漠甲亚科八种幼虫记述（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）

漠甲亚科Ｐｉｍｅｌｉｉｎａｅ是一类广布于古北区的耐旱沙漠昆虫,幼虫在沙土内发育,危害植物嫩芽和根部,经济意义较大。本文记述了采自宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古和新疆的８个种,即多毛扁漠甲、谢氏宽漠甲、泥脊漠甲［１］、洛氏脊漠甲［１］、光滑胖漠甲［１］、蒙古漠王、谢氏宽漠王和大宽漠王的幼虫,并给出它们的检索表。幼虫标本保存于宁夏农学院。     

基于28S rDNA片段的叩甲科昆虫系统发育分析:系统发育与分类(鞘翅目:叩甲科)（英文）

叩甲科昆虫是叩甲总科中最大的一科,广泛分布于全世界。但是直到现在叩甲科的分类系统还存在着不确定的地方,因为早期的分类系统是基于成虫和幼虫的外部形态特征建立的,很多的族、属、甚至亚科的划分都有争议。本研究利用核糖体28S rD NA片段,对国内采集的叩甲科昆虫共80种进行系统发育分析。分析中还采用了Gen Bank已有的86种叩甲科昆虫序列作为内群,14种外群,利用邻接法、最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建系统发育树。不同方法构建的系统发育树结构相同,并部分支持了基于外部形态特征建立的分类系统。结果显示,叩甲科共分为5个分支,分别为齿胸叩甲亚科分支、小叩甲亚科分支、心盾叩甲亚科分支、萤叩甲亚科分支以及叩甲亚科分支。其中,方胸叩甲属属于叩甲科类群,在系统树中却更加接近于红萤科,并且外群中萤科的位置也与以前的观点不同。研究的结果支持叩甲科昆虫具有良好的单系性。并且根据结果提出以下假设:尖鞘叩甲亚科、异角叩甲亚科和胖叩甲亚科可以纳入齿胸叩甲亚科内部;单叶叩甲亚科和槽缝叩甲亚科并入萤叩甲亚科;梳爪叩甲亚科并入叩甲亚科。这个结论还需要引入更多的种类及分子标记来加以证实。     

漠甲亚科八种幼虫记述(鞘翊目：拟步甲科)

漠甲亚科Pimcliinae是一类广布于古北区的耐旱沙漠昆虫,幼虫在沙土内发育,危害 植物嫩芽和根部,经济意义较大。本文记述了采自宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古和新疆的8个种,即多毛扁漠甲、谢氏宽漠甲、泥脊漠甲^[1]、洛氏脊漠甲^[1]、光滑胖漠甲^[1]、蒙古漠王、谢氏宽漠王和大宽漠王的幼虫,并给出它们的检索表。幼虫标本保存于宁夏农学院。     

基于内转录间隔区基因片段对叩甲科昆虫的系统发育研究

【目的】采用叩甲科昆虫的内转录间隔区(ITS-2)片段对叩甲科昆虫部分种类进行系统发育分析,明确各亚科类群间的亲缘关系并同传统分类系统进行比较,验证ITS-2片段是否能用于叩甲科昆虫的分子系统学研究。【方法】基于叩甲科昆虫的内转录间隔区(ITS-2)片段,对10个亚科69个种类的叩甲进行了系统发育分析。进行系统发育信号检测,计算各亚科之间的遗传距离,采用邻接法、似然法和简约法三种模型构建系统发育树。【结果】3种方法构建系统发育树结构基本一致,各亚科都能被很好的聚类,且各亚科间遗传距离符合传统分类学观点。同时,分析结果也支持对传统分类系统进行修改:尖鞘叩甲亚科Oxynopterinae和异角叩甲亚科Pityobiinae被聚入齿胸叩甲亚科Denticollinae,建议将尖鞘叩甲亚科和异角叩甲亚科同齿胸叩甲亚科合并;槽缝叩甲亚科Agrypninae和单叶叩甲亚科Conoderinae并入萤叩甲亚科Pyrophorinae;梳爪叩甲类群Melanotinae被聚类到叩甲亚科Elaterinae内,建议将梳爪叩甲亚科并入叩甲亚科。【结论】分析结果显示,ITS-2片段适用于叩甲科昆虫低级分类阶元的系统发育分析,各亚科之间的亲缘关系符合传统的分类学观点,但聚类结果也有同传统分类系统有所不同,可为分类系统的修改提供依据。     

犀金龟亚科昆虫（鞘翅目∶金龟科）的分类研究历史及中国研究进展

犀金龟亚科Dynastinae隶属于昆虫纲Insecta鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟总科Scarabaeoidea，金龟科Scarabaeidae，多为大型至特大型甲虫。该亚科昆虫世界广泛分布，目前全世界种类已发现8族225属1 860余种。犀金龟成虫为植食性，幼虫多腐食性，部分植食性，其幼虫主要危害植物的地下部分，有些种类是重要的农林业害虫。因此，开展犀金龟系统分类的相关研究对农林业生产具有重要意义。此外，犀金龟亚科昆虫大多外形奇特、极具有观赏性，深受爱好者的喜爱，对其生物学、分类学的研究热度持续升高，促使国际贸易盛行，但同时也存在生物多样性保护和外来入侵物种威胁生态系统平衡等问题。犀金龟亚科的分类学研究主要集中在成虫形态学方面，而该类群一些属的成虫鉴定特征与丽金龟亚科的极为相似，导致犀金龟亚科分类系统常存在争议，因此引入幼虫和蛹的形态特征及分子信息可为犀金龟亚科的分类系统提供新的证据。本文回顾了犀金龟亚科的研究历史以及其对经济的影响，给出了中国犀金龟亚科物种列表，但该亚科现阶段分类学仍以新种记述为主，研究方法较单一，因此分子生物学等技术的发展可为未来研究提供新思路。     

二种脊漠甲的室内生物学特性观察

在宁夏银川利用室内自然条件比较观察了莱氏脊漠甲Pterocoma reitteri Frivaldszky和洛氏脊漠甲Pterocoma loczyi Frivaldszky的生物学特性。莱氏脊漠甲2年发生1代,以成虫和幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫于翌年6月下旬至9月上旬化蛹,羽化成虫7月上旬开始出现;洛氏脊漠甲2年发生1代,以成虫和幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫于翌年3月中、下旬出土活动,并在5月下旬至7月下旬化蛹,羽化成虫6月上旬出现。2种脊漠甲的幼虫在室内饲养条件下均有自相残杀的习性。     

STUDY ON HIND WING VENATION OF LUCANIDAE (COLEOPTERA, SCARABAEOIDEA) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN SYSTEMATICS

采用Bartolozzi& Sprecher (2006)分类系统,对锹甲科6亚科19属43种个体后翅脉相进行研究,从亚科阶元对翅脉性状进行描述与比较分析,初步探讨了后翅脉相的分类学意义:1)RA4脉与RP1脉是否融合以及RA3+4端部是否反折等特征在不同亚科间差异明显,可作为亚科分类检索的重要特征;2)刀锹甲亚科Dorcinae与锹甲亚科Luncainae代表性属种后翅翅脉特征存在显著不同,表明Holloway (2007)将两者合并的结论并不适用于古北、东洋界种类;3)盾锹甲属Aegus应归入奥锹甲亚科Odontolabinae;柱锹甲属Prismognathus和环锹甲属.Cyclommatus应归入锹甲亚科Lucaninae;4)不同属间后翅脉相特征为探讨疑难属广义刀锹甲属Dorcus(s.l.)的分类问题提供了参考.     

叶甲亚科三种蛹的形态学研究

对叶甲亚科 3属 3种蛹的形态特征进行了详细描述 ,分别为小猿叶甲PhaedonbrassicaeBaly ,菜无缘叶甲ColaphellusbowringiiBaly和柳圆叶甲Plagioderaversicolor(Laicharting) ,其中菜无缘叶甲为首次描述。同时对蛹的形态特征在叶甲亚科系统演化方面的作用进行了一定的探讨     

锹甲科昆虫后翅脉相分析及其分类学意义探讨

采用Bartolozzi & Sprecher(2006)分类系统,对锹甲科6亚科19属43种个体后翅脉相进行研究,从亚科阶元对翅脉性状进行描述与比较分析,初步探讨了后翅脉相的分类学意义:1)RA4脉与RP1脉是否融合以及RA3+4端部是否反折等特征在不同亚科间差异明显,可作为亚科分类检索的重要特征;2)刀锹甲亚科Dorcinae与锹甲亚科Luncainae代表性属种后翅翅脉特征存在显著不同,表明Holloway(2007)将两者合并的结论并不适用于古北、东洋界种类;3)盾锹甲属Aegus应归入奥锹甲亚科Odontolabinae;柱锹甲属Prismognathus和环锹甲属Cyclommatus应归入锹甲亚科Lucaninae;4)不同属间后翅脉相特征为探讨疑难属广义刀锹甲属Dorcus(s.l.)的分类问题提供了参考。     

基于28S rDNA 的叩甲科分子系统发育关系研究

【目的】通过对叩甲科（Elateridae）昆虫核糖体28S rDNA基因片段序列进行比较,从分子水平研究叩甲科昆虫的系统发育关系,并和传统分类结果相比较,为我国叩甲科分类系统的论证和进一步修订奠定基础。【方法】将自测的我国9种（含两个地理种群）共10个叩甲科昆虫样品的28S rDNA基因片段序列与GenBank报道的32种叩甲科昆虫进行同一性比较,用DNAStar Lasergene v 7.1.0和MEGA4.0（NJ法、MP法和ME法）构建分子系统发育树。【结果】在获得的890 bp的序列中,保守位点477个,占全部位点的56.1％;简约位点291个,占全部位点的34.2％;G+C的平均含量为63.9％,明显高于A+T的平均含量,碱基组成偏向G和C;转换（transition）稍高于颠换（transversion）。遗传距离分析表明叩甲科昆虫各亚科内各种间遗传距离在0.000～0.130之间变动,明显小于各亚科之间的遗传距离。不同的系统发育树都支持叩甲科为一单系群,并将10个亚科聚为4个聚类簇:聚类簇Ⅰ为梳爪叩甲亚科（Melanotinae）＋叩甲亚科（Elaterinae）,聚类簇Ⅱ为槽缝叩甲亚科（Agrypninae）＋萤叩甲亚科（Pyrophorinae）＋单叶叩甲亚科（Conoderinae）,聚类簇Ⅲ为小叩甲亚科（Negastriinae）＋心盾叩甲亚科（Cardiophorinae）,聚类簇Ⅳ为齿胸叩甲亚科（Denticollinae）＋尖鞘叩甲亚科（Oxynopterinae）和异角叩甲亚科（Pityobiinae）。它们来源于2个支系,支系1包含聚类簇Ⅰ,支系2包含聚类簇Ⅱ、聚类簇Ⅲ和聚类簇Ⅳ,而Senodonia quadricollis总是单独作为一支与其他叩甲分开。【结论】本研究证实了过去基于成虫和幼虫形态为基础的分类系统的基本合理性,一是叩甲科为一单系类群;二是叩甲科可明显地分为4个簇群;三是心盾叩甲亚科（Cardiophorinae）为一单系类群,但其他许多亚科存在并系的情况,特别是Senodonia quadricollis的归属还需进一步论证。28S rDNA 序列分析是一种很好的研究叩甲科从种级到科级各类群间的系统发育关系的方法。     

科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中的物种多样性

对内蒙古科尔沁地区沙漠化过程中物种多样性的变化特征进行了分析 ,依据植物种在各类型沙漠化土地的出现频率和不同沙漠化阶段各生活型植物种的组成 ,探讨了沙漠化过程中植物种绝灭和定居特点 .物种多样性指数分析表明 ,沙漠化过程是一个物种多样性衰减的过程 ,沙漠化首先导致特有种的绝灭 ,其次为稀有种和普通种 .从植物的生活型来看 ,多年生草本和灌木类植物受沙漠化影响最大 ,而 1年生草本和半灌木类植物可存活于沙漠化过程各个阶段 .在沙漠化过程中植物种的绝灭速率大于定居速率 .     

Remnant shrubs in Mediterranean semi-arid steppes: effects of shrub size, abiotic factors and species identity on understorey richness and occurrence

Isolated shrub patches are a key element for community structure and dynamics in semi-arid ecosystems, and may act as “hot spots” of understorey species diversity. Despite its importance, the relationships between shrub patch characteristics and understorey species richness, and the relative importance of these characteristics against other factors driving understorey species richness, are still poorly understood. We studied perennial species richness under the canopy of late-successional shrubs in semi-arid Stipa tenacissima steppes of SE Spain. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between shrub size and understorey richness, and to test if this relationship is modified by species identity. We also aimed to know the relative importance of shrub patch characteristics and abiotic factors as predictors of the distribution of understorey species under shrub canopies. Altitude and geographical co-ordinates were able to significantly explain the patterns of shrub occurrence and abundance in the study area. Understorey species richness was significantly related to the size of individual shrubs according to a simple power relationship for all evaluated species. Slope values of linear regressions with log-transformed data, ranging between 0.22 and 0.37, did not differ between species. Site characteristics, patch characteristics and patch species identity significantly explained the occurrence of species on patches. However, the relative importance of site characteristics was higher than that of patch characteristics and species identity in explaining these patterns. Our results agree with the general expectations of the theory of island biogeography and complement previous studies that emphasise the importance of late-successional shrubs in semi-arid Stipa steppes. Environmental management activities within these steppes should promote the conservation of remnant shrubs, as well as its introduction with restoration activities.     

宁夏六盘山地区蝶类区系研究

分析研究六盘山地区蝶类区系,结果表明:六盘山地区蝴蝶共有5科68属130种,其中宁夏新纪录种52种;组成以古北区和东洋区共有种为主体,占总种数的67.69%;区系过渡性明显。     

广州市屋顶自然生长的植物

本文报道了广州市屋顶自然生长的植物种类调查结果,共记录维管植物49科109属128种.通过调查及分析,推荐16种有较好屋顶绿化潜力的物种.     

湖北省三种蟋蟀鸣声结构分析（直翅目：蟋蟀总科）

重点对湖北省３种蟋蟀的鸣声结构进行了较系统的分析研究,从频域特征和时域特征明显地显示了种间差异。     

Ancient colonization predicts recent naturalization in Anolis lizards

The distributions and characteristics of naturalized species may be explained by novel anthropogenous aspects of world biogeography such as the creation of favorable transport environments for propagules on ships. Conversely, the unprecedented connectivity of humans may simply accelerate omnipresent ecological and evolutionary forces, for example, ships may allow species that are generally good dispersers to disperse more quickly. As a null hypothesis, there may be no human component to species naturalization. The first hypothesis predicts that naturalized species will possess unusual characteristics specific to interactions with humans. The latter two hypotheses predict similarity between ancient colonizers and recently naturalized species. In this article, we present a test of the latter hypotheses and show how they may be reconciled with the former. We show that species of Anolis lizard that are ancient solitary colonizers share characteristics of size, shape, scalation, and phylogeny with naturalized species of Anolis. Characteristics of ancient solitary colonizers predict naturalization approximately as well as characteristics of naturalized species themselves. These results suggest the existence of a general colonizing type of Anolis, and that contemporary patterns of naturalization are at least partially explained by abilities that are unrelated to interactions with humans.     

Local habitat measures derived from aerial pictures are not strong predictors of amphibian occurrence or abundance

Species monitoring plays an important role in determining whether conservation targets are being met. However, monitoring programs can be costly and logistically demanding. When site characteristics are strongly linked to species’ status, managers may instead choose to monitor the site characteristics themselves as a surrogate of species status. In this study, we modelled the occupancy status and abundance of pond-breeding amphibians in a network of protected areas across Switzerland. We incorporated remotely-sensed data describing habitat within breeding sites in order to identify any characteristics which could act as monitoring surrogates for amphibian species’ status. We found that connectivity between amphibian breeding sites was an important predictor of occupancy patterns for all species, but that abundance patterns were poorly predicted. Despite expectations that the habitat characteristics assessed from aerial images were important for the species studied, we found that these variables were rarely strong predictors of occupancy patterns. These results highlight the importance of caution in identifying species monitoring surrogates, and the need to explicitly demonstrate strong relationships between surrogates and state variables of interest before surrogates are used.     

竹亚科单枝竹属芸香竹花枝和花特征补充描述

繁殖器官在竹类植物的分类学研究中具有重要意义,研究组在广西马山县观察到竹亚科单枝竹属芸香竹正在开花,该文根据观察到的开花状况和采集到的标本解剖观察结果,对其花枝和繁殖器官特征做了详细的中文及拉丁文补充描述。经对比芸香竹与属内已知繁殖器官结构的单枝竹和小花单枝竹的繁殖器官,3个竹种有相同的繁殖器官结构特征,但在小花数目和大小等方面具有差异。繁殖器官比较表明该属竹种的繁殖器官对喀斯特地貌环境有特殊的适应性,也支持依据营养器官差异划分为3个独立竹种。     

Soil heterogeneity in tree mixtures depends on spatial clustering of tree species

Heterogeneity in soil characteristics promotes and maintains coexistence between a diverse set of species. In forests, trees have species-specific impacts on soil abiotic characteristics and mixing of tree species is being promoted as a tool to ensure high levels of diversity and functioning. Yet, limited knowledge is available on the effect of tree species composition and spatial clustering on heterogeneity in soil characteristics. In this paper we derived heterogeneity of key characteristics of the leaf litterfall, the forest floor and the mineral topsoil (C, N and base cation concentration, C:N ratio and mass) in 53 plots of 7 different tree species compositions. We found that heterogeneity increased from the leaf litterfall, through the forest floor down to the mineral topsoil. Mixing tree species did not lead to an increased heterogeneity in the forest floor and topsoil compared to monocultures. However, we did find that mixed plots where conspecific trees stand in groups are more heterogeneous than plots where species are intimately mixed. Our results imply that heterogeneity in soil characteristics does not necessarily increase with tree diversity, but that within mixed stands the spatial organization of tree species should be considered in relation to the scale at which heterogeneity is desired.     

Taxonomic review of the genus Symmorphus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from the Far East

Far Eastern species of the genus Symmorphus Wesmael are taxonomically reviewed. Fourteen species are recognized. Taxonomic information regarding this group that has been treated fragmentarily is summarized in this study. A revised key is presented, and recognition characteristics and images are supplied for each species.