固有无序蛋白质及逆境胁迫下的分子功能

固有无序蛋白质是一类在生理条件下缺乏稳定三维结构而具有正常功能,参与信号转导、转录调控、胁迫应答等多种生物学过程的蛋白质.植物中许多逆境响应蛋白是固有无序蛋白质,通过其结构无序或部分无序区域在蛋白质 蛋白质、蛋白质 膜脂、蛋白质 核酸的互作中发挥重要作用.本文主要对固有无序蛋白质的类别、氨基酸组成和结构特点以及在逆境胁迫下其稳定细胞膜、保护核酸和蛋白质、调控基因表达等分子功能进行综述,以拓展对逆境胁迫下蛋白质作用分子机制的认识.     

家蝇飞翔肌线粒体超氧化物歧化酶活性及荧光衰老色素含量的年龄变化的研究

超氧阴离子(O_2~-)是生物体内的主要自由基。自由基与很多大分子如脂质、蛋白质及核酸等反应,破坏细胞的结构,干扰细胞的功能,根据Harman 的自由基理论,最终导致有机体的衰老和死亡。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)促进O_2~-的歧化反应,对机体起保护作用,因此认为它与寿命有关。荧光哀老色素(FAP)又叫脂褐素,被认为是自由基诱导的不饱和脂肪酸和其他大分子如:蛋白质、核酸等氧化的终产物。它的含量被看成是发     

植物光毒素作用机理

光激发植物光毒素产生单线态氧或自由基,破坏核酸、脂质和蛋白质等,对病毒、细菌、真菌、线虫、昆虫和其他植物产生毒性,在植物的防护反应中具有重要作用．     

实用生物信息技术课程教学实例

介绍"实用生物信息技术"研究生课程的5个教学实例。以血红蛋白序列和结构为例,介绍常用生物信息技术和分析方法,包括蛋白质和核酸序列相似性比对、蛋白质和核酸序列数据库检索、Blast数据库相似性搜索、分子系统发生树构建,以及蛋白质结构比较分析等。     

核酸一级结构研究的进展核酸的特异化学降解与末端分析

目前认为蛋白质生物合成的密码主要决定于核酸的一极结构,也就是决定于核酸分子里核苷酸的排列顺序,显然,核酸一极结构的研究在生物化学的研究领域内是一项重要的课题。近20年以来由于新技术的不断发展和应用,以及生物、化学、物理等学科的紧密配合,核酸的研究工作已获得很大的进展。对核酸的构象、结构、生物功能等都有了不同程     

植物醛脱氢酶在逆境胁迫中的研究进展

干旱、盐和病虫害等逆境胁迫已成为制约植物生长和作物产量的主要因素。植物在生长过程中进化出从形态到生理的一系列机制以缓解胁迫对自身的损害。逆境胁迫下醛类物质的富集会产生一系列的过氧化链式反应,危害细胞膜系统正常生理功能。过量的醛也会与蛋白质和核酸反应,破坏蛋白质和核酸的正常结构和功能,甚至直接导致植物死亡。植物体内醛脱氢酶基因(Aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)在胁迫诱导条件下表达水平增加,大量累积的醛脱氢酶蛋白(ALDHs)将醛物质氧化成相应的羧酸,减少脂类物质的过氧化,参与到植物对生物及非生物的胁迫以及植物的发育调节。从ALDH的分类、功能及作用途径展开详细论述。     

蛋白质- 核酸对接方法研究进展

分子对接技术作为预测蛋白质-核酸复合物结构的有效方法,为研究在生物学过程中蛋白质-核酸的相互作用提供了重要的工具。本文首先分析了当前蛋白质-核酸对接研究中的主要困难,例如构象变化和核糖磷酸骨架的带电性问题。然后从构象搜索、打分函数、柔性策略三个方面比较和总结了蛋白质-核酸对接中主要的计算方法。最后回顾了蛋白质-核酸对接计算模型的应用,并对未来的工作进行了展望。     

蛋白质的变性

<正>在物理和化学因素作用下,蛋白质分子特定的空间构象被破坏,从有序的空间结构变成无序的空间结构,进而导致蛋白质理化性质的改变和生物活性的丧失,称为蛋白质的变性(denaturation)。物理因素如高温、放射线等,化学变性剂如SDS、尿素、盐酸胍能够破坏疏水作用、盐键、氢键、范德华力,因而能破坏蛋白质的高级结构。     

二维核磁共振与核酸的溶液结构

二维核磁共振技术(2D-NMR)是近十几年出现的核磁共振方法的一个分支,已能在溶液态测定蛋白质、核酸等生物大分子的三维结构,成为与单晶X-射线研究相互补充的重要手段.与蛋白质的二维核磁共振研究相比,核酸的2D-NMR研究起步略晚,但近三、五年来已取得长足的进步,在作核酸的结构测定、研究核酸—蛋白质相互作用中发挥了其     

dsDNA—蛋白质相互识别的结构模型

核酸同蛋白质之间的相互识别是生命的核心过程之一。核酸同蛋白质相互识别取决于核酸的状态。本文在不考虑核酸构象变化的情况下,讨论了dsDNA-蛋白质相互识别。根据dsDNA-蛋白质相互识别的基本结构部件,基本因素,识别信号,探讨了“一般识别”和“特殊识别”的结构模型和“识别词典”问题。     

Changes in the electro-orientation of Escherichia coli cells exposed to disinfectants

Various disinfectants were shown to influence the frequency dependence of Escherichia coli electro-orientation. Cell inactivation by different agents was found to decrease the effect at high frequencies (5 X 10(5)-5 X 10(6) Hz). The decrease should be attributed to the fact that the barrier properties of membranes are disorganized and the equivalent electric conductivity of cells drops down. The microbiological control of the bactericidal action produced by disinfectants fits in well with changes in the electro-orientation of bacterial cells at these frequencies.     

Inactivation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Disinfectants

Twenty-four chemical disinfectants considered to be viricidal were tested. Ten disinfectants were not viricidal for vesicular stomatitis virus within 10 min at 20 C when an LD(50) titer of 10(8.5) virus units per 0.1 ml were to be inactivated. Quantitative inactivation experiments were done with acid, alkaline, and a substituted phenolic disinfectant to determine the kinetics of the virus inactivation. Substituted phenolic disinfectants, halogens, and cresylic and hydrochloric acids were viricidal. Basic compounds such as lye and sodium metasilicate were not viricidal.     

Heterogeneity in the efficacy of dental chemical disinfectants on water-derived biofilms in vitro

Abstract

Conditions in dental unit waterlines are favourable for biofilm growth and contamination of dental unit water. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of several chemical disinfectants on bacteria in a biofilm model. Water-derived biofilms were grown in a static biofilm model (Amsterdam Active Attachment model), using two growth media. Biofilms were challenged with Alpron/Bilpron, Anoxyl, Citrisil, Dentosept, Green & Clean, ICX and Oxygenal in shock dose and maintenance doses. The concentration and the composition of the chemical disinfectants influenced the number of culturable bacteria in the biofilms. The application of a single shock dose followed by a low dose of the same chemical disinfectants resulted in the greatest suppression of viable bacteria in the biofilms. Exposure to Citrisil and ICX consistently resulted in failure to control the biofilms, while Alpron/Bilpron had a substantial and relevant effect on the number of bacteria in the biofilms.     

Effects of the peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite on the colour stability and surface roughness of the denture base acrylic resins polymerised by microwave and water bath methods

Objective: This study evaluated the surface roughness (Ra) and color stability of acrylic resin colors (Lucitone 550, QC‐20 and Vipi‐Wave) used for fabricating bases for complete, removable dentures, overdentures and prosthetic protocol after immersion in chemical disinfectants (1% sodium hypochlorite and 2% peracetic acid) for 30 and 60 minutes. Material and Methods: Sixty specimens were made of each commercial brand of resin composite, and divided into 2 groups according to the chemical disinfectants. Specimens had undergone the finishing and polishing procedures, the initial color and roughness measurements were taken (t=0), and after this, ten test specimens of each commercial brand of resin composite were immersed in sodium hypochlorite and ten in peracetic acid, for 30 and 60 minutes, with measurements being taken after each immersion period. These data were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: There was evidence of an increase in Ra after 30 minutes immersion in the disinfectants in all the resins, with QC‐20 presenting the highest Ra values, and Vipi‐Wave the lowest. After 60 minutes immersion in the disinfectants all the resins presented statistically significant color alteration. Conclusions: Disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid altered the properties of roughness and color of the resins.     

Disinfection in Food Processing – Efficacy Testing of Disinfectants

The key to effective cleaning and disinfection of food plants is the understanding of the type of the soil to be removed from the surfaces. An efficient cleaning and disinfection procedure consists of a sequence of rinses using good quality water with application of detergents and disinfectants. Disinfection is required in food plant operations, where wet surfaces provide favourable conditions for the growth of microbes. The efficacy of disinfectants is usually determined in suspensions, which do not mimic the growth conditions on surfaces where the agents are required to inactivate the microbes. Therefore, the suspension tests do not give adequate information and reliable carrier tests, which mimic surface growth, are needed. In developing a proposal for the testing of disinfectants on surfaces to an analytical standard, it is important to identify the major sources of variation in the procedure. In response to the need for a relatively realistic, simple and reliable test for disinfectant efficacy a method for culturing laboratory model biofilms has developed. The use of artificial biofilms i.e. biofilm-constructs inoculated with process contaminants in disinfectant testing can also be used for screening the activity of various disinfectants on biofilm cells. Both biofilm carrier tests showed clearly that the biofilm protects the microbes against the disinfectants. The chemical cleanliness is also essential in food plants. The total cleanliness of the process lines is mainly based on measuring the microbial load using culturing techniques. These results can give an incorrect picture of the total cleanliness, because the viable microbes do not grow when disinfectants are left on the surface. The luminescent bacteria light inhibition method offers a useful alternative for testing chemical residue left on surfaces after cleaning and disinfection operations.     

Resistance of spheroplasts and whole cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bactericidal activity of various biocides: evidence of the membrane implication

To emphasise the role of outer and inner membranes in the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bactericidal activity of various disinfectants, spheroplasts and whole cells were compared. Spheroplasts are more sensitive than whole cells to quaternary ammonium compounds such as didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) and C16-benzalkonium chloride. The outer membrane acts as a barrier to prevent these disinfectants from entering the cell. It seems to have no influence on activities of smaller molecules such as C12, C14-benzalkonium chlorides and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. For tri-sodium phosphate, the presence of outer membrane emphasized the action of the molecule. Moreover, resistance of DDAB-adapted spheroplasts to bactericidal activity of DDAB is higher than the resistance of non-adapted spheroplasts. This suggests that the inner membrane could also play a role in resistance to DDAB.     

Inactivation of Bacillus piliformis spores by heat and certain chemical disinfectants

The inactivation of Tyzzer's organism (Bacillus piliformis) spore isolated from rats by heat and various chemical disinfectants was studied. The spores were from B. piliformis-infected rat liver tissues. The spore suspension (10(4) 50% of rat liver lesion producing dose with prednisolone treatment/ml) was treated with heart or disinfectants. Inactivation of the spores was examined in experimentally infected rats. Rats were inoculated perorally with a treated spore suspension and injected subcutaneously with prednisolone. On the sixth day after inoculation, rats were examined grossly for liver lesions. Spores were inactivated at 80 degrees C for 15 min but not at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Spores were inactivated by 0.4% peracetic acid, 0.015% sodium hypochrolite, 1% iodophol, 5% phenol. Alcide and 0.37% formaldehyde solution, but not by 0.037% formaldehyde solution, 70% ethanol, 0.3% benzethonium chloride solution, 3% cresol and soap solution, or 4% chlorhexidine digluconate. These findings suggest that B. piliformis spores are relatively sensitive to heat and certain chemical disinfectants.     

Comparative susceptibility of planktonic and 3‐day‐old Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms to disinfectants

Aims: To compare the susceptibility of a 3‐day‐old biofilm and planktonic Salmonella to disinfectants at different exposure times. We hypothesize that Salmonella biofilms are more resilient to disinfectants compared to planktonic Salmonella. Methods and Results: The susceptibility of planktonic cells to disinfectants was tested by a modified version of the Council of Europe suspension test EN 1276. Salmonella biofilms were formed using the Calgary Biofilm Device. Results show that 3‐day‐old Salmonella biofilms are less susceptible to the disinfectants benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, citric acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, sodium hypochlorite (SH) and ethanol, compared to planktonic Salmonella. Surprisingly, the results also demonstrate that low concentrations of SH were more effective against a 3‐day‐old biofilm compared to high concentrations of SH. Conclusions: While all the disinfectants evaluated were able to reduce biofilm‐associated cells at concentrations and contact times sufficient to eliminate planktonic cells, there were still sufficient viable cells remaining in the biofilm to cause further contamination and potential infection. Significance and Impact of the Study: Protocols for the use of chemical disinfectants need to include biofilm susceptibility testing. There is a requirement for an effective and standardized tool for determining the susceptibility of biofilms to disinfectants.     

Stability of Minute Virus of Mice to Chemical and Physical Agents

Minute virus of mice (MVM), a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid Parvovirus, was subjected to various inactivation procedures, including chemical disinfectants, heat, and ultraviolet radiation. MVM was found to be less stable than has been reported for other Parvoviruses. This virus was readily inactivated by a variety of chemical disinfectants, including alcohols, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and chloroform. MVM was more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation than was Kilham's rat virus. MVM was more sensitive to heating at temperatures of 35 to 100 C than has been reported for other Parvoviruses. More than 95% of MVM infectivity was inactivated by heating (45, 60, or 100 C) for 60 min, acid (pH 2.0) treatment, or ultraviolet radiation treatment, although a small percentage (less than 2%) of the virus preparation was found to be resistant to these treatments. In addition, more than 99% of the infectivity of MVM was lost after storage at 4C for 10 weeks, although the virus was stable on storage in liquid nitrogen.     

Bacterial disinfectant resistance—a challenge for the food industry

The focus on hygiene in the food industry has resulted in an increasing use of chemical disinfection and it has been speculated that this will impose a selective pressure and contribute to the emergence of disinfectant-resistant microorganisms. The frequency of strains with a low-level resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) is relatively high for Listeria monocytogenes (10%), Staphylococcus spp. (13%) and Pseudomonas spp. (30%) and lower for lactic acid bacteria (1.5%) and coliforms (1%) isolated from food and food processing industry. In general, bacteria isolated after disinfection are more resistant and represent a potential food safety or food spoilage problem. Adaptation to disinfectants may be accompanied by cross-resistance to related disinfectants. We have recently found a genetic linkage between resistance to QAC and antibiotics in food associated staphylococci, and there is a growing concern about cross-resistance between antibiotics and disinfectants.Disinfectant resistance can in most cases be prevented by effective cleaning and disinfection procedures. More effort should be made to avoid build-up of resistance in food production environments.