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1.
调查了不同因素对我国居民环境态度的影响,从国家安全和农户意愿双重角度分析了我国生态环境保护政策的运行状况.结果表明:我国公民的生态环保意识普遍提高,公众的环保意识与经济收入的关系符合环境经济库兹涅茨(Kuznets)曲线.这主要是因为大部分贫困人口生活在环境恶劣的城市周边地区或环境严重退化的偏远山区,而城市化的快速发展也加剧了城市的环境恶化;通过年龄与环境态度的比较分析发现,我国居民对环境严重恶化的关切程度及对政府开展环境保护的支持力度增强;发展经济、强化教育、改善居民的生活质量是制定环境保护政策不可忽视的重要内容.  相似文献   

2.
半城市化地区已成为城市地理与城市生态领域的研究热点,而对半城市化地区居民环境意识的关注则相对较少.本文以厦门市集美区典型半城市化地区为例,通过问卷调查,以社区为单位展开环境意识调查,旨在利用统计分析手段,探寻影响半城市化地区居民环境意识的主要社会经济因素,并揭示在不同城市化水平的社区中居民环境意识的差异性.分析结果表明,对居民环境意识影响最显著的因素是家庭收入,其次是受教育程度;不同城市化水平的社区类型居民的环境意识之间也存在显著差异.居民受教育程度和家庭收入水平的提高,是居民环境意识提高的重要保证;同时,提升社区高环境意识形成的氛围,推动社区现代化或城市化改造是提高居民环境意识的一个重要途径.  相似文献   

3.
池塘养殖具有食品供给、空气质量调节、文化服务等多重功能,但在其生产过程中也会产生环境成本。正确认识池塘养殖的正、负生态服务价值,对于避免养殖生产过程中存在的盲目和短视、保持水产养殖业本身的可持续发展、促进水产养殖经济与环境的和谐发展具有重要的现实意义。依据双边界二分式CVM法,通过随机抽样调查法获得当地居民对于环境污染时的受偿意愿(WTA)水平,利用STATA10.0软件定量核算了2010年上海环淀山湖地区的池塘养殖环境成本为1982.26万元/a,约合5105元.a-.1hm-2)。研究表明,居民家庭收入、受教育程度、年龄等社会经济因素对居民的环境污染受偿意愿具有显著性的影响,但其具体的影响力大小和方向还有待进一步的探讨。研究同时表明,双边界二分式CVM法具有较强的稳定性,政府应综合考虑各种因素,制定并执行针对性、公平性的生态补偿政策。  相似文献   

4.
周侃  张健  宋金平  樊杰 《生态学报》2023,43(10):4010-4023
环境基本公共服务是青藏高原生态屏障区生态环境治理及农牧民人居环境品质提升的关键环节,揭示其配置均衡状态及失效原因,对提升青藏高原环境基本公共服务均等化水平、降低生态屏障区内人类活动的生态环境胁迫风险具有重要意义。以青海省4315个村镇居民点为对象,选取生活垃圾处理、生活污水处理、卫生户厕改造3项特征指标,定量测度村镇环境基本公共服务配置非均衡性,运用有序多分类及二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型解析非均衡性的生成原因。结果显示:青海环境基本公共服务水平总体偏低,处于低和极低等级的村镇居民点占37.13%和37.84%;环境基本公共服务非均衡性受配置成本、人口社会、经济收入和基层管理因素的多重影响,自然地理的高寒性和交通区位的偏远性是生成非均衡性的重要因素;人口社会因素的规模报酬递增效应使非均衡性加剧,大分散、小聚居的农牧民定居点通常是服务配置的弱势区域,经济收入和基层管理因素分别是非均衡性加剧的内因和外因。建议在青藏高原生态屏障区实施递进式均衡配置模式及适应性管理,建立就地消纳与跨区处理结合的弹性生活垃圾处置体系,推广耐低温分散化污水处置模式和生态化处置技术体系,适应高寒环境的户厕改造技术研发和农牧...  相似文献   

5.
重点生态功能区承担着重要的生态系统服务供给功能,农户作为该区主要的经济活动主体,其对环境资源过度依赖会严重影响该区的生态环境质量,从而使生态系统服务功能受损。当前亟需深入探索重点生态功能区农户生计对环境资源的依赖性及其影响因素,为制定环境友好型区域发展政策提供借鉴。本研究以甘南高原为例,基于581份农户调查数据,分析了农户生计对环境资源的依赖度,并利用有序多分类Logistic回归模型识别了影响农户环境资源依赖度的因素。结果表明: 甘南高原农户生计对环境资源的依赖度较高,其主要体现在食物自给、生活用能、收入来源3个方面,依赖度分别为57.3%、56.9%和37.4%;不同类型农户生计对环境资源的依赖性存在显著差异,劳动力受教育水平较高及非农化水平较高的农户,对环境资源的依赖度较低,而抚养比系数较高的农户对环境资源的依赖度较高;家庭抚养比、劳动力受教育水平、家庭成员领导能力、外出打工人数占劳动力比重、生态政策、海拔等因素均对农户的环境资源依赖度有显著影响。其中,家庭抚养比、海拔对其具有正向影响,而外出打工人数占劳动力比重、劳动力受教育水平、家庭成员领导能力、生态政策等因素对其表现为负向影响。  相似文献   

6.
辽宁省重化工业地区公众的环境意识调查与评价   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
公众环境意识对国家环境保护政策的制定与实施具有重要影响.辽宁省中部重化工业区公众环境意识水平的调查对象为5个城市的居民、决策者、教师、学生、企业职工与农民,主要调查内容包括公众对环境质量变化的评价、对所居住社区环境的满意程度、公众关注的环境问题、环境污染类型、环境污染和生态破坏的原因、造成地区环境质量差异的原因、对环境保护的认知程度及国家未来的发展目标等.调查表明,78.7%的公众认为环境质量同5年前相比明显好转;但65.3%的公众认为居住社区环境一般,公众对于环保经费的使用排序为垃圾处理>植树造林>建污水处理厂>改善空气质量.总体来看,多数公众缺乏必要的环境保护知识,对水体、食品污染的严重性普遍认识不足;居民环保意识差对环境质量改善具有明显制约作用;公众对环境意识宣传具有很强要求.本调查结果可为研究辽宁地区的环境保护、生态建设、经济可持续发展和政府部门制定各种环保政策法规提供依据.  相似文献   

7.
牧民对草地生态补偿政策的满意度实证研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
王丽佳  刘兴元 《生态学报》2017,37(17):5798-5806
实施草地生态补偿政策是恢复退化草地、建设生态安全屏障、提高牧民生活水平,促进牧区社会经济发展的重要手段。研究牧民对草地生态补偿政策的满意度及其影响因素,对完善我国草地生态补偿政策,提高补偿绩效具有重要意义。选取甘肃牧区中甘南、肃南和天祝三地500户牧民作为样本数据,结合问卷调查与深度访谈,构建有序Logit模型,从牧民一般社会经济特征、对其居住与放牧地区生态环境评估,以及对生活满意度评估三方面入手研究了牧民对草地生态补偿政策实施的满意度及其影响因素。结果表明,影响牧民对补偿政策满意度的显著因素包括牧民受教育水平、牲畜养殖数量与体重变化情况、补偿金额、牧民对环境与经济重要性的评估,以及对社会福利满意度的主观评价。从政策角度看,提高牧民受教育水平,改变牧民传统放牧观念;改善贫困牧民生活水平,提高牧民社会福利;优化补偿方式,构建补偿政策监管体系,有利于草地生态补偿政策的进一步完善与有效实施。  相似文献   

8.
应用参与式乡村评估方法(PRA)对四川九顶山自然保护区周边社区5个乡镇的经济状况及居民的环境意识进行了调查,结果表明:(1)居民的主要经济来源是经济林木产品和矿山务工收入,对森林资源的依赖性不强;(2)当地大量的采矿业破坏了自然环境;(3)在调查居民的发展愿望时,37%的人认为应大力发展种植业,由于社区经济发展不平衡,居民的发展愿望差异明显;(4)各乡镇居民对保护区的认识和环境保护的看法有显著差异,经济发展地区的环境意识较强;(5)保护区对居民的宣传教育偏少.保护区应加大对居民的宣教工作,积极开展社区共管;同时也应注意到经济发展的滞后可能影响社区的环境保护工作的开展,所以在推动保护区的工作同时,应实现当地经济的可持续发展.  相似文献   

9.
周学红  杨锡涛  唐谨成  张伟 《生态学报》2016,36(21):6708-6718
生态文明建设对野生动物资源保护提出了新的要求。在实践中,需要借鉴国内外研究成果和成功案例,并克服目前我国野生动物保护中存在的问题。综述了国内外相关文献,认为:目前世界上的野生动物就地保护方式主要是建立保护区和国家公园,在发挥保护作用同时,也给周边居民带来负面影响,从而制约了野生动物保护与当地社区经济的协调发展。传统的"命令-控制型"保护政策忽略了当地居民的生活需求,不利于形成居民积极的保护态度;居民的保护态度除了受来自野生动物造成的损害的影响,还和周边居民的年龄、受教育程度、经济收入等密切相关;为提高居民保护积极性,经济激励机制有着重要作用。目前,国内外保护工作中一般应用的经济激励措施主要包括直接经济补偿、生态旅游、现代狩猎、生态补偿等。  相似文献   

10.
城市居民食物氮消费变化及其环境负荷——以厦门市为例   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
于洋  崔胜辉  赵胜男  孟凡鑫  李飞 《生态学报》2012,32(19):5953-5961
食物消费是城市养分流动的重要环节,以厦门市为例,分析了1988—2009年居民食物氮素消费的变化特点,分析与其变化相关的经济、社会因素,并探讨了居民食物氮素消费变化所带来的环境负荷。研究结果表明,厦门市人均食物氮消费量变化与食物消费量变化并不完全一致,人均氮消费量2000年以前维持在3.29 kg N.人-1.a-1,2000年以后呈现波动性的增长,2004年达到最高值4.00 kg N.人-1.a-1。厦门市食物氮素消费总量增长幅度较大,由1988年的0.54万t增至2009年的1.50万t。同时,粮食在食物氮消费量中所占比例由45.5%下降到15.9%。畜禽肉、奶制品所占比例分别由25.0%和0.4%上升至29.8%和8.8%。通过将相关经济、社会因素与居民食物氮消费量进行相关性分析表明,人均可支配收入、食物价格指数、具有大学学历以上人口比重均与其联系较为密切,呈正相关;恩格尔系数、平均家庭人口数与居民食物氮消费量呈负相关。通过选取1988、1994、2001、2008年分析居民食物氮素消费造成的环境氮负荷发现,由其带来的环境氮负荷量由3509.12t增加至7629.36t,约90%的氮素进入了土壤和水体。其中,进入土壤的氮素占进入环境氮总量的比例由37%增长到60%,进入水体的氮素比例由57%降至35%。  相似文献   

11.
Eco-efficiency and Its xsTerminology   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Eco-efficiency has been defined as a general goal of creating value while decreasing environmental impact. Leaving out the normative part of this concept, the empirical part refers to a ratio between environmental impact and economic cost or value. Two basic choices must be made in defining practical eco-efficiency: which variable is in the denominator and which is in the numerator; and whether to specify environmental impact or improvement and value created or cost. Distinguishing between two situations, the general one of value creation and the specific one of environmental improvement efforts, and leaving the numerator-denominator choice to the user, as diverging practices have developed, four basic types of ecoefficiency result: environmental intensity and environmental productivity in the realm of value creation; and environmental improvement cost and environmental cost-effectiveness in the realm of environmental improvement measures.  相似文献   

12.
This debate series paper argues that the scientific and socio-economic dimensions of environmental problems are inherently inseparable. The author proposes that understanding this inseparability is the foundation of successful environmental problem-solving, and a prerequisite to the effective use of formal decision-making tools.  相似文献   

13.
A Framework for Quantified Eco-efficiency Analysis   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Eco-efficiency is an instrument for sustainability analysis, indicating an empirical relation in economic activities between environmental cost or value and environmental impact. This empirical relation can be matched against normative considerations as to how much environmental quality or improvement society would like to offer in exchange for economic welfare, or what the trade-off between the economy and the environment should be if society is to realize a certain level of environmental quality. Its relevance lies in the fact that relations between economy and environment are not self-evident, not at a micro level and not at the macro level resulting from micro-level decisions for society as a whole. Clarifying the why and what of eco-efficiency is a first step toward decision support on these two aspects of sustainability. With the main analytic framework established, filling in the actual economic and environmental relations requires further choices in modeling. Also, the integration of different environmental effects into a single score requires a clear definition of approach, because several partly overlapping methods exist. Some scaling problems accompany the specification of numerator and denominator, which need a solution and some standardization before eco-efficiency analysis can become more widely used. With a method established, the final decision is how to embed it in practical decision making. In getting the details of eco-efficiency better specified, its strengths, but also its weaknesses and limitations, need to be indicated more clearly.  相似文献   

14.
The reform in environmental regulations being considered at both federal and state levels is intended to enhance the value and effectiveness of a rule by incorporating risk assessment and cost benefit analysis in the rule making process or regulatory implementation. Although a risk based approach may not provide a panacea to all environmental problem solving, it offers some obvious advantages over the status quo. In particular, it establishes a scientifically defensible basis for evaluating the trade off between risks, costs and benefits in making prudent environmental decisions and developing effective regulatory policies. This paper presents a conceptual framework for risk reduction, summarizes the current status in risk-based legislation at the federal level, provides examples of how various states are using risk based approaches in their regulatory programs, addresses aspects of technical and policy challenges in rule making and other policy and enforcement decisions and provides suggestions for meeting these challenges.  相似文献   

15.
中国水稻生产的环境成本估算——湖北、湖南案例研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
水稻是中国农业生产中的一种重要作物,其对中国GDP的直接贡献大约2000亿元,占全国农业总产值的10%,然而如同其它农业活动一样,水稻生产也带来了一些环境问题,其成本并未得到全面的评价,也未体现于政策制订中,研究选定湖南和湖北两个省,分别对水稻生产的环境成本作了估算和评价。经过估算,两个省1995年的环境成本为25-110亿元,约为农业总产值的1%-4.5%,考虑目前水稻生产的发展趋势以及国家环境政策变化,这些成本在2020年将可能达到3倍以上。  相似文献   

16.
Abstract  The goal of the different national and supranational ecolabelling programs is to encourage consumers to choose products which are the least damaging to the environment. It is clear that the involvement of product and service users is essential to the establishment of sustainable consumption patterns. For this reason, ecolabelling must necessarily limit any risks of uncertainty. To this end, labels must take into account all the impacts of a product’s life cycle and use a reliable and verifiable evaluation method. In general, the organizations in charge of ecolabelling programs claim that a multi-criteria approach is used to define the exact labelling criteria appropriate for the product categories in question. These organizations generally maintain that their approach is based on the completion of exhaustive and complete life cycle analyses, which take into account all of the impacts caused by a product throughout its life cycle. And yet, the real situation is often far less clear-cut, and these simplified approaches, which tend to reconcile economic realism and methodological coherence, constitute the usual procedure for criteria definition. Thus, the procedures involved in criteria development often rely on a ‘semi-qualitative’ approach to the life cycle which uses both qualitative and quantitative data in order to identify the product’s significant stages on the environment. Presently, the ecolabel is a ‘non-verifiable expert property’ for the consumer. The ecolabel’s lack of objectivity in its criteria and its lack of transparency, resulting from non standardized methods whose accuracy cannot be measured, can only damage this sustainable development tool’s credibility. In effect, the primary hindrance to ecolabel development lies precisely within this difficulty of finding a compromise between economic feasibility and the scientific and methodological rigor which are indispensable to the label’s credibility and veracity.  相似文献   

17.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is increasingly used for biomonitoring and research of fish populations and communities by environmental resource managers and academic researchers. Although managers are much interested in expanding the use of eDNA as a survey technique, they are sceptical about both its utility (given that information is often limited to presence/absence of a species) and feasibility (given the need for proper laboratory facilities for sample processing). Nonetheless, under the right circumstances, eDNA analysis is cost-effective compared to many traditional aquatic survey methods and does not disturb habitat or harm the animals being surveyed. This article presents a case study in which eDNA analysis was successfully used to document the presence of a rare fish species in a waterway earmarked for restoration. The authors discuss the conditions that allowed this study to occur quickly and smoothly and speculate on how the goals of researchers and managers can be integrated for efficient and informative use of this tool.  相似文献   

18.
The actual evidence observed in studies of LEK (local environmental knowledge) is nearly always talk about the environment, or what we refer to as LET (local environmental talk), with the claim of studying LEK usually being built upon the implicit assumption that talk about the environment is the expression of knowledge about the environment. We suggest that it is critically important for researchers to question this assumption, especially when the distinction between LET and LEK is also emphasized by local people themselves. In the case we present here, residents of small fishing villages on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland are routinely skeptical about what other local residents say about the environment; that is, they engage in LES (local environmental skepticism). We suggest that paying explicit attention to LES can help distinguish LEK from LET.  相似文献   

19.
廖中举  张曼婷 《生态学报》2020,40(9):3144-3153
生态创新是实现绿色发展的重要举措。为了深入了解生态创新的研究进展,基于Web of Science引文数据库,系统收集了2007—2018年间615篇符合生态创新主题的论文,采用文献计量、内容分析等方法对文献进行了科学和系统分析,构建了生态创新研究的整合框架。结果发现:生态创新的研究基础围绕"基础理论、竞争优势、环境政策工具"三个方面,其研究热点包括生态创新的绩效评估、生态创新与企业绩效的关系,以及生态创新的驱动因素。最后,基于分析结果,本研究勾勒出了生态创新领域未来的研究方向。  相似文献   

20.
综述了我国2种主养的淡水螯虾(克氏原螯虾和红螯螯虾)在生理生态学与环境毒理学方面的研究进展。总结了淡水螯虾的环境条件(盐度、温度和pH)适应范围、毒性污染物(氨氮、亚硝酸盐、重金属和农药等)的半致死浓度和安全浓度,以及环境胁迫和毒性污染物暴露对淡水螯虾生长、组织结构、生理代谢和免疫功能等的影响,为淡水螯虾养殖的水环境监测与调控提供参考依据。  相似文献   

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