三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

 根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林林隙干扰状况的研究

 本文研究了长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林林隙干扰的基本规律,得到了描述林隙干扰状况的一些重要参数。结果表明扩展林隙在阔叶红松林中所占的面积比例是27.36％,而实际林隙所占的面积比例为13.05％,林隙干扰的频率每年约为0.15％;林隙的分布格局是均匀式的。形成林隙最重要的方式是掘根风倒,其次为干基折断;大多数的林隙都是由1～4株形成木形成的,林隙形成木主要是由红松、水曲柳、蒙古栎和紫椴组成;阔叶红松林的主林层乔木在直径为40～60cm和高度为25～30m时,形成林隙的可能性最大。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林干扰状况与林隙特征

对塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林林隙基本特征和干扰状况进行了研究。结果表明：形成的林隙形状近似于椭圆形,椭圆长短轴比率在扩展林隙(EG)和冠空隙(CG)有所不同,平均分别为1.52和2.31;林隙密度约为62.5个?hm-2, EG和CG在塔里木荒漠河岸林景观中的面积比例分别为69.52%和29.03%,干扰频率分别为1.45%?a-1和0.61%?a-1,林隙干扰返回间隔期约为164a。林隙大小结构表现出以小林隙为主的偏正态分布,EG大小40—200m2,CG大小0—80m2。林隙形成速率为1.30个?hm-2a-1,20—30a前形成的林隙最多。林隙形成方式由树木折干 枯立形成的最为普遍,占形成木总数95.73%。林隙大多由2—5株形成木形成, 而由4株形成木创造的林隙最多,平均每个林隙拥有形成木4.1株。林隙形成木主要为森林建群种,林隙形成木分布最多的径级在5—25cm,高度在4—8m,每株形成木所能形成的EG面积为27.12m2, CG面积为11.32m2。边缘木的径级结构呈正态分布,而高度结构呈偏左的正态分布,平均每个林隙拥有8.375株边缘木,林隙边缘木平均胸径比形成木平均胸径高73.1%,表明荒漠河岸林林隙干扰十分频繁,地下水位的持续下降是林隙形成的驱动力。     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林主要种群及林隙形成木的空间格局

调查了小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林1.5 hm²(100 m×150 m)固定样地内的物种组成和径级结构,用点格局方法分析样地内主要种群的空间格局和空间关联性以及林隙形成木的空间格局.结果表明： 样地内胸径≥2 cm的乔木有13种,种群密度差异大,重要值在前4位的为臭冷杉、红皮云杉、白桦和花楷槭.种群的径级结构近似倒“J”形.臭冷杉和红皮云杉空间分布相似,随空间尺度的变化趋势为聚集 随机 均匀分布.白桦在≤40 m尺度为聚集分布,>40 m尺度变为随机分布,而花楷槭在整个研究尺度上均为聚集分布.除白桦和花楷槭两者间在整个研究尺度上均为负相关以外,其余种群间均为小尺度上正相关、大尺度上负相关.臭冷杉和白桦种群间正相关的显著性强,其他种群间正相关性普遍较弱.样地内林隙形成木的空间格局表现为中小尺度聚集分布,随尺度增大趋于随机分布.掘根形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局呈单峰型分布,随机、聚集和均匀3种分布均有出现.折干形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局分布整体波动不大,小尺度上在随机和聚集分布间交替出现,到大尺度则归于随机分布.两者间的空间关联性分析表明,≤32 m尺度为显著正相关,>32 m尺度为不显著的负相关.     

长白山暗针叶林林隙一般特征及干扰状况

对长白山暗针叶林林隙一般特征和干扰状况进行了研究。结果表明：长白山暗针叶林林隙的线状密度为２１．１５个／ｋｍ,扩展林隙所占的面积比例为２９．４５％,冠空隙所占的面积比例为１５．８１％;冠空隙的年干扰频率为０．２４％,干扰轮回期为４１６．７ａ左右;冠空隙的大小变化在１７．９—３４０．３ｍ＾２之间,＜１００ｍ＾２的冠空隙个数较多,冠空隙的平均面积为９３．６０ｍ＾２;扩展林隙的大小变化在４３．６—４８２．３ｍ＾２之间,５０一２００ｍ＾２之间的扩展林隙个数较多,扩展林隙的平均面积为１７４．３４ｍ＾２;暗针叶林林隙形成的主要方式是风倒;在长白山暗针叶林中,大多数林隙是由２—６株形成木形成,其中由３株形成木形成的林隙员多,单株或７株以上形成木形成的林隙数量很少;在暗针叶林中,１０一４０ａ前这段时间形成的林隙较多,特别是２０一３０ａ期间形成的林隙员多。其它阶段形成的林隙较少;暗针叶林的林隙大多是由臭冷杉、落叶松和鱼鳞云杉形成。径级在１０一３０ｃｍ之间,高度在２５—３０ｍ之间的主林层树木形成林隙的可能性最大。暗针叶林林分组成、林隙干扰方式和程度随海拔高度的变化而变化。     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙及其自然干扰特征的研究

通过对福建万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林中96个林隙的调查,研究了中亚热带常绿阔叶林的基本特征和自然干扰规律,结果表明,在中亚热带常绿阔叶林中,扩展林隙(EG)和冠空隙(CG)在中亚热带常绿阔叶林景观中的面积比例分别为50．86％和16．66％,每年干扰频率分别为0．85％·年^-1和0．28％·年^-1,林隙干扰的返回间隔期约为357年．林隙形成方式由树木折干形成的最为普遍,占形成木总数58．04％。其次是由于掘根风倒而形成的,占33．48％．林隙大多由两株树木形成,平均每个林隙拥有形成木2．33株．扩展林隙的大小多在100～300m^2之间,其中以200～300m^2者所占的面积比例最大,而以100～200m^2者所占的数量比例最大,冠空隙的大小多在100m^2以下,其中50m^2以下所占的数量比例和面积比例都是最大的．林隙形成木分布最多的径级在20～30cm之间。     

蛟河阔叶红松林林冠干扰及林隙更新研究

研究了吉林蛟河实验林场阔叶红松林的林冠干扰状况及林隙更新的基本规律。结果表明,扩展林隙（ＥＧ）和冠空隙（ＣＧ）在阔叶红松林中所占的面积比例分别是１８．０９％和１２．５１％,林冠干扰的返回间隔期为７００ａ左右;ＣＧ的大小平均为ＥＧ的６９％,ＥＧ的面积变化在１７—２８４ｍ２之间,平均为７５．４９ｍ２,而ＣＧ的面积变化在１０—２３４ｍ２之间,平均为５１．９８ｍ２,大多数林隙的平均直径仅为主林层树高的２０—６０％;大多数的林隙是由单株形成木形成的,形成林隙最重的方式是干基折断和掘根风倒;林隙形成木主要是由红松、沙松、枫桦和鱼鳞松四个树种组成,林隙形成木的胸径大都在４０—８０ｃｍ之间,树高在２５—３０ｍ之间;林隙的空间分布格局是均匀型的。不同树种在林隙内外的数量特征不同,随着林隙与非林隙的交替变化,不同树种的优势地位亦发生相应的变化,根据不同树种在林隙内外重要值位序差值的大小,可将蛟河阔叶红松林内树种对林隙的更新反应划分为三种类型。林隙及非林隙林分的物种多样性特征不同     

卧龙自然保护区针阔混交林林隙更新规律

 卧龙自然保护区五一棚大熊猫野外观测站周围的针阔混交林由于历史原因破坏严重,长期以来自然恢复较差。为调查该区林隙更新的现状及其影响因素,作者采用林隙样线调查方法研究了该区针阔混交林林隙更新规律。结果显示,历史上的自然干扰与人为干扰共同影响着该区林隙更新的格局和特征,林隙天然更新受环境因素制约,更新规律表现为：更新幼苗的种类较形成木的种类丰富,更新乔木幼苗的优势度排序与形成木不同;林隙主要树种的更新受各类环境因子的影响而存在差异,桦木（Betula spp.）更新受地形影响较大,岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）受土壤因素影响显著,杜鹃（Rhododendron spp.）更新则受地形因子和林隙形成木的特征影响显著;更新物种的多样性指数均表现出受土壤因子的影响显著。由此推测,林隙大小并非影响该区林隙更新的关键因素,而土壤因素可能是制约优势树种天然更新和更新物种多样性的重要原因之一。     

藏东南亚高山冷杉林林隙特征与干扰状况研究

从林隙的大小结构、干扰频率、形成方式及林隙内形成木的数量特征等几个方面,对藏东南色季拉山亚高冷杉林的典型群落类型－－藓类冷杉林的林隙干扰关况进行了分析。结果表明,在冷杉林中,扩展林隙（EG）和冠空隙（CG）的面积分别占林分总面积的41．73％和14．71％;平均每年有0．82％的林分面积转化为扩展林隙,0．29％的林分面积转化为冠空隙;每年1hm^2面积上约有0．31个林隙形成;林隙的干扰周期为345年,在调查的16个林隙中,共有形成木（GM）78株,平均每个林隙中有4．88株,形成林隙最主要的方式是形成木的折倒,其次为根和枯立,主要外力作用是风,当主林层林木直径达到40－60cm、高度15－20m时,形成林隙的可能性最大;同一林隙常常受到形成木多种死亡方式的影响,且形成时期各不相同,藏东南亚高山杉林林由不同年代的多次干扰而形成。     

黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗特征与更新动态

研究了黄土丘陵区油松天然次生林林窗的形状、大小结构、分布、形成木特征及其更新状况.结果表明:在油松天然次生林中，林冠林窗(CG)和扩展林窗(EG)面积均呈以小林窗为主的偏态分布.CG平均面积为31.15 m²,以20～40 m²林窗的数量比和面积比最大,分别为38.24％和30.50％;EG平均面积为58.04 m²,以30～60 m²的数量比和面积比最大,分别为36.77％和27.79％,且CG的平均面积占EG平均面积的53.67％;林窗形状多呈椭圆形,高度多在14～16 m;林窗形成年龄以10～20年为主,占33.82％.林窗中基折和枯立木分别占形成木总数的47.66％和23.44％.林窗形成的主要因素是人为间伐或盗伐,树木衰老等引起的抗性下降、干旱、病虫害等也是导致树木死亡的原因之一;每个林窗中平均有1.89个形成木,其中以2株形成木的林窗最多.林窗形成木主要是油松,其次为山杨、白桦和辽东栎等.形成木的径级呈明显的偏态分布,以10～20 cm和21～30 cm径级最为普遍,分别占总数的25.0%和45.31%,与林窗面积偏态分布吻合;林窗内林木的更新状况好于林下,且油松幼苗不存在断层,而油松林下幼苗在年龄结构上有明显的断层.     

Gap disturbance regime and composition in the Atlantic Montane Rain Forest: the influence of topography

In the Atlantic Montane Rain Forest of south-eastern Brazil, a field study was carried out to describe the forest disturbance regime, analyse canopy gap composition and evaluate the influence of habitat parameters on gap tree species composition. We characterized canopy gaps considering the group of variables as follows: area, type and number of tree/branch falls, topographic position, soil coverage and surrounding canopy trees. Gap composition was assessed at species level by measuring all individuals inside gaps higher than one meter. Mean gap area of the 42 canopy gaps analysed was 71.9 ± 9.0 m2 (mean ± SE). Out of the studied gaps, 35.7% were created by uprooted and by snapped trees, 16.7% by dead-standing trees and 11.9% by the fall of large branches. The disturbance regime was characterized by gap openings predominantly smaller than 150 m2 and by spatial patterning related to topography. Ridges had smaller gaps and higher proportions of gaps created by branch falls; slopes had bigger gaps generally created by uprooting events. The more abundant and frequent species were shade tolerant and the more species-rich families found inside gaps did not differ from the forest as a whole. Pioneer species were rare and restricted to medium and large size classes. The Indicator Species Analysis and the Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated gap area, topography and the percentage of soil cover by the genera Calathea and Ctenanthe were the predominant variables correlated with woody species distribution. So, topography emerged as an important issue not only to the gap disturbance regime, but also to gap colonization. In respect to the influence of gap processes on the Atlantic Montane Rain Forest regeneration, our results support the view that canopy gap events may not be working as promoters of community wide floristic shifts.     

The spatial pattern and canopy-understory association of trees in a cool temperate,mixed forest in western Japan

The spatial distribution pattern of trees and the association between canopy and understory individuals were examined with reference to the distribution of tree crowns in a cool temperate, mixed forest in Ohdaigahara, western Japan. Line transect and contact sampling methods were used to examine the pattern over various spatial scales. These methods are useful to detect patterns over a large study area. The dominance ofChamaecyparis obtusa on steep slopes forming large patches suggested that the distribution of this species is a consequence of landslides. UnderstoryFagus crenata showed a clumped distribution, and the relative coverage of this species was larger in canopy gaps than under a closed canopy. Understory individuals ofAbies homolepis showed a positive association with canopy trees ofF. crenata but a negative association with conspecific canopy individuals. These patterns suggested thatF. crenata regenerates in canopy gaps and is replaced byA. homolepis. The dynamics of these two species are consistent with the process of gap dynamics. The effects of both small- and large-scale disturbance must be evaluated to understand the mechanisms of patch formation and the coexistence of forest tree species.     

Tree species distribution in canopy gaps and mature forest in an area of cloud forest of the Ibitipoca Range,south-eastern Brazil

The tree community of both canopy gaps and mature forest was surveyed in a 5 ha plot of cloud forest in the Ibitipoca Range, south-eastern Brazil, aiming at: (a) comparing the tree community structure of canopy gaps with that of three strata of the mature forest, and (b) relating the tree community structure of canopy gaps with environmental and biotic variables. All saplings of canopy trees with 1–5 m of height established in 31 canopy gaps found within the plot were identified and measured. Mature forest trees with dbh 3 cm were sampled in four 40×40 quadrats laid on the four soil sites recognised in the local soil catena. All surveyed trees were identified, measured and distributed into three forest strata: understorey (<5 m of height), sub-canopy (5.1–15 m) and canopy (15.1–30 m). The following variables were obtained for each gap: mode of formation, age, soil site, slope grade, size, canopy openness and abundance of bamboos and lianas. A detrended correspondence analysis indicated that the tree community structure of gaps in all soil sites was more similar to that of the mature forest understorey, suggesting that the bank of immatures plays an important role in rebuilding the forest canopy and that gap phases may be important for understorey shade-tolerant species. There was evidence of gap-dependence for establishment for only one canopy tree species. Both canonical correspondence analysis and correlation analysis demonstrated for a number of tree species that the distribution of their saplings in canopy gaps was significantly correlated with two variables: soil site and canopy openness. The future forest structure at each gap is probably highly influenced by both the present structure of the adjacent mature forest and the gap creation event.     

Phylogenetic Structure of Tree Species across Different Life Stages from Seedlings to Canopy Trees in a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest

Investigating patterns of phylogenetic structure across different life stages of tree species in forests is crucial to understanding forest community assembly, and investigating forest gap influence on the phylogenetic structure of forest regeneration is necessary for understanding forest community assembly. Here, we examine the phylogenetic structure of tree species across life stages from seedlings to canopy trees, as well as forest gap influence on the phylogenetic structure of forest regeneration in a forest of the subtropical region in China. We investigate changes in phylogenetic relatedness (measured as NRI) of tree species from seedlings, saplings, treelets to canopy trees; we compare the phylogenetic turnover (measured as β_NRI) between canopy trees and seedlings in forest understory with that between canopy trees and seedlings in forest gaps. We found that phylogenetic relatedness generally increases from seedlings through saplings and treelets up to canopy trees, and that phylogenetic relatedness does not differ between seedlings in forest understory and those in forest gaps, but phylogenetic turnover between canopy trees and seedlings in forest understory is lower than that between canopy trees and seedlings in forest gaps. We conclude that tree species tend to be more closely related from seedling to canopy layers, and that forest gaps alter the seedling phylogenetic turnover of the studied forest. It is likely that the increasing trend of phylogenetic clustering as tree stem size increases observed in this subtropical forest is primarily driven by abiotic filtering processes, which select a set of closely related evergreen broad-leaved tree species whose regeneration has adapted to the closed canopy environments of the subtropical forest developed under the regional monsoon climate.     

长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林林隙更新的研究

通过对林隙及非林隙林分组成树种数量特征的对比分析,研究了长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林中主要树种对林隙的更新反应特点,阐述了林隙在阔叶红松林结构与多样性维持中的作用．随着林隙与非林隙的交替变化,红松和阔叶树以及主林层和中下层树种的相对优势（或重要性）亦呈现出交替变化的规律．林隙提高了阔叶红松林的物种丰富度,增加了其多样性,为不同特性物种的共存提供了可能,从而保持了阔叶红松林的整体稳定性．     

Natural disturbance and treefalls in a pine-oak forest on the Peninsula of Baja California,Mexico

The magnitude of natural disturbances by treefalls and their spatial occurrence were studied in a pine-oak forest of Sierra de La Laguna, located at the southern part of the Peninsula of Baja California in Mexico.Twenty transects covering 4 ha, perpendicular to north- and south-facing slopes were sampled. The percentages of rocky outcrops, slope, orientation, and gap size created by treefalls were recorded. The mode of tree death, treefall direction, trunk length, and basal diameter were also measured. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparison tests by contrasts, and chi-square independence tests.Results suggest that exogenous disturbances have an important effect in this community. A mean number of 80 gaps per ha was recorded comprising 18.1% of the observed area. Gap sizes were fitted to a lognormal distribution as 2.3±1.4 and patches were found to be created by single treefalls. Analysis of dead material shows that there are significant differences between numbers of fallen trees on N vs S facing slopes, and that forms of dead trees are significantly associated with species. Snapped trees represent 39.5% of treefalls, dead standing trees 26.4%, uprooted trees 20.5% and cut-down trees 0.9%. The frequency of occurrence of various forms of the dead trees suggests that the cause of mortality is primarily due to the high incidence of tropical hurricanes, and secondly to the combined effect of wind and natural fire which occurs during the rainy summer season.     

Gap dynamics and regeneration strategies in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus-Laurus</Emphasis> forests of the Azores Islands

We asked the following questions regarding gap dynamics and regeneration strategies in Juniperus-Laurus forests: How important are gaps for the maintenance of tree diversity? What are the regeneration strategies of the tree species? Thirty canopy openings were randomly selected in the forest and in each the expanded gap area was delimited. Inside expanded gaps the distinction was made between gap and transition zone. In the 30 expanded gaps a plot, enclosing the gap and transition zone, was placed. In order to evaluate the differences in regeneration and size structure of tree species between forest and expanded gaps, 30 control plots were also delimited in the forest, near each expanded gap. In the 60 plots the number of seedlings, saplings, basal sprouts and adults of tree species were registered. Canopy height and width of adult individuals were also measured. The areas of the 30 gaps and expanded gaps were measured and the gap-maker identified. Juniperus-Laurus forests have a gap dynamic associated with small scale disturbances that cause the death, on average, of two trees, mainly of Juniperus brevifolia. Gap and expanded gap average dimensions are 8 and 25 m², respectively. Gaps are of major importance for the maintenance of tree diversity since they are fundamental for the regeneration of all species, with the exception of Ilex azorica. Three types of regeneration behaviour and five regeneration strategies were identified: (1) Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica are pioneer species that regenerate in gaps from seedlings recruited after gap formation. However, Juniperus brevifolia is a pioneer persistent species capable of maintaining it self in the forest due to a high longevity and biomass; (2) Laurus azorica and Frangula azorica are primary species that regenerate in gaps from seedlings or saplings recruited before gap formation but Laurus azorica is able to maintain it self in the forest through asexual regeneration thus being considered a primary persistent species; (3) Ilex azorica is a mature species that regenerates in the forest.     

Community dynamics of evergreen broadleaf forests in southwestern Japan

The process and rate of revegetation in gaps in an evergreen oak forest were studied by comparing the species composition, tree density, frequency distribution of tree height, and relation between diameter at breast height and tree height among different aged stands. For estimating stand ages, the ages of gap indicators, such as,Symplocos prunifolia andAcer rufinerve, were very useful. It took about 70 years for gaps to be filled by large fully-grown trees. Since the mean residence time of the forest canopy was 180 years, the trees that attain the forest canopy were expected to be canopy trees for 110 years on the average. Tree densities of all broadleaved evergreens exceptS. prunifolia, were independent of stand age. On the other hand, densities of gap indicators,S. prunifolia andA. rufinerve, decreased as stand age increased. Other deciduous broadleaf and coniferous species were scarce as a whole. According to the frequency distributions of height of live and dead trees in different aged stands, it was suggested that shorter trees were more susceptible to death than taller trees. The self-thinning in revegetation process in gaps approximately followed the 3/2 power law, though the power was larger (−1.32) than expected from the law.     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究 I．林隙基本特征

为探讨我国亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林的林隙干扰特征,对三峡大老岭地区这一植被类型进行调查,分析了植被中林隙的数量、类型及成因;林隙形成木（GM）的类型、数量、物种构成和径级结构,以及林隙和GM的多尺度空间格局特征。结果表明1）林隙密度为11.7个*hm-2;冠林隙和扩展林隙分别占森林面积的11.09%和27.06%。平均每个林窗的形成木为4.5株;单株GM形成的林隙只占17.46%,其中翻倒木集群性最强。对林隙形成的贡献大小次序是翻倒木>折干>枯立>折枝。2）林隙成因方面冬雪和春、秋冻雨的影响最大;病害影响其次;树木间的牵连和撞击扩大了林隙的范围;陡峭的地形增大林隙形成的机率;干旱的影响很小。3）68种GM主要是森林建群种;常绿树种形成林隙的平均机率高于落叶种。4）GM的胸径结构表明本地森林林隙干扰十分频繁。