现状、开展生物物种资源保护与管理的基础工作和重要手段.阐述了生物物种资源监测的科学性原则、可操作性原则和持续性原则.提出了监测计划的制定程序;监测计划应充分考虑所具有的人力、资金和后勤保障等条件,并进行定期评估.分析了指示物种在物种资源监测中的作用与不足;认为应选择具有不同生态需求和生活史的生物类群作为监测对象.讨论了监测指标的选取方法;监测指标应可测量、有科学基础、易被公众接受、低成本和高效益;监测方法应具有科学性,能检测到相应的变化,应采用高效率、低成本的标准化监测方法.分析了现有监测计划在抽样设计方面存在的问题,探讨了空间变异性和可检测率对监测数据误差的影响及其处理方式,讨论了样本量确定和监测样地的大小、形状及位置设计.监测样地要有较好的代表性,能在有限的监测面积中较好地反映监测区域内群落种类组成与数量特征.最后,讨论了生物物种资源监测的尺度和标准化问题.     

泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(XDR-AB)流行趋势分析及护理管理对策

目的:近几年鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率增长速度非常快,给临床护理工作带来严峻挑战。我院通过加强护理管理,切断传播途径,有效控制了院内感染的发生。方法:统计我院2012年——2014年XDR-AB分离情况,并进行分析。结果:通过XDR-AB耐药监测系统的监测、加强对重点人群的监测、护理环节高危因素的评估,找出高危护理环节,提出整改措施。结论:通过加强对XDR-AB感染和定植患者的护理,采用XDR-AB清洁消毒清单、规范护理技术操作流程等,可以不断提高医院感染控制的时效性和有效性。     

农业农村部、海关总署、国家林草局联合制定预案 科学有效应对境内外蝗虫威胁

近日,农业农村部、海关总署、国家林草局三部门联合制定印发《沙漠蝗及国内蝗虫监测防控预案》.《预案》指出,虽然专家分析认为,沙漠蝗迁飞入侵我国的几率很小,但仍须从底线思维和风险意识出发,统筹做好境内外蝗虫防治工作.各地要按照主动预防、内外结合、分类施策、有效处置的总体要求,坚持“两手抓”,既严防境外沙漠蝗入侵危害,又继续做好国内蝗虫防治,加强监测预警,全面排查蝗灾隐患,突出区域治理和科学防控,做到早发现、早预警、早防治.     

三峡库区珍稀濒危植物资源保护对策

分析了三峡库区珍稀濒危植物资源现状。针对三峡库区珍稀濒危植物资源所面临的各种生态和社会问题,提出了相应的保护对策。这些对策包括对部分珍稀濒危植物实行迁地保护,加强种质资源保护,建立珍稀特有植物的专项或综合保护区,建立珍稀特有植物资源的环境监测体系。加强科研和宣教工作,保护珍稀濒危植物的现有生境和恢复植被等。     

Some Legal Implications of the Precautionary Principle: Improving Information-Generation and Legal Protections

In creating a legal agenda in service of the Precautionary Principle, the idea of precaution requires more inventories and better monitoring of the condition of public and workforce health than at present. Rectifying problems of the past to better serve the aims of precaution will require more affirmative pre-market and much more post-market knowledge-generation by those who create and use potentially toxic substances, improved pre-market review of substances, better responses to early warnings, and quicker protective post-market responses to evidence of toxicity. This paper conceptualizes a model pre-market screening law to highlight the need for primary prevention measures and to provide philosophic ideas for improving post-market laws and addressing a large universe of existing substances that have been poorly characterized. Although retrospective personal injury law does not have good mechanisms for precaution, even this can be more protective than it is at present by enhancing causes of action for reasonable fear of disease and medical monitoring, and moving to create new causes of action for failure to develop and disseminate information needed to assess the toxicity of substances.     

Residual time of sinusoidal metachronal ciliary flow of non-Newtonian fluid through ciliated walls: fertilization and implantation

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - The monitoring of the ciliated walls in the uterine tube has supreme importance in enhancing the sperm to reach the egg (capacitation processes), and...     

Bioacoustic monitoring of aggression in group-housed rhesus macaques

Many captive primate facilities house rhesus macaques in multimale-multifemale social groups in large enclosures that simulate the natural social and environmental features characteristic of the species, enhancing their reproductive performance as well as their psychological well-being, yet one of the most difficult management problems in socially housed macaques is their propensity for exhibiting spontaneous bouts of deleterious aggression. To address this management problem, an automated bioacoustic monitoring system might be developed that is capable of detecting and forecasting problematic patterns of contact aggression. To evaluate the utility of this approach, this study examined the magnitude of aggression and the co-occurrence of certain vocalization types and aggression in 10 groups of rhesus macaques. The data confirmed aggression as a significant problem in rhesus groups and indicated that certain patterns of vocalizations are indicative of the type or level of aggression. The detection and classification of these vocalization types need further research to eventually design and implement an efficacious bioacoustic system for monitoring aggression in rhesus macaques.     

关于中国淡水生态系统生物多样性监测与管理的探讨

China is one of the countries in the world with therichest species biodiversityinfreshwater ecosystem.How-ever,duetothe rapid economic growthandthe continuingincrease of human disturbances and destructions of aquatichabitats,the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystemsis dras-tically declining.Waterbodies become more and more“deserted”of sensitive species.Water areas are reduced,fragmentized,and changed in their hydrodynamics(i.e.damming),causing changes in sedimentation and otherchanges.Forinstance,the area o...     

毛竹入侵对森林植物和土壤的影响研究进展

植物与土壤稳定性和动态变化反映了森林生态系统在复杂生境下的自我调控和适应能力。毛竹入侵森林生态系统造成的诸多影响已经成为新的研究热点。系统综述了毛竹入侵的机制,以及对植物生存能力、物种多样性、植被碳储量,土壤理化性质以及土壤微生物结构与功能影响的最新研究进展。针对目前研究存在的问题,提出了丰富毛竹入侵管控手段、着重不同类型毛竹—森林临界面演替长期监测、明确毛竹入侵阶段划分、加强毛竹入侵生态后效研究等研究展望。有助于理解森林与毛竹入侵之间的相互作用、森林对毛竹入侵的响应和适应对策,对了解毛竹入侵机制,预测植物和土壤在毛竹入侵后的变化特征具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于光谱信息的作物氮素营养无损监测技术

氮素是作物生长发育和产量品质形成所必需的营养元素。快速、无损、准确地监测作物氮素状况,对于诊断作物生长特征、提高氮肥运筹水平和利用效率、降低过量施氮带来的农田环境污染,深入开展精确农业和数字农业的研究与应用具有重要意义。本文围绕作物氮素特征光谱产生的机制、反射光谱对氮素营养的响应及光谱指数的生理意义等解析了作物氮素营养光谱无损监测的技术机理,阐明了作物氮素监测的光谱学和生理生态学基础,进而概述了国内外有关作物反射光谱获取及叶片、冠层和空间水平上氮素营养光谱监测的研究进展。针对作物氮素营养监测亟待解决的问题和作物生产需求,提出今后进一步研究的领域应重点围绕氮素生化组分的监测方法、氮素监测模型的普适性、氮素监测仪的开发、地空遥感信息的融合、遥感与其他技术的集成等方面。     

Hemodynamic monitoring: catheter insertion techniques,complications and trouble-shooting.

Hemodynamic monitoring is an important aspect of contemporary intensive care of the critically ill patient. The potential problems associated with invasive monitoring fall into two general categories: those related to technical pitfalls and those related to patient complications. An awareness of these problems combined with technical expertise and an understanding of cardiovascular physiology can minimize complications and make hemodynamic monitoring a safe and useful procedure.     

Monitoring programs of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: inventory,development and use of a large monitoring database to map fish and invertebrate spatial distributions

Since the onset of fisheries science, monitoring programs have been implemented to support stock assessments and fisheries management. Here, we take inventory of the monitoring programs of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM) surveying fish and invertebrates and conduct a gap analysis of these programs. We also compile a large monitoring database encompassing much of the monitoring data collected in the U.S. GOM using random sampling schemes and employ this database to fit statistical models to then map the spatial distributions of 61 fish and invertebrate functional groups, species and life stages of the U.S. GOM. Finally, we provide recommendations for improving current monitoring programs and designing new programs, and guidance for more comprehensive use and sharing of monitoring data, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the inputs provided to stock assessments and ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) projects in the U.S. GOM. Our inventory revealed that 73 fisheries-independent and fisheries-dependent programs have been conducted in the U.S. GOM, most of which (85%) are still active. One distinctive feature of monitoring programs of the U.S. GOM is that they include many fisheries-independent surveys conducted almost year-round, contrasting with most other marine regions. A major sampling recommendation is the development of a coordinated strategy for collecting diet information by existing U.S. GOM monitoring programs for advancing EBFM.