基于GIS的澳大利亚蝗虫治理决策支持系统的运行

澳大利亚疫蝗委员会（APLC）负责澳大利亚内陆四个州2000000km^2上严重威胁农业生产的蝗虫种群的监测与防治。应用一个基于GIS的“决策支持系统（DSS）”采集,处理,分析并显示多种空间数据,以预测蝗虫种群的发育并辅助实施防治。所做预测有助于对蝗群集聚区做出早期定位并采取有效的预防措施。该DSS的数据采集包括田间调查资料的无线直传和网上逐日天气资料的下载,蝗群的分布和年龄结构信息通过定期GPS定位调查获得,并连同农场主和地方农技推广人员的虫情报告通过高频调制直接传至APLC总部的GIS服务器上;当前的调查资料用于估测蝗群的分布并作为空间发育模型的输入数据以确定实施防治的最适发育阶段的始期;降水分布和风温场资料从网上自动下载并与栖境条件和蝗群分布信息集成。同时,澳大利亚联邦气象局的在线天气资料及产品也从网上定时存取用于决策支持。     

澳大利亚迁飞性害虫的预测与治理

Decision Support System(DSS)是澳大利亚疫蝗治理委员会用于治理几种重要迁飞性害虫的决策支持系统。该系统以地理信息系统（GIS）为平台,将天气资料和害虫栖境条件与害虫的迁飞,发育及分布数据进行整合以发布预测并辅助防治决策。该系统呈模块化结构,其模块的数量和性质可根据目标害虫治理所需的具体资料方便地调整。     

FORECASTING AND MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATORY PESTS IN AUSTRALIA

Abstract  The Decision Support System (DSS) used by the Australian Plague Locust Commission for management of several important migratory insect pests in Australia is described. The DSS is based on a Geographic Information System that integrates data on weather and habitat condition with the migration, development and distribution of the pest to prepare forecasts and aid decisions for control. The GIS is module based with the number and nature of the modules easily modified depending on the detail of data required to manage the pest concerned.     

蝗虫的发生与防控

蝗虫暴发引起的灾害是全球重要的生物灾害,可影响到全世界十分之一的人口。自2019年,东部非洲、西亚、南亚多个国家遭遇严重的沙漠蝗虫灾害,这场蝗灾不但对该区域的粮食安全构成严重威胁,而且还有可能引发严重的人道主义危机。为了制定合理的防治方案,实施有效防控,避免大规模蝗灾的发生,需要掌握蝗虫的生物学、生态学、暴发和为害规律、防治策略和技术特点及其进展等。本文介绍了世界各地包括沙漠蝗、飞蝗、澳大利亚疫蝗在内的11种可以引起灾害的重要种类的主要分布、为害和特性,并对国内外蝗虫防治策略、技术进展进行了重点综述。最后,针对目前蝗虫防治存在的问题提出了相应建议。     

Effects of two locust control methods on wood-eating termites in arid Australia

Termites are ubiquitous detritivores and are a key influence on soil function and nutrient cycles, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Locust control presents a unique hazard to termites and the effective functioning of ecosystems as a consequence of the overlap between pesticide applications and termite populations in grassland and desert landscapes. We monitored the effects of locust control methods using ultra-low-volume (ULV) barrier application of a chemical pesticide, fipronil, and a blanket application of a fungal biopesticide, Metarhizium acridum, on wood-eating termites in arid western New South Wales, Australia. We tested the hypothesis that spray applications decrease termite activity at wood baits using a BACI designed field experiment over 2 years. Our replicated control and treatment sites represented the spatial scale of Australian locust control activities. There was no detectable impact of either locust control treatment on termite activity, bait mass loss or termite community composition measures. Non-significant differences in termite survey measures among sites suggested that climate and environmental conditions were stronger drivers of our termite measures than the single, localized and unreplicated application of pesticides more commonly used in locust control operations in arid Australia. A lack of evidence for an impact of our fipronil or Metarhizium application methods supports their use as low hazard locust control options with minimal large scale and longer-term effects on termites in Australian arid rangelands. Future research would be necessary to determine the probable short-term impacts of treatments on individual termite colonies and the possible impacts on non-wood eating termite species in the arid-zone.     

Effect of vegetation on density thresholds of adult desert locust gregarization from survey data in Mauritania

In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), the threshold density inducing the gregarization phenomenon has never been determined under natural conditions. The influence of environmental factors on this phenomenon has been studied mostly in controlled environments. Based on data collected during several years by the survey teams of the National Center for Locust Control in Mauritania, we analyzed the influence of locust density, vegetation cover, and vegetation status on the probability of observing gregarious locusts. We assumed that a probability to observe gregarious locusts of 0.5 corresponded to the density threshold of gregarization. The results showed in detail the change in the threshold of gregarization according to the cover and status of the vegetation. Low cover and dry vegetation led to a low density threshold of gregarization probably due to high probability of individuals to touch each other. Dense and green vegetation favored a high threshold of gregarization probably due to a dispersion of the individuals and a low probability of individual encounters. These findings should help the management of locusts and decision making during control operations.     

蝗虫生境监测方法研究进展

蝗虫是一种能对农业生产带来毁灭性打击的害虫。预测、监测蝗虫的发生、发展对于防治蝗虫、减轻蝗灾具有重要意义。在分析蝗虫的发生和消长与其生存环境的关系基础上,概述了以往蝗虫发生、发展预测、监测的主要方法。然后,从监测蝗虫生境采用的指标、卫星数据、算法等方面进一步阐述了运用现代遥感、地理信息系统技术监测蝗虫生境、预测蝗虫发生、发展的理论基础和最新进展;最后,结合现代对地观测技术、网络、快速计算和模拟等技术的发展探讨了蝗虫生境监测的发展方向。     

Resistance to locust leafminer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in black locust

Locust leafminer, Odontota dorsalis (Thunberg), activity was observed for 2 yr on 70 black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia L., trees grown from seed collected from its native range. Four black locust seedlings from Tennessee had low numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and mines, and were selected for clonal propagation. These clonal propagules were resistant to locust leafminers collected from three different counties in Maryland. This resistance was also observed in controlled choice and no-choice tests in outdoor screen houses. Adults showed different ovipositional preferences for black locust trees from different seed sources, which were reflected in lower numbers of larvae, pupae, and mines in resistant clones. It was concluded that antixenosis and antibiosis were involved in the mechanisms of resistance to the locust leafminer in black locust.     

新疆典型蝗虫适生区分布预测

新疆草原面积广阔,农牧业地位突出,蝗灾对当地经济、生态威胁很大,近年新疆极端天气日渐频发,蝗灾监测与防治任务艰巨。以意大利蝗、西伯利亚蝗和亚洲飞蝗为代表的蝗虫数据为基础,综合考虑对蝗虫各生命周期有重要影响的环境因素,运用BIOCLIM模型、领域模型（DOMAIN）、马氏距离模型（MAHAL）、广义线性模型（GLM）、随机森林模型（RF）、提升回归树模型（BRT）、支持向量机模型（SVM）、最大熵模型（MaxEnt）等八种经典物种分布模型及集成模型对新疆典型蝗虫适生区展开了预测。结果表明：（1）不同模型对新疆典型蝗虫适生区预测存在差异,其中DOMAIN最差（曲线下面积（AUC）=0.688,真实技巧统计（TSS）=0.301）,而提升回归树（BRT）最佳（AUC=0.920,TSS=0.910）,基于BRT、SVM和MaxEnt 3个集成模型预测的新疆蝗虫适生区可靠性更高;（2）新疆典型蝗虫不同等级适生区面积约56.844万km²,占新疆总面积的36%,其中高适生区面积16.568万km²;（3）新疆典型蝗虫适生区主要集中于北疆阿勒泰、塔城地区,此外东部哈密地区及南疆绿洲边缘地带亦有分布。研究可为新疆草原工作部门推进蝗虫监测防治工作提供支持。     

洪泽湖蝗区东亚飞蝗发生动态的研究

洪泽湖是我国四大淡水湖泊之一,也是黄淮平原上最大的自然蓄水库。解放前,由于湖水位不能控制,沿湖土地直接受湖水位升降的波及和湖水顶托的影响,不能常年耕种,滨湖滩地及内涝洼地均沦为季节性荒地,遍布荒滩草洼。因此,洪泽湖及其沿岸地区具备了飞蝗猖獗发生的生态地理条件而成为我国具有历史性的东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilesis     

Crystallization and preliminary analysis of crystals of apolipophorin III isolated from Locusta migratoria

Crystals of apolipophorin III, isolated from the locust Locusta migratoria, have been reproducibly grown from ammonium sulfate solutions and are well suited for an x-ray crystallographic analysis. Locust apolipophorin III is a glycosylated protein with a molecular weight of 19,100 and interacts with lipophorin, the major lipoprotein complex in insects. The crystals belong to the space group P6122 or P6522 with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 67.5 A, c = 155.6 A and diffract to a nominal resolution of 2.5 A. They are physically robust and are stable in the x-ray beam for over a week. A complete native x-ray data set has been collected and processed to 3.0-A resolution.     

河北省黄骅市三个重点蝗区两个时段土壤湿度的遥感提取

蝗灾是人类历史上重要的自然灾害之一,影响蝗灾爆发的因素很多,其中土壤湿度是重要的影响因素之一。以位于河北省黄骅市境内的3个重点蝗区——黄灶、杨官庄和藤南大洼为监测样区,利用高时间分辨率MODIS遥感影像数据,分别提取2002年(东亚飞蝗大发生年)秋蝗产卵期到夏蝗孵化期间的土壤湿度信息以及2004年(东亚飞蝗轻为害年)相同时段的土壤湿度信息,发现蝗灾大爆发年份的土壤湿度明显低于轻发生年份,在秋蝗的产卵期(9—10月)和夏蝗的孵化期(3—5月)差异尤为明显。     

持续治理飞蝗灾害的新对策

该文通过对飞蝗Locusta migratoria为害特性的描述以及本世纪我国飞蝗防治历史的回顾,对各个时期的飞蝗治理策略的特点及不足进行了分析,并在总结我国近几年飞蝗生物治理理论研究与实践的基础上,提出了21世纪我国飞蝗生物治理的对策,即逐步扩大采用生物防治措施,增强如蝗虫微孢子虫生物防治制剂及天敌的控制作用,在飞蝗虫口密度中等或较低时,采用生物防治制剂为主,阻止或延缓中、低密度的飞蝗向高密度群居型的发展进程;在飞蝗虫口密度高时,可采用化防(昆虫生长调节剂等)与生防(如微孢子虫)配合使用,以迅速压低虫口密度,防治其迁飞为害,同时也可使蝗虫微孢子虫疾病长期流行于蝗群中,抑制飞蝗种群数量的增长。并积极探讨信息化合物对飞蝗行为的调控作用。     

Estimation of climatic favourable areas for locust outbreaks in Spain: integrating species' presence records and spatial information on outbreaks

For millennia, locust swarms have recurrently devastated crop productivity across continents. In much of Europe, locust outbreaks have been considerably reduced by human pressure in recent decades, but important foci of outbreaks still exist in Spain. Distribution models are often used to derive spatial hypotheses and risk maps. Because insufficient information is available to include the extreme plasticity of the solitary and gregarious phases of locusts in large‐scale spatial models, we modelled the distribution either of Acrididae species or of outbreaks per se. Confirmed occurrences of Dociostaurus, Calliptamus and Chorthippus species were obtained from a field survey complemented by museum collection data and the published literature. The locations of confirmed or potential outbreaks covering two time periods of 20 years each were obtained from the literature and from Spanish autonomous community reports. Models were built with one topographic and eleven climatic predictors. We evaluated the ability of different models to predict outbreak recurrence and found that models based on Moroccan locust data or outbreak occurrence data performed the best. We generated a predictive map of the climatic favourability for locust outbreaks in Spain and found that the major foci of locust swarms were encompassed by those areas categorized by the models as areas of highest risk. Predictive maps of outbreak favourability can facilitate the more sustainable use of insecticides and more efficient integrated pest management.     

Can late summer Landsat data be used for locating Asian migratory locust,Locusta migratoria migratoria,oviposition sites in the Amudarya River delta,Uzbekistan?

Existing survey methods for assessing the Asian migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), infestation risk in the Amudarya River delta, Uzbekistan, are largely constrained by economic resources and site accessibility. The surveys are restricted to a few easily accessible areas, which leads to a misinterpretation of the threat of locust infestation. This often results in indiscriminate blanket treatments of vast areas of wetlands with broad-spectrum insecticides, which may adversely impact non-target fauna and flora. In order to minimize the bias during surveys, one approach would be to allocate the sampling locations based on the distribution of the primary food and shelter plant of the locusts, the common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud (Poaceae). In this study, we evaluated the utility of satellite-based remotely sensed data (Landsat TM) acquired in August 2006 to characterize reed distribution in the delta and identify potential locust oviposition sites. The overall accuracy of the Landsat data to map land cover classes in the delta was 84%. The Landsat TM data identified 90% of the reeds, but it was less useful in identifying areas where other vegetations (shrubs and grasses) were mixed with reeds. During the following summer field survey in June 2007, we identified 37 sites that were infested with early-instar locusts. The low migration capacity of young nymphs in dense reed vegetation allowed us to presume that these sites were used for oviposition in the previous summer. Twenty-eight (74%) of these 37 sites had reeds in the previous year. Results from these studies demonstrate that reed distribution maps derived from satellite data could be used for targeting locust egg-pod survey locations, in order to minimize sampling bias while predicting locust infestation risks for the following season.     

Phase polyphenism and preventative locust management

The ecology of phase polyphenism plays a major role in locust swarm formation. We describe how recent advances in the understanding of phase polyphenism can be combined with existing management approaches as part of a preventative Desert locust management strategy. We start with a brief overview of phase polyphenism with particular emphasis on the role that resource distribution patterns play in the process of locust phase change. We then review current perspective on preventative locust management, and conclude by proposing a framework for quantitatively assessing the risk that phase change will occur in local locust populations. Importantly, the data required to implement this framework can be readily collected with little additional effort or cost just by slightly modifying locust habitat survey protocols that are already in operation. Incorporating gregarization risk assessment into existing preventative management strategies stands to make a considerable contribution toward realizing sustainable goals of reductions in the pesticide, manpower and financial support necessary to combat Desert locust upsurges, outbreaks and ultimately plagues.     

基于沿海蝗区飞蝗卵块分布格局的土壤空间异质性

以沿海蝗区南大港水库为研究区域,通过连续2a野外450m,50m规则栅格取样,利用地统计学方法,在GIS平台下,分析东亚飞蝗卵块分布格局与土壤空间异质性的研究,结果表明：（1）飞蝗卵块呈斑块、聚集分布,并具有明显的空间异质性,其空间自相关范围为390m,且主要分布在南大港水库的中部和东部,少数分布在南部,而在西部和北部地块几乎没有卵的分布。（2）研究区域内土壤含盐量和5cm含水量由空间自相关引起的空间异质性分别占总空间异质性的76.15%、78.04%,即表现出较强的空间相关性,空间自相关范围分别为594m,621m,土壤有机质和pH值具有中等强度的空间相关性,由空间自相关引起的空间变异分别为61.85%和57.19%,空间变异尺度分别为1014m,1368m。（3）研究区域内卵块主要集中在土壤含盐量较低（〈1.9%）、含水量适中（10.1%~29.9%）的中部和东部地块,而在土壤含水量较高（〉30%）的西部和盐分过重（〉3%）的北部几乎没有卵块的分布。即在一定程度上,蝗区土壤理化特性的空间异质决定了飞蝗卵块的空间分布特点。（4）卵块和土壤理化特性的空间格局图不仅为野外抽样调查、蝗灾预测预报及其防治提供科学依据,而且对蝗区环境改造具有重要指导作用。     

关于蝗虫多样性与草原生态系统可持续发展的若干科学问题

蝗虫多样性既是草原生态系统演化的产物 ,反过来也影响着草原生态系统的结构与功能。蝗虫多样性状况与草原生态系统的持续发展有着密切的关联 ,这其中的科学问题包括 :(1 )蝗虫多样性及其空间变异机理 ;(2 )蝗虫多样性对草原生态系统过程的影响 ;(3 )蝗虫多样性空间格局与草原生态系统演化中的自然和人文因素的关联 ;(4 )蝗虫种群暴发的多样性阈值与草原生态系统的调控 ;(5 )蝗虫多样性和稳定性与草原生态系统的健康等。深入发掘生物多样性所包含的科学内涵 ,将一个物种的多样性与生态系统的结构和功能耦合起来研究 ,从重要物种蝗虫的生物多样性入手 ,深入探讨草原生态系统的持续发展问题 ,将为减少或减轻我国西部草原蝗灾发生提供科学的支持     

Mapping from heterogeneous biodiversity monitoring data sources

Field monitoring can vary from simple volunteer opportunistic observations to professional standardised monitoring surveys, leading to a trade-off between data quality and data collection costs. Such variability in data quality may result in biased predictions obtained from species distribution models (SDMs). We aimed to identify the limitations of different monitoring data sources for developing species distribution maps and to evaluate their potential for spatial data integration in a conservation context. Using Maxent, SDMs were generated from three different bird data sources in Catalonia, which differ in the degree of standardisation and available sample size. In addition, an alternative approach for modelling species distributions was applied, which combined the three data sources at a large spatial scale, but then downscaling to the required resolution. Finally, SDM predictions were used to identify species richness and high quality areas (hotspots) from different treatments. Models were evaluated by using high quality Atlas information. We show that both sample size and survey methodology used to collect the data are important in delivering robust information on species distributions. Models based on standardized monitoring provided higher accuracy with a lower sample size, especially when modelling common species. Accuracy of models from opportunistic observations substantially increased when modelling uncommon species, giving similar accuracy to a more standardized survey. Although downscaling data through a SDM approach appears to be a useful tool in cases of data shortage or low data quality and heterogeneity, it will tend to overestimate species distributions. In order to identify distributions of species, data with different quality may be appropriate. However, to identify biodiversity hotspots high quality information is needed.     

Prototype Design and Experimental Study on Locust Air-Posture Righting

Locust has the capacity to maintain a righting posture and glide through attitude adjustment after leaping. A prototype inspired by the dynamic mechanism of attitude adjustment of locusts was developed. The prototype consists of a pair of wings driven by a four-bar mechanism, and a 2 Degree of Freedom （DOF） tail to imitate the movement of the locust abdomen. The power source, microcontroller, wireless data transmission module, and attitude sensors are contained in the fuselage. Experiments imitating the flight of locust were conducted to determine the mechanism of locust Subsequent Attitude Adjustment （SAA）. The tethered prototype was driven by the movement of the tail and the flapping of the wings. Results show that the pitch and yaw of the tail, and the asymmetric action of the flapping wings significantly influence the posture of the prototype. These findings suggest that both the wiggling abdomen and flapping wings contribute to the locust SAA in the air. This research lays the groundwork and technical support for the probable design and development of practical jumping robots with attitude adjustment function.