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1.
生物技术可分为两类:一是传统的生物技术,即利用天然生物的机能及其酶系统进行物质生产和净化环境的技术;二是新兴的生物技术,即利用基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程、发酵工程等新兴生物技术,人工改造的生物机能及其酶系统进行物质生产和净化环境的技术。生物技术在环境保护方面的应用,也可大致分为两类:一类是用于消除环境污染的直接应用,如环境污染的生物净化、废弃物的生物综合利用、污染的生物监测等;  相似文献   

2.
红树林土壤微生物的研究:过去、现在、未来   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
红树林土壤生境的独特性决定了其中微生物的多样性及其资源的珍稀性,对于红树林土壤微生物的研究正在成为热点。然而由于传统研究方法等因素的限制,至今人们对红树林土壤微生物的系统了解仍较为有限。近年来,基于16S rRNA,18S rRNA基因的各种分子微生物学技术的迅速发展,红树林土壤微生物的研究亦面临着崭新的局面。文中主要从红树林土壤微生物物种的多样性、生理生化类型的多样性及其在治理污染环境、生物修复作用中的可能性、有效性等方面阐述了红树林土壤微生物的研究进展,并以更合理、有效地开发利用红树林土壤微生物资源为目标,展望了21世纪,以新理念、新技术、新方法进行红树林土壤微生物研究及资源开发的巨大前景。  相似文献   

3.
近年来,水产养殖产业的迅猛发展在带来巨大经济效益的同时,也使周边水质持续恶化。在水产养殖中,微生物在生态平衡和环境保护方面的作用日益明显。着重介绍了养殖水域菌落结构的持续性变化、微生物在水产养殖中的作用以及水产养殖水域微生物群系组成变化的原因,并阐述了改善养殖水环境的生物修复技术,旨在为水产养殖环境微生物的相关研究及其管理提供参考依据。  相似文献   

4.
微生物在生物圈中分布广泛,并且在地球物质循环中占有重要地位,但是约99﹪的微生物目前还不能通过传统的培养方法得到纯培养物(即未培养微生物),给这些未培养微生物的研究带来很大的困难。随着分子生物学的快速发展及其在微生物研究中的广泛运用,促进了以环境中未培养微生物为研究对象的新兴学科--环境基因组学的产生和发展。在不进行相关微生物培养分离的情况下,通过从环境样品中直接提取获得所有微小生物的全部遗传物质,并构建环境基因组文库;进一步利用功能基因组学研究策略,从文库中寻找编码产生新的有生物活性产物的基因;通过对系统发育相关锚定位点基因序列分析,从而确定特定生态环境体系中未培养微生物的种类结构组成及进化地位,并最终重建该体系中微生物群体的基本物质循环模式。此外,环境基因组学也可以在对未培养微生物生理生化特性深入了解的基础上,建立发展合适的培养体系,最终获得某些特定微生物的纯培养物。本文对环境基因组的构建及相关分析研究策略的进展进行了综述;同时介绍了其在微生物分类及生态学研究的应用。  相似文献   

5.
极端环境中的低温微生物及其应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在地球这个大的生态系统中存着着广泛的低温环境,低温微生物就生活在这些特殊的生态环境中,对其进行研究既可丰富生物多样性的研究内容,还可以利用其特殊的基因及产物服务于人类,也是利用生物资源的重要方面,简述了低温微生物的生态分布,适用低温的分子机制及其环境保护、食品、医药等从个领域中的开发应用前景。  相似文献   

6.
浅谈微生物在海洋环境保护中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在污水和废水处理等坏境净化领域采用生物技术已久,基因工程在此领域的应用正朝着构建能降解特殊化合物的微生物方向迈进;基因操作技术被用来提高某些微生物体内特异性酶类水平,而这些酶具有特异性生物降解转化作用。微生物已在海洋环境保护中被制作生物传感器等用来进行坏境检测;利用微生物的氨化、硫化、硝化等生化特性进行水质净化;利用某些微生物合成特殊物质来代替塑料等难降解物质并在这些领域中获得显著成效。  相似文献   

7.
稳定性同位素核酸探针技术DNA-SIP 原理与应用   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
贾仲君 《微生物学报》2011,51(12):1585-1594
稳定性同位素核酸探针技术DNA-SIP(Stable isotope probing),是将复杂环境中微生物物种组成及其生理功能耦合分析的有力工具.微生物的体积在μm尺度,因此,自然环境中微生物群落在μm尺度下生理过程的发生、发展,其新陈代谢物质在环境中累积与消减的动力学变化规律,形成了微生物生理生态过程,决定了不同尺度下生态系统物质和能量的良性循环.利用稳定性同位素示踪复杂环境中微生物基因组DNA,实现了单一微生物生理过程研究向微生物群落生理生态研究的转变,能在更高更复杂的整体水平上定向发掘重要微生物资源,推动微生物生理生态学和生物技术开发应用.本文重点探讨了DNA-SIP的技术原理、主要技术瓶颈及对策,初步展望了DNA-SIP为基础的环境微生物基因组学发展趋势.  相似文献   

8.
罗明典 《生命科学》1992,4(2):22-24
技术与经济的结合是发展生产,提高效益的必循之路,作为生物技术重要组成部分的微生物技术在工、农、医以及人们现实生活中日益发挥重要作用,有着巨大的潜在力,是当今世界各国积极开发的对象,下面一些研究成果和进展充分显示新型微生物及其生物技术的资源性,积极开发它是必然的趋势。 1 基础性研究是各类技术开发的源泉没有基础性研究不可能有较大发展和技术创新力。基础性研究是推动各类技术及其应用  相似文献   

9.
微生物对低温极端环境适应性的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
嗜冷微生物是地球寒冷环境中最主要的生物类群,并且是驱动全球生物地球化学循环的关键环节。嗜冷微生物在适应策略上显示出应对多种极端环境因素的巨大潜力,研究其适应和进化机制有助于更好地理解微生物与环境之间相互作用过程,并有效利用极端环境微生物资源。近年来,随着分子生物学和基因组学技术的高速发展,对微生物适应寒冷环境的机制及嗜冷微生物在指示气候变化和工农业应用方面均有一系列的突破。在此,本文将从基因组的GC含量、蛋白质稳定性、转录翻译调控、细胞膜流动性、渗透压调节、抗氧化损失和基因组适应性进化等方面总结当前在微生物适应低温环境机制上所取得的进展,并展望低温环境微生物在指示气候变化和工农业应用中的前景。  相似文献   

10.
工业生物技术旨在利用微生物生化反应进行工业生产,以获得人们需要的各种化合物或燃料等产品。然而,由于现有的工业生物技术需要在生产过程中保持无菌,会消耗大量的能源和淡水资源,大大增加了成本。嗜盐微生物是一类可以在高盐环境下生长的微生物,其生长环境极端,可以有效避免生产过程中受到其他微生物的污染,是降低工业生物技术成本的可行之道。基于本课题组前期大量研究探索,总结了盐单胞菌合成生物学改造的前沿应用,期待对未来生物制造产生积极的影响。  相似文献   

11.
Surface-active compound of biological origin (biosurfactants) have only been described in the past few decades. With the advantage of biodegradability and production on renewable resources, biosurfactants have been gaining prominence and their applications are becoming wider. So far, literature contains mixed reports on the successes of the applications of biosurfactants and their economical viability. They remain compounds which are not very well understood, yet, with several important applications. The target industries for biosurfactant use are the petroleum remediation industries and environmental conservation agencies. These industries, however, seem reluctant to use them for fear of dealing with microbes or microbial products. This includes cleaning up oil spills from the environment, remediation of metal-contaminated soils or waste streams, mobilizing heavy oil sludge and enhanced oil recovery. The importance of biosurfactants, their production, characteristics and limited successes and applications in oil pollution remediation and oil storage tank cleaning are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
Major transitions can be expected within the next few decades aiming at the reduction of pollution and global warming and at energy saving measures. For these purposes, new sustainable biorefinery concepts will be needed that will replace the traditional mineral oil-based synthesis of specialty and bulk chemicals. An important group of these chemicals are those that comprise N-functionalities. Many plant components contained in biomass rest or waste stream fractions contain these N-functionalities in proteins and free amino acids that can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of biopolymers and chemicals. This paper describes the economic and technological feasibility for cyanophycin production by fermentation of the potato waste stream Protamylasse™ or directly in plants and its subsequent conversion to a number of N-containing bulk chemicals.  相似文献   

13.
Azo dyes are toxic, highly persistent, and ubiquitously distributed in the environments. The large-scale production and application of azo dyes result in serious environmental pollution of water and sediments. Bacterial azo reduction is an important process for removing this group of contaminants. Recent advances in this area of research reveal that azo reduction by Shewanella strains is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors and linked to the electron transport and energy conservation in the cell membrane. Up to date, several key molecular components involved in this reaction have been identified and the primary electron transportation system has been proposed. These new discoveries on the respiration pathways and electron transfer for bacterial azo reduction has potential biotechnological implications in cleaning up contaminated sites.  相似文献   

14.
Biodegradation of halogenated organic compounds.   总被引:32,自引:2,他引:30       下载免费PDF全文
In this review we discuss the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by microorganisms, emphasizing the physiological, biochemical, and genetic basis of the biodegradation of aliphatic, aromatic, and polycyclic compounds. Many environmentally important xenobiotics are halogenated, especially chlorinated. These compounds are manufactured and used as pesticides, plasticizers, paint and printing-ink components, adhesives, flame retardants, hydraulic and heat transfer fluids, refrigerants, solvents, additives for cutting oils, and textile auxiliaries. The hazardous chemicals enter the environment through production, commercial application, and waste. As a result of bioaccumulation in the food chain and groundwater contamination, they pose public health problems because many of them are toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Although synthetic chemicals are usually recalcitrant to biodegradation, microorganisms have evolved an extensive range of enzymes, pathways, and control mechanisms that are responsible for catabolism of a wide variety of such compounds. Thus, such biological degradation can be exploited to alleviate environmental pollution problems. The pathways by which a given compound is degraded are determined by the physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of a particular environment. By understanding the genetic basis of catabolism of xenobiotics, it is possible to improve the efficacy of naturally occurring microorganisms or construct new microorganisms capable of degrading pollutants in soil and aquatic environments more efficiently. Recently a number of genes whose enzyme products have a broader substrate specificity for the degradation of aromatic compounds have been cloned and attempts have been made to construct gene cassettes or synthetic operons comprising these degradative genes. Such gene cassettes or operons can be transferred into suitable microbial hosts for extending and custom designing the pathways for rapid degradation of recalcitrant compounds. Recent developments in designing recombinant microorganisms and hybrid metabolic pathways are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Efficient use of shrimp waste: present and future trends   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The production of shrimp waste from shrimp processing industries has undergone a dramatic increase in recent years. Continued production of this biomaterial without corresponding development of utilizing technology has resulted in waste collection, disposal, and pollution problems. Currently used chemical process releases toxic chemicals such as HCl, acetic acid, and NaOH into aquatic ecosystem as byproducts which will spoil the aquatic flora and fauna. Environmental protection regulations have become stricter. Now, there is a need to treat and utilize the waste in most efficient manner. The shrimp waste contains several bioactive compounds such as chitin, pigments, amino acids, and fatty acids. These bioactive compounds have a wide range of applications including medical, therapies, cosmetics, paper, pulp and textile industries, biotechnology, and food applications. This current review article present the utilization of shrimp waste as well as an alternative technology to replace hazardous chemical method that address the future trends in total utilization of shrimp waste for recovery of bioactive compounds.  相似文献   

16.
Industrial biotechnology involves the use of enzymes and microorganisms to produce value-added chemicals from renewable sources. Because of its association with reduced energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation, industrial biotechnology is a rapidly growing field. Here we highlight a variety of important tools for industrial biotechnology, including protein engineering, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, systems biology, and downstream processing. In addition, we show how these tools have been successfully applied in several case studies, including the production of 1, 3-propanediol, lactic acid, and biofuels. It is expected that industrial biotechnology will be increasingly adopted by chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industries.  相似文献   

17.
The current burden on fossil‐derived chemicals and fuels combined with the rapidly increasing global population has led to a crucial need to develop renewable and sustainable sources of chemicals and biofuels. Photoautotrophic microorganisms, including cyanobacteria and microalgae, have garnered a great deal of attention for their capability to produce these chemicals from carbon dioxide, mineralized water, and solar energy. While there have been substantial amounts of research directed at scaling‐up production from these microorganisms, several factors have proven difficult to overcome, including high costs associated with cultivation, photobioreactor construction, and artificial lighting. Decreasing these costs will substantially increase the economic feasibility of these production processes. Thus, the purpose of this review is to describe various photobioreactor designs, and then provide an overview on lighting systems, mixing, gas transfer, and the hydrodynamics of bubbles. These factors must be considered when the goal of a production process is economic feasibility. Targets for improving microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation media, including water reduction strategies will also be described. As fossil fuel reserves continue to be depleted and the world population continues to increase, it is imperative that renewable chemical and biofuel production processes be developed toward becoming economically feasible. Thus, it is essential that future research is directed toward improving these processes. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:811–827, 2018  相似文献   

18.
The rapid increase in worldwide population coupled with the increasing demand for fossil fuels has led to an increased urgency to develop sustainable sources of energy and chemicals from renewable resources. Using microorganisms to produce high‐value chemicals and next‐generation biofuels is one sustainable option and is the focus of much current research. Cyanobacteria are ideal platform organisms for chemical and biofuel production because they can be genetically engineered to produce a broad range of products directly from CO2, H2O, and sunlight, and require minimal nutrient inputs. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on advances that have been or could be made to improve strains of cyanobacteria for industrial purposes. First, the benefits of using cyanobacteria as a platform for chemical and biofuel production are discussed. Next, an overview of cyanobacterial strain improvements by genetic engineering is provided. Finally, mutagenesis techniques to improve the industrial potential of cyanobacteria are described. Along with providing an overview on various areas of research that are currently being investigated to improve the industrial potential of cyanobacteria, this review aims to elucidate potential targets for future research involving cyanobacteria as an industrial microorganism. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1357–1371, 2016  相似文献   

19.
Fermentation has been applied to many areas of human life, including industrial production, sewage treatment, and environment management. By understanding the process and mechanism of fermentation, more comprehensive and profound cognition of the fermentation may be established to lay a foundation for our further research. In this review, we present a brief summary of recent research about fermentation and microorganisms in different territories, including foods, environment, and human health. According to the growth characteristics of different stages of microorganisms, we introduced a series of metabolic changes, fermentation mechanism, and regulation methods and how the enzymes were transported out of the cell. With further understanding and utilization of microorganisms, food can produce better flavor, nutrition, and functional metabolites through fermentation. Fermentation is also used in other industries, such as wastewater and garbage disposal, environment, and soil management. The human gut flora, in particular, has begun to receive more attention. The profound influence of microorganism on human health cannot to be underestimated. It has become a hot research area in recent years. We can get the metabolites we want by controlling the rate of fermentation and regulate the direction of fermentation. As one of the important components of modern biotechnology, fermentation engineering has been widely used in areas including food, pharmaceutical, energy, chemical industries, and environmental protection. The development of genetic engineering has brought new vitality to fermentation engineering. The application of modernization, automation and artificial intelligence technology also opens up new space for fermentation engineering. In addition, research on the understanding and regulation of metabolic mechanism has further developed the fermentation function of microorganisms.  相似文献   

20.
Glycerol has attracted the attention of scientific and industrial communities due to its generation in bulk quantities as a byproduct of biofuel industries. With the rapid growth of these industries in recent years, glycerol is frequently treated as a very low-value byproduct or even a waste product with a disposal cost associated to it. Glycerol is not only abundant and inexpensive but also can generate more reducing equivalents than glucose or xylose. This unique characteristic of glycerol offers a tremendous opportunity for its biological conversion to valuable products at higher yield. This review focuses on research efforts to utilize glycerol as a carbon source for the production of a variety of fuels and chemicals by both native and metabolically engineered microorganisms.  相似文献   

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