碳纳米材料的环境行为及其对环境中污染物迁移归趋的影响

碳纳米材料具有广阔的应用前景,近年来已成为一大研究热点.工程碳纳米材料的大量生产和使用将不可避免地造成这些材料向环境中的释放,可能带来环境和生态风险.一方面,碳纳米材料本身具有环境毒性,另一方面碳纳米材料对环境中有毒有害污染物有较强的吸附性能,因此会影响污染物迁移转化等环境行为.目前,对碳纳米材料生态风险的研究主要集中于碳纳米材料对生物体可能的毒性,而对其自身环境行为以及影响污染物迁移归趋等方面的研究较少.本文简要概述了碳纳米材料的来源、暴露途径、环境行为以及对污染物迁移归趋的影响,阐述了这些研究对于评估碳纳米材料的环境和生态风险所具有的重要意义.     

磁性纳米材料的生物医学应用进展

以四氧化三铁为代表的医用磁性纳米材料具有独特的磁学性能、表面易功能化、良好的生物学相容性等特点,在纳米医学相关领域展现出巨大的应用前景,特别是近年来它作为可介导外场的智能材料,在材料设计和生物医学应用方面均取得了突破性的进展.鉴于此,本文围绕磁性氧化铁纳米材料的生物医学应用,着重介绍近年来其在磁共振影像探针、磁热和磁力效应的生物医学应用、诊疗一体化以及纳米酶催化等领域的研究进展,并对磁性纳米材料在生物医学领域未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

壳聚糖及其在金属纳米材料制备中的应用

基于来源丰富、独特的理化性质及生物学特性的壳聚糖与金属复合成为纳米材料的研究,引起了研究者广泛的关注。人们利用生物分子或生物有机体合成的金属纳米材料反应条件温和、产物形貌可控、重复性高等特点,结合金属纳米材料的"尺寸效应"与生物分子的自身特性来提高两者的协同功能,进一步拓展研究与应用领域的发展。以下针对近年来壳聚糖、壳聚糖体系金属纳米材料的研制及应用等领域进行简要的总结、评述和展望。     

人工纳米材料与生物膜相互作用机制及影响因素研究进展

人工纳米材料在水体中的环境行为与生物环境安全问题成为环境科学领域研究的热点,人工纳米材料与生物膜相互作用机制和影响因素是其中迫切需要研究解决的关键科学问题。本文主要探讨了人工纳米材料释放进入到水体中后对生物膜细菌活性、微生物群落结构、净污活性等的毒性效应,分析了人工纳米材料对生物膜的毒性作用机制及其影响因素,同时探讨了生物膜对人工纳米材料的吸附作用及机理,为深入研究人工纳米材料与生物膜的相互作用机制提供了重要的理论基础。     

纳米生物催化的研究现状和发展态势

纳米生物催化领域包括:(ⅰ)利用纳米技术或纳米材料调控生物催化剂的效率;(ⅱ)直接利用纳米材料或技术实现生物催化功能,并拓展生物催化在非友好环境及疾病诊疗中的应用.纳米生物催化已成为纳米生物学重要的研究领域,主要涉及纳米载体固定化酶和纳米材料人工模拟酶(纳米酶).一方面,可以借助纳米技术或材料所具有的特殊纳米效应来增强生物催化剂的效率和稳定性.另一方面,从模拟酶的理念出发,借助纳米材料自身所具有的催化能力,直接实现对生化反应的催化,这类具有酶学特性的纳米酶被视为新一代人工模拟酶.近年来,基于纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶技术的纳米生物催化已在疾病诊断和治疗、化工制药、环境处理等领域得到了广泛研究,并展示了其具有重要的应用价值.本文简要综述了纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶的发展历程及应用进展.     

磷烯纳米材料的生物毒性研究进展

磷烯,即单层黑磷（BP）,由于具有直接带隙、显著的结构和功能各向异性、高电荷载流子迁移率等,已经在生物医学、药物输送、生物传感、疾病的诊断和治疗等领域取得了很大的进展。和其他纳米材料相比,磷烯具有更优异的生物相容性和生物可降解性,在生物医药领域有很好的应用前景。虽然已有大量磷烯生物学效应的报道,但磷烯与生物大分子,如核酸、脂质、蛋白质之间相互作用的过程细节仍缺乏系统的研究。目前实验上无法观测磷烯与生物分子相互作用的动力学过程,分子模拟在获取精确动态结构方面具有独特的优势,被广泛应用于纳米材料和生物学领域。本文综述了近年来国内外利用计算机仿真和实验方法在磷烯纳米材料与蛋白质、脂质膜和DNA等生物大分子相互作用方面取得的最新研究进展,对磷烯生物毒性目前的研究进行了评述,并对未来需要解决的问题作了分析。本文将促进磷烯生物学效应的基础研究,也将推动磷烯纳米材料在生物医药领域的应用。     

磁场响应的纳米材料与磁热效应生物医学应用

以氧化铁为代表的磁场响应型纳米材料具有良好的生物相容性、独特的磁学性能、可调控的体内代谢行为,而且易于表面修饰。上述特性使磁场响应型纳米材料及磁调控的生物学效应在分子检测、疾病诊断和治疗等诸多生物医学领域展示出巨大的应用潜力。本文介绍了近几年出现的新型磁场响应型纳米材料以及其磁热效应,比较了宏观磁热与纳米磁热效应,并对磁热效应在肿瘤治疗及其他生物医学应用进行了阐述。     

综述——新型纳米生物材料的研发：磁性纳米材料：化学合成、功能化与生物医学应用

磁性纳米材料,由于其独特的磁学性能、小尺寸效应,被广泛应用于生物医学领域．本文总结了磁性纳米材料的化学设计与合成、表面功能化方法,及其在核磁共振成像、磁控治疗、磁热疗和生物分离等生物医学领域的应用进展．     

纳米生物学与纳米酶学：新兴交叉科学

纳米科学技术是20世纪80年代末期诞生并蓬勃发展的新兴科学技术,以多学科交叉融合为特色,为物理、化学、材料和生命科学等提供新的技术手段和研究视角.纳米材料的结构及表面物理化学性质直接决定了其与生物分子、细胞、组织、器官及个体的相互作用方式,并由此产生独特的生物效应——纳米生物效应.纳米生物学是从个体、细胞及分子水平深入研究纳米生物效应、阐明其精确机制的交叉科学,现已成为极具挑战性的热点前沿领域.中国科学家在纳米生物学领域已取得一系列令国际同行瞩目的重要进展,其中纳米酶(nanozyme)的开发及应用研究是极具代表性的原创发现之一.     

硫族纳米材料的合成、应用以及生物效应的研究进展

硫族纳米材料由于其独特的物理性质和化学结构,在许多领域有广泛的应用前景。笔者综述了纳米硫化镉和纳米硫化铅的主要合成方法和应用进展。基于硫族纳米材料广泛的应用,阐述了其对生态环境的生物效应。展望了新型绿色环保、高效能的纳米材料的设计思路与合成方法。     

Nano-bio interactions: the implication of size-dependent biological effects of nanomaterials

Due to their many advantageous properties, nanomaterials(NMs) have been utilized in diverse consumer goods, industrial products, and for therapeutic purposes. This situation leads to a constant risk of exposure and uptake by the human body, which are highly dependent on nanomaterial size. Consequently, an improved understanding of the interactions between different sizes of nanomaterials and biological systems is needed to design safer and more clinically relevant nano systems. We discuss the sizedependent effects of nanomaterials in living organisms. Upon entry into biological systems, nanomaterials can translocate biological barriers, distribute to various tissues and elicit different toxic effects on organs, based on their size and location. The association of nanomaterial size with physiological structures within organs determines the site of accumulation of nanoparticles.In general, nanomaterials smaller than 20 nm tend to accumulate in the kidney while nanomaterials between 20 and 100 nm preferentially deposit in the liver. After accumulating in organs, nanomaterials can induce inflammation, damage structural integrity and ultimately result in organ dysfunction, which helps better understand the size-dependent dynamic processes and toxicity of nanomaterials in organisms. The enhanced permeability and retention effect of nanomaterials and the utility of this phenomenon in tumor therapy are also highlighted.     

Nanomaterials in biological environment: a review of computer modelling studies

Nanotechnology is set to impact a vast range of fields, including computer science, materials technology, engineering/manufacturing and medicine. As nanotechnology grows so does exposure to nanostructured materials, thus investigation of the effects of nanomaterials on biological systems is paramount. Computational techniques can allow investigation of these systems at the nanoscale, providing insight into otherwise unexaminable properties, related to both the intentional and unintentional effects of nanomaterials. Herein, we review the current literature involving computational modelling of nanoparticles and biological systems. This literature has highlighted the common modes in which nanostructured materials interact with biological molecules such as membranes, peptides/proteins and DNA. Hydrophobic interactions are the most favoured, with π-stacking of the aromatic side-chains common when binding to a carbonaceous nanoparticle or surface. van der Waals forces are found to dominate in the insertion process of DNA molecules into carbon nanotubes. Generally, nanoparticles have been observed to disrupt the tertiary structure of proteins due to the curvature and atomic arrangement of the particle surface. Many hydrophobic nanoparticles are found to be able to transverse a lipid membrane, with some nanoparticles even causing mechanical damage to the membrane, thus potentially leading to cytotoxic effects. Current computational techniques have revealed how some nanoparticles interact with biological systems. However, further research is required to determine both useful applications and possible cytotoxic effects that nanoparticles may have on DNA, protein and membrane structure and function within biosystems.     

Biotechnological synthesis of functional nanomaterials

Biological systems, especially those using microorganisms, have the potential to offer cheap, scalable and highly tunable green synthetic routes for the production of the latest generation of nanomaterials. Recent advances in the biotechnological synthesis of functional nano-scale materials are described. These nanomaterials range from catalysts to novel inorganic antimicrobials, nanomagnets, remediation agents and quantum dots for electronic and optical devices. Where possible, the roles of key biological macromolecules in controlling production of the nanomaterials are highlighted, and also technological limitations that must be addressed for widespread implementation are discussed.     

Cardiovascular effects of endocannabinoids--the plot thickens

Cannabinoids, the bioactive ingredients of the marijuana plant, are best known for their psychoactive properties, but they also influence other physiological processes, such as cardiovascular variables. Endocannabinoids are recently identified lipid mediators that act as natural ligands at cannabinoid receptors and mimic most of the biological effects, including the cardiovascular actions, of plant-derived cannabinoids. In experimental animals, the most prominent component of the cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids is prolonged hypotension and bradycardia. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. The emerging evidence suggesting that endocannabinoids may be involved in the peripheral regulation of vascular tone under certain conditions is also discussed.     

工程纳米材料对污水生物处理影响的研究进展

工程纳米材料因其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用于生产和生活中,但其潜在的风险正逐渐引起越来越多研究者的关注。目前国内外的研究主要探讨了工程纳米材料对模式微生物的毒性效应,但是对污水处理微生物的潜在影响尚缺乏系统和完整的报道。因此,本文综述了常见纳米材料对污水生物处理的影响,如碳、氮、磷的去除、甲烷化以及功能微生物种群结构演变等;同时还探讨了两种削减纳米银颗粒毒性的途径。综述内容为深入研究纳米材料对污水生物处理的潜在影响奠定了重要的理论基础。     

Toxicogenomics to Improve Comprehension of the Mechanisms Underlying Responses of In Vitro and In Vivo Systems to Nanomaterials: A Review

Engineered nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less. Such materials typically possess nanostructure-dependent properties (e.g., chemical, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, biological), which make them desiderable for commercial or medical application. However, these same properties may potentially lead to nanostructure-dependent biological activity that differs from and is not directly predicted by the bulk properties of the constitutive chemicals and compounds. Nanoparticles and nanomaterials can be on the same scale of living cells components, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and cellular organelles. When considering nanoparticles it must be asked how man-made nanostructures can interact with or influence biological systems. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an example of carbon-based nanomaterial, which has won a huge spreading in nanotechnology. The incorporation of CNTs in living systems has raised many concerns because of their hydrophobicity and tendency to aggregate and accumulate into cells, organs, and tissues with dangerous effects.     

Tailored carbon nanotubes for tissue engineering applications

A decade of aggressive researches on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has paved way for extending these unique nanomaterials into a wide range of applications. In the relatively new arena of nanobiotechnology, a vast majority of applications are based on CNTs, ranging from miniaturized biosensors to organ regeneration. Nevertheless, the complexity of biological systems poses a significant challenge in developing CNT‐based tissue engineering applications. This review focuses on the recent developments of CNT‐based tissue engineering, where the interaction between living cells/tissues and the nanotubes have been transformed into a variety of novel techniques. This integration has already resulted in a revaluation of tissue engineering and organ regeneration techniques. Some of the new treatments that were not possible previously become reachable now. Because of the advent of surface chemistry, the CNT's biocompatibility has been significantly improved, making it possible to serve as tissue scaffolding materials to enhance the organ regeneration. The superior mechanic strength and chemical inert also makes it ideal for blood compatible applications, especially for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The applications of CNTs in these cardiovascular surgeries led to a remarkable improvement in mechanical strength of implanted catheters and reduced thrombogenecity after surgery. Moreover, the functionalized CNTs have been extensively explored for in vivo targeted drug or gene delivery, which could potentially improve the efficiency of many cancer treatments. However, just like other nanomaterials, the cytotoxicity of CNTs has not been well established. Hence, more extensive cytotoxic studies are warranted while converting the hydrophobic CNTs into biocompatible nanomaterials. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009     

A review of cardiovascular toxicity of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, ZnO and Ag nanoparticles (NPs)

To ensure the safe use of nanoparticles (NPs) in modern society, it is necessary and urgent to assess the potential toxicity of NPs. Cardiovascular system is required for the systemic distribution of NPs entering circulation. Therefore, the adverse cardiovascular effects of NPs have gained extensive research interests. Metal based NPs, such as TiO₂, ZnO and Ag NPs, are among the most popular NPs found in commercially available products. They may also have potential applications in biomedicine, which could increase their contact with cardiovascular systems. This review aimed at providing an overview about the adverse cardiovascular effects of TiO₂, ZnO and Ag NPs. We discussed about the bio-distribution of NPs following different exposure routes. We also discussed about the cardiovascular toxicity of TiO₂, ZnO and Ag NPs as assessed by in vivo and in vitro models. The possible mechanisms and contribution of physicochemical properties of metal based NPs were also discussed.     

Biomedical applications and potential health risks of nanomaterials: molecular mechanisms

Nanotechnologies, defined as techniques aimed to conceive, characterize and produce material at the nanometer scale, represent a fully expanding domain, and one can predict without risk that production and utilization of nanomaterials will increase exponentially in the coming years. Applications of nanotechnologies are numerous, in constant development, and their potential use in the medical field as diagnosis and therapeutics tools is very attractive. The size particularity of these nanomaterials gives them novel properties, allowing them to adopt new comportments because of the laws of quantum physics that exist at this scale. However, worries are expressed regarding the exact properties that make these nanomaterials attractive, and questions are raised regarding their potential toxicity, their long-term secondary effects or their biodegradability, particularly when thinking of their use in the (nano)medical field. These questions are justified by the knowledge of the toxic effects of atmospheric pollution micrometric particles on health, and the fear to get an amplification of these effects because of the size of the materials blamed. In this paper, we first expose the sensed medical applications of nanomaterials, and the physicochemical and molecular determinants potentially responsible for nanomaterials biological effects. Finally, we present a synthesis of the actual knowledge regarding toxicological effects of nanomaterials. It is clear that, in regard to the almost empty field of what is known on the subject, there's an urge to better understand biological effects of nanomaterials, which will allow their safe use, in particular in the nanomedicine field.     

纳米材料诱导自噬引发保护作用的研究进展

溶酶体-自噬系统在细胞对纳米材料的适应性反应中起到关键作用。自噬在保护细胞免受损伤和保持细胞稳定方面发挥重大作用,但纳米材料引起自噬的本质尚不清楚。纳米材料被细胞认为是外来入侵者,其积累将激活机体的清除机制,引发自噬。介绍了纳米材料诱导自噬发生的自我保护机制,综合分析了纳米材料对溶酶体-自噬系统的影响及其生物学效应。