间伐强度对杉木—火力楠混交林生长影响的研究初报

对杉木－火力楠混交林进行４种间伐强度试验表明,间伐６年后各林分的杉木、火力楠胸径净生长量比对照分别增加７０－１３９、１１－２５％,树高增加４６－９０、７－１０％,材积生长增加５４－１４０、１０－４３％,林分蓄积量增加４９－７５ｍ＾３．ｈａ＾－１,平均冠高增加２－６、８－１３％,第１活枝高下降０．５－３、３５－４８％,冠幅杉木下降１－２％、火力楠增加１－８％,可以认为,以间伐强度为３０和４０％２种方     

间伐对杉木人工林碳储量的长期影响

间伐改变了林分环境,影响林木生长及碳储量,准确评估间伐后人工林碳储量变化对碳汇林业的发展具有重要意义.在浙江开化采用下层间伐法,开展了3种间伐处理(对照、中度和强度间伐)对22年生杉木人工林碳储量及其组分分配影响的研究.强度间伐(总间伐强度50%)和中度间伐(总间伐强度35%)均在第7年和第14年进行共计2次间伐,对照在林木生长中期(第14年)进行1次轻度间伐(间伐强度15%).结果表明： 树干碳储量的比例随间伐强度增大而增加,树枝、叶和根碳储量的比例则略有降低,表明间伐有利于树干碳储量的累积.中度和强度间伐处理杉木人工林乔木层碳储量随间伐强度增加而减小,碳储量分别为对照的89.0%和83.1%.第1次间伐后2 a乔木层碳储量显著减少,第2次间伐后8 a,间伐处理乔木层碳储量恢复速率较快,强度间伐乔木层碳储量增量接近对照.林下植被层、凋落物层和土壤层碳储量在不同间伐处理间差异不显著.对照、中度和强度间伐杉木人工林系统总碳储量分别为169.34、156.65和154.37 t·hm^-2,不同间伐处理间差异不显著.可见,试验区杉木人工林间伐15 a后不会导致生态系统总碳储量降低.     

火力楠、荷木和黎蒴林的土壤特性及涵养水源的研究

对火力楠、荷木和黎蒴纯林的土壤物理性质、林地持水特性、土壤养分、微生物数量及酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,3种林地的土壤容重分别为1.19、1.26和1.06 g·cm^-3,总孔隙分别为56.73%、54.18%和60.74%,土壤自然含水量分别为51.7%、13.0%和19.4%,毛管持水量分别为43.2%、37.8%和4.8%.火力楠林地的土壤保水性一般而通气性差;荷木林地的土壤保水性和通气性均差,黎蒴林地的土壤保水性和通气性好.火力楠、荷木和黎蒴单株凋落物持水量分别为20、8和15kg,林地分别为16、13和17 t·hm^-2;火力楠、荷木和黎蒴单株凋落物养分储量分别为112.71、31.20和87.30g、林地分别为84.3、51.86和98.11kg·hm^-2.3种林地呈强酸性.黎蒴林地的土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N和速效P含量最高,而速效K含量为荷木林地＞黎蒴林地＞火力楠林地.火力楠林地有机质含量、全N和碱解N含量＞荷木林地,荷木林地的全P、全K、速效P含量＞火力楠林地.细菌占微生物总量的94%以上,黎蒴林地的细菌数量高达41×10⁵个·g干土,而火力楠林地和荷木林地分别为3.4×10⁴个·g干土和.3×10⁴个·g干土.黎蒴林地的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性最大,荷木林地纤维素分解酶活性最大5.3种林分中,黎蒴林的土壤肥力最高.     

杉木与阔叶树混交试验初报

 在高明县国营云涌林场以3:1的混交比例,分别营造杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)与红荷木(Schima wallichii)、木荷(Schima superba)、火力楠(Michelia macclurei)3种混交林,经过6年的调查观测表明：混交3年后种间关系开始激化,6年以前要适时修枝、截顶、间伐,调整1—2次种间关系。混交林与纯林比较：0—30cm土层养分消耗较大,但林分生物量高,有较高的林分生产率;6年生的混交林枯落物量及其养分元素含量、含水量比纯林大;0—10cm表层N、P、K含量有增加趋势。这些混交类型,宜从现有的3:1比例,扩大至4:1或5:1,尤以杉木+火力楠的类型值得推广。     

凋落叶多样性对杉木幼苗生长及吸收15N标记硫铵的影响

利用¹⁵N硫铵研究了凋落叶多样性对杉木幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响.结果表明,凋落叶多样性的增加有利于盆栽杉木幼苗的生长.杉木、火力楠、红栲和刺楸4种凋落叶混合处理后,杉木幼苗的生长量最大;杉木、火力楠、刺楸3种凋落叶混合处理后的杉木幼苗生长量次之,其它依次为杉木、火力楠、红栲3种凋落叶混合处理>杉木和刺楸凋落叶处理>杉木和红栲凋落叶处理>对照>杉木和火力楠2种凋落叶混合处理>杉木凋落叶处理.就杉木幼苗对硫铵氮的吸收率而言,不作任何处理的杉木幼苗吸收率最高,其次为杉木、火力楠、红栲和刺楸4种凋落叶混合处理,其它依次为杉木、火力楠、刺楸3种凋落叶混合处理和杉木、火力楠、红栲3种凋落叶混合处理>杉木和刺楸凋落叶处理>杉木和红栲凋落叶处理>杉木和火力楠2种凋落叶混合处理>杉木凋落叶处理.另外,用凋落叶处理后,土壤中硫铵氮的残留量比不作凋落叶处理的土壤多,硫铵氮的总回收量也比不作凋落叶处理的土壤大幅增加,而且凋落叶多样性的增加也会增加硫铵氮的残留量.     

一种高生产力和生态协调的亚热带针阔混交林——杉木火力楠混交林的研究

 通过八年杉木针阔混交林的综合定位研究,筛选出一种高生产力和生态协调的人工林一以8杉木2火力楠为优势的混交林。林分的蓄积量和乔木层贮存的能量分别比杉木纯林高13.7%和11.3%,杉木火力楠混交林提高了林分的光能利用率,改善了林内小气候;增加了林地有机质的含量;促进了土壤中有益微生物的繁衍和土壤理化性质的改良,提高了土壤肥力和蓄水保水能力;增强了林分对害虫自我抑制能力。     

保留密度对杉木人工林生长和生物量及经济效益的影响

在广西凭祥市热带林业实验中心青山实验场的杉木中龄人工纯林(14年生)中,以不间伐为对照(密度1500株·hm^-2),研究不同保留密度(500、750和1000株·hm^-2)对杉木人工林胸径、树高、蓄积生长量和林分生物量及经济效益的影响。结果表明: 500株·hm^-2处理杉木人工林的平均胸径、树高生长量及大径材蓄积量均最高,分别达20.55 cm、15.70 m、18.31 m³·hm^-2。对照林分活立木蓄积量最高(199.63 m³·hm^-2),显著高于500、750株·hm^-2处理。不同处理乔木层生物量、生态系统生物量和经济效益差异显著。1000株·hm^-2处理乔木层生物量(90.72 t·hm^-2)、生态系统生物量(94.97 t·hm^-2)和经济效益(11.84万元·hm^-2)显著高于其他处理。降低林分保留密度虽然能促进杉木胸径和树高的生长,提高林分的出材径级、大径材比例、单木平均材积和生物量,但不能提高活立木蓄积量。1000株·hm^-2处理是杉木中龄林最适保留密度,林分的总蓄积量、乔木层生物量、生态系统生物量和经济效益分别比对照增加2.3%、5.7%、4.7%和5.8%。     

凋落叶多样性对杉木幼苗生长及吸收15N标记硫铵的影响

利用15N硫铵研究了凋落叶多样性对杉木幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响 .结果表明 ,凋落叶多样性的增加有利于盆栽杉木幼苗的生长 .杉木、火力楠、红栲和刺楸 4种凋落叶混合处理后 ,杉木幼苗的生长量最大 ;杉木、火力楠、刺楸 3种凋落叶混合处理后的杉木幼苗生长量次之 ,其它依次为杉木、火力楠、红栲 3种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木和刺楸凋落叶处理 >杉木和红栲凋落叶处理 >对照 >杉木和火力楠 2种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木凋落叶处理 .就杉木幼苗对硫铵氮的吸收率而言 ,不作任何处理的杉木幼苗吸收率最高 ,其次为杉木、火力楠、红栲和刺楸 4种凋落叶混合处理 ,其它依次为杉木、火力楠、刺楸 3种凋落叶混合处理和杉木、火力楠、红栲 3种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木和刺楸凋落叶处理 >杉木和红栲凋落叶处理>杉木和火力楠 2种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木凋落叶处理 .另外 ,用凋落叶处理后 ,土壤中硫铵氮的残留量比不作凋落叶处理的土壤多 ,硫铵氮的总回收量也比不作凋落叶处理的土壤大幅增加 ,而且凋落叶多样性的增加也会增加硫铵氮的残留量 .     

不同杉木林分类型土壤团聚体生态化学计量特征

在野外调查的基础上,选择成土母质相同、坡向坡度相似、海拔基本一致的杉木-米老排、杉木-火力楠和杉木纯林3种杉木人工林采集土壤样品,通过干筛法分离2 mm、2～0.25 mm和0.25 mm 3个团聚体组分,研究其土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量及其生态化学计量特征,以阐明不同杉木林分类型土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的指示意义。结果表明:(1)0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的变异系数分别为21.37%、21.00%、21.46%和20.35%、16.51%、17.82%;全氮的变异系数低于有机碳和全磷,但三者含量呈极显著正相关关系。(2)有机碳和全氮含量集中分布于小粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中,全磷含量在各粒径团聚体中分布较为均匀;在不同林分类型中土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均表现为杉木-火力楠杉木-米老排杉木纯林;在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层的C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数分别为14.09%、19.75%、22.24%和19.56%、21.28%、24.49%;土壤C/N的变异性较低,土壤C/P和N/P均在大粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中较高,土壤C/N、C/P和N/P对土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用。研究表明,在杉木与火力楠混交林中,缺乏磷元素,建议及时补充P元素,避免土壤持续利用受到磷的限制。     

不同间伐强度的杉木林生长比较试验

对11年生同一坡面杉木林分设立不间伐（CK）和间伐强度30%、45%、60%四个处理,调查不同间伐强度的林木树高、胸径、材积生长状况。试验表明,间伐6年后实施间伐的林分单株树高、胸径、材积的增长量分别比对照高出5.7%～37.1%、12.5%～112.5%和15.0%～129.8%;其中,间伐强度60%林分树高、胸径的增长最为显著,其次为45%间伐强度。但林分总蓄积量增加最多的是对照小区。间伐强度对培育不同径阶的杉木材有重要影响。     

Effect of clomiphene on Ca movement in human prostate cancer cells

The effect of clomiphene, an ovulation-inducing agent, on cytosolic free Ca²⁺ levels ([Ca²⁺]_i) in populations of PC3 human prostate cancer cells was explored by using fura-2 as a Ca²⁺ indicator. Clomiphene at concentrations between 10-50 μM increased [Ca²⁺]_i in a concentration-dependent manner. The [Ca²⁺]_i signal was biphasic with an initial rise and a slow decay. Ca²⁺ removal inhibited the Ca²⁺ signal by 41%. Adding 3 mM Ca²⁺ increased [Ca²⁺]_i in cells pretreated with clomiphene in Ca²⁺-free medium, confirming that clomiphene induced Ca²⁺ entry. In Ca²⁺-free medium, pretreatment with 50 μM brefeldin A (to permeabilize the Golgi complex), 1 μM thapsigargin (to inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pump), and 2 μM carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (to uncouple mitochondria) inhibited 25% of 50 μM clomiphene-induced store Ca²⁺ release. Conversely, pretreatment with 50 μM clomiphene in Ca²⁺-free medium abolished the [Ca²⁺]_i increase induced by brefeldin A, thapsigargin or carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The 50 μM clomiphene-induced Ca²⁺release was unaltered by inhibiting phospholipase C with 2 μM 1-(6-((17β-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122). Trypan blue exclusion assay suggested that incubation with clomiphene (50 μM) for 2-15 min induced time-dependent decrease in cell viability by 10-50%. Collectively, the results suggest that clomiphene induced [Ca²⁺]_i increases in PC3 cells by releasing store Ca²⁺ from multiple stores in an phospholipase C-independent manner, and by activating Ca²⁺ influx; and clomiphene was of mild cytotoxicity.     

不同间伐强度对杉木人工林碳储量及其分配的影响

间伐改变了林分环境,影响林木生长及碳储量,准确评估不同间伐强度对杉木人工林生物量及碳储量的影响对碳汇林业的发展具有重要意义。2013年,以中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心1992年造林并于2005年实施3种不同间伐强度(74%:H、50%:M和34%:L)的杉木人工林为研究对象,样地内每木检尺,实测样木生物量,并结合杉木群落各组分含碳率的实测值,对杉木人工林的生物量和碳储量进行估算,结果表明:H(74%)显著增加了林木的胸径(P0.01),分别比M(50%)、L(34%)和CK(0%)增加了13.65%、20.74%和18.37%。3种间伐强度之间树高差异均不显著,而CK的树高均大于3种间伐强度的树高,分别比H、M和L增加了6.64%、15.73%和16.70%。与对照相比,H显著增加了林木的单株生物量(P0.01)。对照林地乔木层的碳储量均显著高于其他3种间伐强度的乔木层碳储量(P0.05),而乔木层各器官碳储量大小顺序为:树干树枝树根树皮树叶;3种间伐强度和对照处理杉木人工林之间的生态系统碳储量差异性不显著(P0.05),其中乔木层和土壤层为主要碳库,两者所占总的碳储量超过生态系统总的碳储量的97.62%。     

蒙古栎次生林的生长更新与林下植被多样性对林分密度的响应

以辽宁省抚顺市清源县蒙古栎天然次生林为对象,在2018年对6块面积为0.1 hm²的蒙古栎样地进行疏伐,并于2020年调查样地内植被的生长情况,研究疏伐后形成的600(低密度)、720(中密度)、900株·hm^-2(高密度)3种密度对林木生长、林下实生苗更新与林下植被多样性的影响。结果表明: 由于疏伐后间隔年份较短,不同密度下树高、胸径无显著差异。但低密度下林冠对称指数显著高于高密度,表明树冠生长对于林分密度的响应比树干生长更迅速。中密度下实生更新苗数量最多,且相同苗高的实生苗地径显著高于其他两个密度,中密度下实生苗更新与幼苗生长都好于高、低密度。林中共有植物70种,隶属于41科67属,其中木本植物蒙古栎、胡枝子与草本植物山罗花、三叶委陵菜占优势地位。灌木层与草本层的优势度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数在中密度下表现最佳,表明该立地条件下林分密度保持在720株·hm^-2时更有助于辽东山区蒙古栎次生林的可持续发展。     

林窗大小对杉木林内南方红豆杉生长与形质的影响

为明确林窗大小对南方红豆杉生长、形质的影响以及珍贵用材培育成效,测定福建省明溪杉木林中25个林窗样地的南方红豆杉的生长、干形和分枝等指标,分析林窗大小与生长、干形和分枝情况之间的关系,将25个林窗样地按不同面积划分为25～50 m² (Ⅰ)、50～75 m² (Ⅱ)、75～100 m² (Ⅲ)、100～125 m² (Ⅳ)、125～150 m² (Ⅴ)5种林窗类型,运用层次分析法构建了珍贵用材评价指标体系,采用多目标决策法评价5种林窗类型的综合效果.结果表明: 林窗大小显著影响南方红豆杉树高、胸径、冠幅、杈干率、通直度、圆满度、尖削度、径高比、枝下高、枝间距、最大侧枝直径等11个生长和形质指标以及综合评价值. 林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著促进南方红豆杉的树高、胸径、冠幅的生长.在干形指标方面,林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著抑制分杈率和尖削度,提高通直度;林窗Ⅱ类型显著提高圆满度和径高比.林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著提高枝下高,降低最大侧枝直径;林窗Ⅰ类型显著提高枝间距. 林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著提高珍贵用材综合评价值.在杉木林内南方红豆杉的培育过程中,控制采伐强度、创建面积25～75 m²的林窗可提高培育效果.     

Kinetics of nucleophilic attack on coordinated organic moieties Part 29. Mechanism of addition of tertiary phosphines and phosphites to the tropylium ring of [M(CO)3(η-C7H7] (M = Cr, Mo, W) cations

Kinetic studies of the addition of a wide range of tertiary phosphines and phosphites to the tropylium ring of the cation [Cr(CO)₃(η⁷-C₇H₇]⁺ (1) reveal the two-term raw, k_obs = k₁[PR₃] + k₋₁. This is consistent with the reversible equilibrium process (i) which is also confirmed from IR and ¹H NMR studies. In the case of the highly basic nucleophiles PBu₃ⁿ and PEt₂Ph, the rate is dominated by the k₁ term and the equilibrium lies far to the right.

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The first-order rate constants k₁, for addition to the tropylium ring decrease markedly down the series PBu₃ⁿ>PEt₂Ph>P(4-MeOC₆H₄)₃>P(4-MeC₆H₄)₃>P(C₆H_{11 3}>PPh₂(4-MeC₆H₄)>PPh₃>P(2-CNC₂H₄)₃>P(OBuⁿ)₃ (overall variation 10⁴). This reactivity order parallels the decreasing electron availability at the phosphorus centres, as confirmed by the linear correlation between log k₁ and the Tolman Σ_χ values for the nucleophiles. Excellent Hammett and Brønsted correlations are also observed for ring addition by a range of P(4-XC₆H₄)₃ nucleophiles. The Brønsted slope, , of 0.7 conirms the major importance of basicity in determining nucleophilicity towards cation 1. Kinetic studies of the related additions of PBu₃ⁿ to the cations [M(CO)₃(η⁷-C₇H₇]⁺ (M = Mo, W) reveal the rate law, Rate = k₁[M][PBu₃ⁿ, and show only a small dependence of k₁ on the nature of metal (Cr>WMo; 2:1.1:1). These data, together with the associated activation parameters, support a mechanism involving direct addition (k₁) of the phosphorus nucleophiles to the tropylium ring, and are inconsistent with initial rate-determining attack at the metal centre.     

Augmentation of Soil with Sporangia of Actinoplanes spp. for Biological Control of Pythium Damping-off

A method was developed for applying strains of Actinoplanes spp. that are hyper-parasites of oospores of Pythium ultimum to soil for reducing Pythium damping-off of plants. The method is based on the augmentation of soil with sporangia of a strain of Actinoplanes spp. borne on clay granules. In vitro sporulation of strains K30, W57, W257 and 25844 was: (1) greater for most strains on dilute Czapek-Dox agar than on four other agar media; (2) inhibited by continuous exposure to fluorescent light of intensity 4-150 μEm^-2s^-1, but not by exposure to 1 μEm^-2s^-1 or darkness; (3) greater at 20-307deg;C than at 10°C;and (4) greater at pH 6-7 than at pH 5 or 8. On solid carriers treated with dilute Czapek-Dox broth (pH 7) and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 3 weeks, strains sporulated poorly or not at all on vermiculite, perlite and rice hulls, but sporulated abundantly (10⁷-10⁹ colony-forming units (CFU) g^-1 of granules) on montmorillonite clay granules. When strains 25844, W57 and W257 were applied as granules (4 10⁷ - 4 × 10⁸ CFU g^-1) at 5% (w/w) to field plots infested with 750-1000 oospores of P. ultimum g^-1 of soil, only strain 25844 consistently increased emergence and reduced root rot of table beets 8- 1 at 24-28 days after planting compared with controls. Strain 25844 (10⁸ CFU g^-1 of granules) at 1% (w/w) also increased the emergence of bush beans at 28 days after planting in P. ultimum-infested plots, but lower rates were ineffective. The inoculum viability of strain 25844 on clay granules declined 100-fold during 2 months of storage at 5-35°C, but thereafter remained stable for another 4 months. Strain 25844 on 6-month-old granules retained a high degree of hyper-parasitic activity toward oospores of P. ultimum. Augmentation of field soil with sporangia of Actinoplanes spp. is a valid approach to the biological control of pythium damping-off.     

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in Digitonin-Permeabilized Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells: The Effect of Protein Kinase and Phosphatase Inhibitors on Ser19 and Ser40 Phosphorylation

Abstract: The protein kinases and protein phosphatases that act on tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo have not been established. Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were permeabilized with digitonin and incubated with [γ-³²P]ATP, in the presence or absence of 10 µ M Ca²⁺, 1 µ M cyclic AMP, 1 µ M phorbol dibutyrate, or various kinase or phosphatase inhibitors. Ca²⁺ increased the phosphorylation of Ser¹⁹ and Ser⁴⁰. Cyclic AMP, and phorbol dibutyrate in the presence of Ca²⁺, increased the phosphorylation of only Ser⁴⁰. Ser³¹ and Ser⁸ were not phosphorylated. The Ca²⁺-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser¹⁹ was incompletely reduced by inhibitors of calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II (46% with KN93 and 68% with CaM-PKII 273–302), suggesting that another protein kinase(s) was contributing to the phosphorylation of this site. The Ca²⁺-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser⁴⁰ was reduced by specific inhibitors of protein kinase A (56% with H89 and 38% with PKAi 5–22 amide) and protein kinase C (70% with Ro 31-8220 and 54% with PKCi 19–31), suggesting that protein kinases A and C contributed to most of the phosphorylation of this site. Results with okadaic acid and microcystin suggested that Ser¹⁹ and Ser⁴⁰ were dephosphorylated by PP2A.     

The role of sulphur compounds for breeding success of Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) on Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)

Bark beetles, especially Ips typographus L. represent a severe biotic threat for spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.) at low altitudes in Europe. We compared sulphur (total S, SO₄²⁻, glutathione, cysteine, methionine), nitrogen (total N, NO₃⁻, total protein, free amino acids), carbon, total phosphorus and PO₄³⁻, tree vigour index (TVI) and water content of the phloem after felling, and their dependent changes (tdc) with the breeding success of I. typographus . Twenty trees were classified according to age (34/90 years) and crown density (high/intermediate/low). Water content was higher in young trees than in old trees, higher in the crown than at breast height, and decreased significantly within the 8-week study period. In old trees, breeding success, length of mother galleries and SO₄²⁻ were significantly higher, while total protein, NO₃⁻ and water content were significantly lower than in young trees. Trees with intermediate crown density provided the best breeding success for I. typographus and had significantly higher arginine content and C/N ratio as well as low amounts of phosphate and glutamine. During the period of bark beetle breeding, total sulphur, glutathione, protein, NO₃⁻, aspartate, glutamine, glutamate, arginine and γ-aminobutyrate decreased significantly. The results support previous investigations that I. typographus develops best in physiologically weakened trees.     

Metal ion-coordinating properties of imidazole and derivatives in aqueous solution: interrelation between complex stability and ligand basicity

The stability constants of the 1:1 complexes formed between Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Cd²⁺ (M²⁺) and the simple, sterically unhindered imidazole-type ligands, imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, 5-chloro-1-methylimidazole, N-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)imidazole or 4′-(imidazol-1-yl)acetophenone (L), were determined by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution (25°C; I = 0.5 M, NaNO₃). The construction of log K_ML^M versus pK_HL^H plots results in straight lines; the equations for the least-squares lines are calculated and listed. These data allow calculation of the expected stability constant for a complex of any imidazole-type ligand, provided its pK_HL^H value (in the pK_a range 4–8) is known. For the stabilities of Fe²⁺ complexes with imidazole-type ligands an estimation procedure is provided. It is shown further that the complex formation between 1-methylbenzimidazole (MBI) and Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺ is s sterically hindered, i.e. the data points for these M(MBI)²⁺ complexes do not fall on the straight lines defined by the imidazole-type ligands.     

Cytotoxic Effect of β-Amyloid on a Human Differentiated Neuron Is Not Mediated by Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Accumulation

Abstract: The effects of synthetic β-amyloid (Aβ1–42) on cell viability and cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis have been studied in the human neuron-like NT2N cell, which differentiates from a teratocarcinoma cell line, NTera2/C1.D1, by retinoic acid treatment. NT2N viability was measured using morphological criteria and fluorescent live/dead staining and quantified using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide metabolism. Aβ1–42 dose-dependently caused NT2N cell death when it was present in the cell culture for 14 days but had no effect on viability when it was present for 4 days. The lowest effective concentration was 4 µ M , and the strongest effect was produced by 40 µ M . Control NT2N cells produced spontaneous cytosolic Ca²⁺ oscillations under basal conditions. These oscillations were inhibited dose-dependently (0.4–40 µ M ) by Aβ1–42 that was present in the cell culture for 1 or 4 days. Ca²⁺ wave frequency was decreased from 0.21 ± 0.02 to 0.05 ± 0.02/min, amplitude from 88 ± 8 to 13 ± 4 n M , and average Ca²⁺ level from 130 ± 8 to 58 ± 3 n M . The Ca²⁺ responses to 30 m M K⁺ and 100 µ M glutamate were not different between control and Aβ-treated cells. Thus, the results do not support the hypothesis that cytosolic early Ca²⁺ accumulation mediates Aβ-induced NT2N cell death.