转抗虫基因植物生态安全性研究进展

转抗虫基因植物如Bt棉花等已在美国、中国和澳大利亚等国家大规模商业化种植 ,有关转抗虫基因植物潜在的生态风险已引起广泛的关注。该文综述了转抗虫基因植物研究应用现状与安全性研究进展。主要内容包括 :转抗虫基因植物的种类及其对靶标害虫的抗性 ,对非靶标害虫和天敌发生的影响 ,对农田生态系统生物多样性的影响 ,靶标昆虫的抗性治理及转抗虫基因植物的基因漂移等     

转基因棉花主要靶标害虫的抗性发展及抗性治理策略研究

转基因棉花的大面积种植有效的控制了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、红铃虫Pectinophora gossypiella 等靶标害虫的危害,然而抗性监测结果显示,转Bt基因棉田的棉铃虫耐受性正逐年提高,抗性问题已成为影响持续利用转Bt基因棉花的主要因素,发展新的转基因棉花势在必行.新的基因或蛋白的选择应以对靶标害虫高效、不易产生抗性,且与现在广泛应用的基因或蛋白无交互抗性为原则.本文综述了转Bt基因棉花的主要靶标害虫对Bt抗性的研究进展,及其与新抗虫转基因棉花的关系,并讨论了抗性治理策略的发展历程.     

向小黑杨转化蜘蛛杀虫毒素基因（英文）

近年来,危害小黑杨Populus simonii×Ｐ.nigra的害虫发生严重,给林业生产造成很大损失。为了提高小黑杨的抗虫能力,避免使用杀虫剂带来的污染,用农杆菌介导法将澳大利亚漏斗蛛Atrax robustus的毒蛋白基因和苏云金芽孢杆菌CryⅠA（b）基因C末端的融合基因BGT转化入小黑杨。PCR 和Southern印记分析转基因植株,结果表明,BGT杀虫基因已经整合在小黑杨基因组上。活性实验表明,取食转基因杨树6天和9天后,舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar 2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别是37.0%和92.6%。方差分析表明取食转基因和对照杨树的舞毒蛾幼虫体重差异显著。这些结果显示转基因杨树上的舞毒蛾的发育速率受到影响。     

转基因抗虫棉生物安全评价研究进展

概述了转基因抗虫棉的推广应用现状,并从基因漂移,靶标害虫对转基因抗虫棉的抗性及治理对策、对非靶标昆虫的影响、对土壤生态系统的影响及其产品的食品安全性评价几个方面对近年来国内外对转基因抗虫棉的生物安全性研究做了综述。     

转Bt抗虫基因水稻的研究进展和生物安全性及其对策

转基因抗虫水稻的商品化种植已成为国内外广泛关注的热点问题.综述了转Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)抗虫基因水稻的研究进展、食品安全性、生态安全性以及对转Bt基因水稻本身的性状变化的影响,并提出了防范策略,以期为转Bt基因水稻的生物安全性评价和商品化种植提供科学参考.     

转Bt抗虫稻对地上非靶标节肢动物的生态风险性

通过转入Bt基因使作物获得抗虫性,减少杀虫剂施用量,为害虫管理开辟了一条重要途径。但公众关注与担忧其环境释放可能存在生物安全与生态风险。本文在系统评述转基因抗虫水稻的生态风险、安全性评价研究内容与方法基础上,重点分析了转基因抗虫水稻对非靶标害虫、捕食性天敌、寄生蜂、中性昆虫及其在食物链上传递的生态风险与安全性,提出了未来研究发展的方向。     

转基因植物环境安全性研究进展

随着转基因植物在全球范围内的广泛种植,其环境安全性问题也日益受到重视。对转基因植物的环境安全性问题进行了综述,主要从转基因植物的杂草化、基因漂移、对非靶标和靶标生物的影响等方面阐述了转基因植物对生态环境的影响。     

转Bt基因抗虫作物对非靶标害虫的影响

转基因作物的长期大面积种植,在为农业生产带来惠益的同时,对农业生态系统的健康和稳定可能会产生潜在的影响。转基因作物表达的Bt蛋白对靶标害虫起到较好的控制效果,而对Bt蛋白不敏感的非靶标害虫种群可能会迅速发展起来,对作物造成为害。随着抗虫转基因作物的连续多年种植,科学家们对于田间杀虫剂施用量的增减看法不尽一致。通过总结已有的研究报道,本文以Bt玉米和Bt棉花为例,分析了大田中非靶标害虫暴发的现状,以及暴发的主要原因(如杀虫剂的使用、害虫天敌减少和物种替代)。在生产实践中,抗虫作物的长期大面积释放导致广谱杀虫剂施用量减少,田间非靶标害虫数量上升。因此今后需要继续开展更多的研究来综合评估种植转Bt基因作物产生的长期潜在影响,优化害虫防治措施,避免非靶标害虫暴发。     

转新型双价抗虫基因杨树对光肩星天牛及美国白蛾的抗性鉴定

为明确双价基因chitinase-BmkIT对鞘翅目害虫光肩星天牛及鳞翅目害虫美国白蛾的抗虫效果, 分别以转该双价基因的杨树茎干和叶片为材料，采用室内茎干接虫和叶片接虫方法鉴定其对光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis和美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea幼虫的抗性。结果表明：转基因株系132-2，144-1，123-1对美国白蛾幼虫的致死作用和生长发育影响显著高于取食未转化叶片的处理（P＜0.05），且对其后代产生了影响，表现为幼虫不能化蛹或化蛹后不能羽化或羽化不正常；但供试的8个转基因株系对光肩星天牛幼虫无明显的致死和生长抑制作用，表现为幼虫死亡率和体重均与取食非转化茎干幼虫无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结果提示，双价基因chitinase-BmkIT可作为杨树鳞翅目害虫的抗虫基因源，并且对延缓害虫抗性的产生具有一定的意义。     

转Bt基因水稻对土壤微生态系统的潜在影响

随着转基因作物商品化应用的增多,对其进行生态风险性评价尤为重要.国内外对转基因作物中外源基因向野生亲缘物种漂移的可能性、昆虫对抗虫转基因作物的耐受性以及转基因作物对生物多样性的潜在影响等问题进行了广泛的研究.文中从Bt杀虫结晶蛋白在土壤中的残留特性、Bt杀虫晶体蛋白对土壤微生物可培养类群和土壤酶活性的影响等方面对转Bt基因抗虫水稻的潜在生态风险性进行了简要综述,以期为同类研究提供有益的信息.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Polymorphism in Cepaea Hortensis in marginal populations in Spain

Cepaea hortensis (Mull) is found in Spain only in the western part of the Iberian mountain range. This is the southernmost limit of its range. The most frequent colour is yellow, brown being very rare. The most frequent band patterns are 12345, fused banded and unbanded. There are associations between maximum and minimum temperatures and pink and effectively unbanded yellow phenotypes. The populations may be grouped into two zones, one located in the north and the other in the south of the sampled area. Visual predation was not observed. The marginal populations studied by us were compared with others from Northern Europe, and it was observed that pink snails are more frequent at the southern limit, and unbanded ones at the northern limit. This was interpreted as a climatic selection.