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1.
李明  梁冰  张树义 《兽类学报》1999,19(1):56-61
用随机扩增DNA多态(RAPD)方法分析白腹管鼻蝠在华北和东北两地冬眠群群内与群间个体之间的亲缘关系,探讨冬眠群的结构组成及其相互关系。结果显示:华北两个白腹管鼻蝠冬眠群内个体间遗传相似性平均分别为0858和0933,两群之间的遗传相似性平均为0842,群内与群间个体之间在遗传相似性方面没有明显差别;东北冬眠群内的遗传相似性平均为0604;华北和东北两地冬眠群间的相似性只有0513和0521。据此可认为,在同一及邻近洞中形成的白腹管鼻蝠冬眠群的组成可能是选择来自同一种群中亲缘关系较近的个体,在华北冬眠的种群和在居留地东北冬眠的种群之间的亲缘关系较远。  相似文献   

2.
三种蝙蝠飞行状态下回声定位信号的比较   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
对马铁菊头烟、萨氏伏翼与白腹管鼻蝠在飞行状态下的回声定位信号进行了比较研究。结果表明:马铁菊头蝠的回声定位为长恒频一调频声(CF-FM)叫声(叫声持续时间均长于10ms),具有两个谐波;萨氏伏翼与白腹管鼻蝠的回声定位均为宽频调频声(FM)叫声,叫声持续时间分别为3.0±1.3ms和3.6±3.0ms,具有两个或三个谐波。这些回声定位叫声的特性可能与它们所处的生境相适应。  相似文献   

3.
2017-2020年期间,每年1月份对河南省济源市邵原镇布袋沟水库人工引水渠隧道内蝙蝠进行冬眠生态学特征调查,共发现2科5属7种蝙蝠在此冬眠,包括马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)、小菊头蝠(R.pusillus)、华南水鼠耳蝠(Myotis laniger)、白腹管鼻蝠(Murina leucogaster)、金管鼻蝠(Mu.aurata)、奥氏长耳蝠(Plecotus ognevi)和亚洲宽耳蝠(Barbastella leucomelas)。马铁菊头蝠是优势种(约52%-73%的冬眠个体),其次是小菊头蝠(约19%-37%)、华南水鼠耳蝠(约5%-8%),其余蝙蝠物种数量不足3%。2017-2020年冬眠蝙蝠个体总数呈增长趋势,但仍少于早期报道的数量。有42个隧道每年均有蝙蝠冬眠,而且不同年度冬眠数量也不尽相同。通过多元线性回归分析发现,隧道长度可能是影响蝙蝠冬眠栖息场所选择的主要影响因子(Adjusted R2=0.208,P=0.001)。每个隧道内,蝙蝠具有不同的冬眠栖点位置,约4/5的蝙蝠选择温暖且环境相对稳定的隧道深处(> 30 m)作为冬眠栖点,超过95%的个体选择长度> 60 m的隧道冬眠。蝙蝠具有不同的冬眠方式,绝大多数个体采用独栖方式进行冬眠(> 90%),少数采用聚集方式。不同的冬眠栖点和冬眠方式可能有利于冬眠成本优化。此外,栖点温度与蝙蝠体温之间呈显著正相关(R2=0.98,P < 0.001),而且蝙蝠冬眠期间的栖点温度具有种内和种间差异。研究结果为我国蝙蝠种群保护和冬眠场所管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
方盛国  冯文和 《兽类学报》1997,17(4):248-252
利用同位素标记大熊猫DNA指纹探针F2ZGP96060801,比较检测了凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫随机个体的DNA指纹图,获得的遗传多样性参数如下:(1)凉山山系和小相岭山系随机个体的平均谱带数分别是33.14和28.25条;平均等位基因频率分别是0.43和0.48;平均杂合率分别是57%和52%。(2)凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫各自群体内部个体之间DNA指纹的相似系数分别是0.68和0.72。将两个山系并为一个大群体后,随机个体的平均谱带数为30.53;平均等位基因频率为0.36;个体之间DNA指纹的相似系数为0.58;平均杂合率上升至64%。(3)凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫群体之间的遗传距离为0.42,两山系之间已有明显的遗传分化。大熊猫以分布的山系为群体单元时,个体之间遗传相似性高,遗传多样性贫乏;若群体单元扩大到两个山系时,个体之间遗传相似性下降,遗传多样性明显上升。此结果初步表明:大熊猫作为一个物种,遗传多样性可能不是很贫乏,但各个山系内的大熊猫群体,遗传多样性的贫乏程度是相当严重的。  相似文献   

5.
艾氏管鼻蝠是2009年发表的新种,其体型较小,外形与金管鼻蝠极其相似,本文以广东采集的艾氏管鼻蝠线粒体部分COI序列片段为分子标记,对其种群遗传结构进行了初步分析,并与金管鼻蝠形态进行比较,对2个种的外形特征及分类地位进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)本研究获得的艾氏管鼻蝠序列与BOLD数据库中的"金管鼻蝠"序列聚为一支,遗传差异极小;(2)华南区域艾氏管鼻蝠并非单系,其种群遗传结构与种群地理分布模式不一致,贵州、广东与越南、老挝种群的亲缘关系较广西种群更近;(3)现有数据库及国内部分研究中鉴定的"金管鼻蝠"实际应为艾氏管鼻蝠。  相似文献   

6.
贵州6种蝙蝠的核型   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
谷晓明 《动物学杂志》2006,41(5):112-116
采用常规骨髓细胞空气干燥法,研究了贵州6种蝙蝠的核型。白腹管鼻蝠(Murina leucogaster)2n=44,染色体臂数(FN)为58;普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersi)染色体数是2n=46,FN为50,黄大蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)2n=32,FN为60;角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus cornutus)2n=62,FN为60;云南菊头蝠(R.yunnanensis)2n=44,FN是60;犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)2n=34,FN=58。其中白腹管鼻蝠、云南菊头蝠和犬蝠为国内首次报道。  相似文献   

7.
何淑艳  敖磊  李娜  谷晓明 《四川动物》2007,26(3):520-524
对贵州5种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的部分线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基ⅠDNA序列进行了测定,并结合从Genbank获得的爪哇伏翼的相应序列,以Pteropus dasymallus,P.scapulatus,Rousettus aegyptiacus为外群,运用贝叶斯法(Bayes-ian),最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood,ML)分析了这6种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的分子系统进化关系。结果表明:在贝叶斯,ML树中,这6种蝙蝠科的蝙蝠可分为3个分支:亚洲长翼蝠是第1个独立出来的分支;白腹管鼻蝠是继亚洲长翼蝠之后第2个分离出来的分支;第3个分支又分为两支,一支由大鼠耳蝠和小鼠耳蝠组成,另一支由南蝠和爪哇伏翼组成,支持将这4种蝙蝠同归于蝙蝠亚科的结论,从一定程度上否定了鼠耳蝠属和管鼻蝠亚科之间的姐妹类群关系,也不支持将鼠耳属提升为亚科。  相似文献   

8.
利用寡核苷酸指纹探针LZF-I检测了成都大熊猫繁育研究基地仿生态圈养场小熊猫种群全部22只个体的DNA指纹,检测结果表明其遗传多样性参数如下:⑴各体间DAN指纹图的相似性为0.172;个体A的指纹谱带在个体B中出现的概率为0.1806。⑵圈养种群的等位基因频率为0.0948,杂合率为90.52%,⑶种群中指名亚种亲本个体的引进是影响该种群遗传多样性的主要因子。  相似文献   

9.
菲菊头蝠是分布于亚热带和热带的翼手目种类,在中国大陆南部和海南岛有广泛分布.为探讨热带菲菊头蝠是否具有冬眠期(12月至翌年2月)储精现象及生殖腺组织结构的变化,对海南岛的菲菊头蝠成年雄蝠和成年雌蝠生殖系统在冬眠期间的变化进行了石蜡切片观察.结果显示:成年雄蝠在冬眠期间附睾内储存大量精子,推测其储存时间超过2个月;冬眠期间曲细精管横截面积、精子细胞数量和间质细胞数量在冬眠期逐月显著性减少,精原细胞和精母细胞的数量在12月与翌年1月间均无显著性变化,而在冬眠末期的2月显著增多.在雌蝠子宫和卵巢内均未发现精子储存现象,但卵巢内具有初级卵泡和次级卵泡,雄蝠在冬眠期间曲细精管逐月萎缩,但生精上皮精母细胞的数量在冬眠末期明显上升.  相似文献   

10.
应用RAPD技术对羊驼群体进行亲缘关系检测。在所采用的40条随机引物中筛选出10条,优化了RAPD的反应条件,确立了适合于羊驼基因组RAPD分析的最佳反应体系和反应程序。计算出个体间之间的带纹相似系数及遗传距离指数,带纹相似系数位于0.3901~0.7851之间,平均为0.5374;彼此间的遗传距离最小为0.2149,最大为0.6099,平均为0.4626,并绘制出个体间亲缘关系树状聚类图。结果显示羊驼种群内遗传基础广泛,证明其个体间的血缘关系较远,这将有利于羊驼种群的正常生长、发育、繁殖和快速扩群。  相似文献   

11.
The degree to which DNA similarity is related to kinship and population structure in natural populations was investigated for a small population of cooperatively-breeding Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in the western Piedmont region of South Carolina. An independent pedigree was established from records of color-banded individuals. Results of DNA profiles were then examined relative to this pedigree. DNA similarity among unrelated woodpeckers averaged 0.55 ± 0.01 (SE). The mean number of DNA bands scored and similarity did not significantly differ between founders and the current population. Examination of parentage in 10 families indicated that multiple paternity did not occur when band by band comparisons or similarity values were compared among parents, helpers, and offspring. Thus, Red-cockaded Woodpeckers were monogamous in this population. DNA similarity among all individuals ranged from 0.32-0.78. Distribution of these similarity values by kinship resulted in some overlap with other kin values. Therefore, specific similarity values could not be assigned a kinship value without knowledge of the pedigree. However, least-squares linear regression indicated that similarity was significantly related to kinship (P < 0.05). These results indicate that use of DNA profiles may be important in quantifying population structure, however, they must be used in conjunction with a known pedigree before any assessment of kinship among individuals is made. Band by band comparisons remain a viable technique for examination of parentage when all putative parents have been sampled.  相似文献   

12.
运用RAPD技术对连续二代人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质的整入进行了分析 ,结果表明 :一代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为 0 94 5— 0 995 6 ,多样性指数为 0 175 ;二代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为0 96 15— 1 0 0 ,平均为 0 985 2 ,多样性指数为 0 0 6 2。研究揭示经过连续二代人工雌核发育后 ,其遗传多样性明显减少 ,种质进一步纯化。通过对雌核发育鲢二代、亲本鲢和雄鲤的RAPD扩增比较 ,发现雌核发育鲢含有少数与父本相同的特异DNA扩增带 ,而亲本鲢没有 ,在基因水平上表明雌核发育鲢整入了雄鲤的遗传物质  相似文献   

13.
This paper presents a comparison of social kinship (patrilineage) and biological kinship (genetic relatedness) in predicting cooperative relationships in two different economic contexts in the fishing and whaling village of Lamalera, Indonesia. A previous analysis (Alvard, Human Nature 14:129-163, 2003) of boat crew affiliation data collected in the village in 1999 found that social kinship (patrilineage) was a better predictor of crew affiliation than was genetic kinship. A replication of this analysis using similar data collected in 2006 finds the same pattern: lineage is a better predictor than genetic kinship of crew affiliation, and the two together explain little additional variance over that explained by lineage alone. However, an analogous test on food-sharing relationships finds the opposite pattern: biological kinship is a better predictor of food-sharing relationships than is social kinship. The difference between these two cooperative contexts is interpreted in terms of kin preferences that shape partner choice, and the relative autonomy with which individuals can seek to satisfy those preferences. Drawing on stable matching theory, it is suggested that unilineal descent may serve as a stable compromise among multiple individuals' incongruent partner preferences, with patriliny favored over matriliny in the crew-formation context because it leads to higher mean degrees of relatedness among male cooperators. In the context of food-sharing, kin preferences can be pursued relatively autonomously, without the necessity of coordinating preferences with those of other households through the institution of lineage.  相似文献   

14.
Life history,ecology and longevity in bats   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
Wilkinson GS  South JM 《Aging cell》2002,1(2):124-131
The evolutionary theory of aging predicts that life span should decrease in response to the amount of mortality caused by extrinsic sources. Using this prediction, we selected six life history and ecological factors to use in a comparative analysis of longevity among 64 bat species. On average, the maximum recorded life span of a bat is 3.5 times greater than a non-flying placental mammal of similar size. Records of individuals surviving more than 30 years in the wild now exist for five species. Univariate and multivariate analyses of species data, as well as of phylogenetically independent contrasts obtained using a supertree of Chiroptera, reveal that bat life span significantly increases with hibernation, body mass and occasional cave use, but decreases with reproductive rate and is not influenced by diet, colony size or the source of the record. These results are largely consistent with extrinsic mortality risk acting as a determinant of bat longevity. Nevertheless, the strong association between life span and both reproductive rate and hibernation also suggests that bat longevity is strongly influenced by seasonal allocation of non-renewable resources to reproduction. We speculate that hibernation may provide a natural example of caloric restriction, which is known to increase longevity in other mammals.  相似文献   

15.
1. Sharing recent ancestry (kinship) increases the degree of genetic similarity between individuals, where genetic similarity could mean anything from sharing a particular allele to sharing an entire genome. 2. Genetic similarity can influence behavioural and other responses between individuals in a number of ways, discriminatory and non-discriminatory. All are likely to result in kin bias, because of the correlation between genetic similarity and kinship, but only some should be regarded as involving kin discrimination. 3. Non-discriminatory kin bias could arise through close relatives sharing, for instance, physical characteristics (such as those influencing competitive ability), thresholds of behavioural response or requirements for particular resources. 4. Discriminatory kin bias could arise through the direct perception of genetic similarity between individuals (direct similarity discrimination) or the use of cues likely to correlate with genetic similarity (indirect similarity discrimination--of which kin discrimination is one form). Alternatively, it could arise incidentally through mistaken identity or discrimination at some other level, such as species identification. 5. Experiments with laboratory and wild house mice have revealed kin bias in a number of contexts, including (a) parental and infanticidal behaviour, (b) sexual development and behaviour and (c) investigatory behaviour and passive body contact among juveniles and adults. 6. While kin bias in mice has been interpreted as evidence for kin discrimination, there are several problems with such an interpretation. These include (a) pronounced and complex effects of familiarity on discrimination, (b) a high risk of error-proneness in the indirect cues used in apparent kin discrimination and (c) weak and easily disrupted kin bias effects in certain contexts. 7. Consideration of social structure and discriminatory responses within populations of wild house mice leads to an alternative explanation for some kin bias in terms of incidental discrimination based on social group membership. 8. Several results from laboratory experiments suggest incidental discrimination is a more parsimonious explanation than kin discrimination for some intrasexual kin bias in behaviour. However, kin or direct similarity discrimination appears to be the most likely explanation for other aspects of intrasexual kin bias and for intersexual kin bias.  相似文献   

16.
We investigated the genetic structure and kinship patterns of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) at Palenque National Park, Mexico. Fecal samples from 49 individuals residing in eight social groups were successfully genotyped for 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers known to be variable in other ateline primates. Overall, genetic diversity was low (Ho = 0.588) with an average of 4.2 alleles per loci (range = 2–8). We found that intergroup genetic variation among adults was relatively high (mean between‐group FST = 0.119), largely due to the genetic divergence of one study group from the others. Intragroup kinship patterns showed that in most social groups, either adult males, adult females, or individuals of both sexes resided with same‐sexed adult kin, suggesting that some black howler males and females may not disperse from their natal group or may disperse with related individuals. Of the six sampled immigrant males, two males joined established groups by themselves, and four males formed two pairs that each took over the social group they joined after evicting the resident males. Males in both these coalitions were genetically closely related, while the two solitary immigrants were not closely related to any of the resident males present in the group they joined. Am. J. Primatol. 74:948‐957, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

17.
Given their cryptic behaviour, it is often difficult to establish kinship within microchiropteran maternity colonies. This limits understanding of group formation within this highly social group. Following a concerted effort to comprehensively sample a Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri) maternity colony over two consecutive summers, we employed microsatellite DNA profiling to examine genetic relatedness among individuals. Resulting data were used to ascertain female kinship, parentage, mating strategies, and philopatry. Overall, despite evidence of female philopatry, relatedness was low both for adult females and juveniles of both sexes. The majority of individuals within the colony were found to be unrelated or distantly related. However, parentage analysis indicates the existence of a number of maternal lineages (e.g., grandmother, mother, or daughter). There was no evidence suggesting that males born within the colony are mating with females of the same colony. Thus, in this species, males appear to be the dispersive sex. In the Natterer’s bat, colony formation is likely to be based on the benefits of group living, rather than kin selection.  相似文献   

18.
Although two cryptic pipistrelle bat species, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus , belong among the most common bat species in Europe, it is still unclear whether they can migrate over long distances between summer and winter roosts. Long-distance migratory species may be expected to show low levels of genetic structuring in large areas due to regular mixing of the gene pool by mating that occurs during migration and/or hibernation. Conversely, the dispersal of gametes in sedentary species is spatially restricted, populations are more genetically structured, and isolation by relatively short distance is visible. By analysing diversity of highly variable microsatellites within and among summer colonies of both studied species in central Europe, we found that differentiation between populations is very weak. Both classical F ST and Bayesian clustering approach failed to detect genetic structure among colonies and there was no significant isolation-by-distance pattern. The analyses of relatedness, however, revealed that individuals within colonies are more related than random suggesting philopatry of at least one sex. The results were very similar for the two species. The high level of gene flow among central European populations, even on large geographic distances, is discussed in relation with migrations, dispersal, and mating behaviour.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 96 , 103–114.  相似文献   

19.
P Veleminsky  M Dobisíková 《HOMO》2005,56(2):173-196
In spite of a recent preferential application of molecular genetic methods to kinship determination of anonymous human skeletal remains, the classical anthropological methods cannot be rejected as they are simple, quick and give access to a large part of a genome. This paper deals with the extent of morphological skeletal similarity in persons of known genealogical relationship. The skeletal remains of eight individuals from the family tomb of the Swéerts-Sporck's noble family in castle Kuks, East Bohemia, Czech Republic were analysed. Basic personal details, as well as data on their genealogical relationship, were available. Individuals were compared according to 173 anatomical variants--epigenetic traits, 90 of which were located on the skull and 83 on the postcranial skeleton. For each trait the percentile coincidence and/or difference were calculated. We observed the highest coincidence between the father and his son. These two individuals showed both closest correlation in the presence and the least difference in the occurrence of anatomical variants, as well as a high value of paternal probability. Clear kinship was also detected among cousins of the same or opposite sex. However, kinship between brother and sister was not so evident. The greatest difference was observed amongst biologically unrelated family members such as women who married into the family. The individuals under investigation showed a significantly higher occurrence of three among four traits of the sella turcica (ponticulus carotico-clinoideus, ponticulus interclinoideus, taenia interclinoidea; 99% confidence). A significantly higher occurrence of the ponticuli basales ossis sphenoidalis, palatine torus and the costal articular surface on the body of 7th cervical vertebrae was also found (95% confidence). Our results, therefore, suggest that these morphological variants might be considered as family-specific traits.  相似文献   

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