青州南部山区冬季鸟类群落生态的初步研究

青州南部山区冬季鸟类群落生态的初步研究丛建国（山东潍坊教育学院生物系,青州２６２５００）ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＷｉｎｔｅｒＢｉｒｄｓｉｎＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＭｏｕｎｔｏｉｎｏｕｓＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＱｉｎｇｚｈｏｕ￥ＣｏｎｇＪｏａｎｇｕｏ（Ｄｅ－ｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＷｅｉｆａｎｇＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｑｉｎｇｚｈｏｕ２６２５００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏＬｙｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：５２－５５。ＡｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｎｂｉｒｄｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆＱｉｎｇＺｈｏｕ,ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,ｉｓｃｏｕｄｕｃｔｅｄ３０ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｒｅｆｏｕｎｄａｎｄ４ｔｉｍｅ;ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅａ,Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｎｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｂｉｒｄｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙａｒｅｖａｒｉｅｄｗｉｔｈｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｈａｂｉｔａｔｓ,ＵｓｉｎｇＦｕｚｚｙａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄ,６ｂｉｒｄ．Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅｃｌａｓｓｉｔｉｅｄ     

庐山土壤微生物类群及酶活特性

庐山土壤微生物类群及酶活特性陆杨森,熊金莲,张明（安徽农学院,合肥２３００３６）ＭｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌＧｒｏｕｐｓａｎｄＥｎｚｙｍｅＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｉｎＳｏｉｌｏｆＬｕｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ￥ＬｕＹａｎｇｓｅｎ;ＸｉｏｎｇＪｉｎｌｉａｎ;ＺｈａｎｇＭｉｎｇ（ＡｎｈｕｉＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,Ｈｅｆｅｉ２３００３６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ１９９３,１２（５）：２５－２８。ＴｈｅｔｏｔａｌｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｍｉｃｒｏｂｅｓｖａｒｉｅｓｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｏｉｌｔｙｐｅｓｏｆＬｕｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ,ｂｅｉｎｇｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ（１．２×１０￣９ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓｇｄｒｙｓｏｉｌ）ｉｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓｙｅｌｌｏｗｂｒｏｗｎｓｏｉｌ．Ｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉａｌｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｖａｒｉｏｕｓｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌｇｒｏｕｐｓｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｏｉｌｔｙｐｅｓｉｓｓｉｍｌｌａｒ。Ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｉｓｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎａｃｔｉｎｏｍｙｃｅｓａｎｄｆｕｎｇｉ．Ｎｏｎｉｔｒｉｆｙｉｎｇｂａｃｔｅ－ｒｉａｃａｎｂｅｆｏｕｎｄＩｎｓｏｌｌｓｏｆＬｕｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉ     

植物种群的繁殖对策

植物种群的繁殖对策钟章成（西南师范大学,重庆６３０７１５）ＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＳｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ．￥ＺｈｏｎｇＺｈａｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａＴｅａｃｈｅｒｓＵ－ｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｃｈｏｎ...     

不同生态条件下苹果叶面附生物种群演替的初步研究

不同生态条件下苹果叶面附生物种群演替的初步研究陈功友,郑铁民,任国兰,时向阳（河南农业大学,郑州４５０００２）郭艳春,宋爱仙（河南省植保总站,郑州４５０００２）（郑州市园艺场,４５０００２）ＳｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＥｐｉｐｈｙｔｉｃＭｉｃｒｏｆｌｏｒａＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＡｐｐｌｅＰｈｙｌｌｏｐｌａｎｅｕｎｄｅｒＤｉｆｆｃｒｅｎｔＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｄｉ－ｔｉｏｎｓ￥．ＣｈｅｎＧｏｎｇｙｏｕ,ＺｈｅｎｇＴｉｅｍｉｎ,ＲｅｎＧｕｏｌａｎ,ＳｈｉＸｉａｎｇｙａｎｇ（Ｈｅｎａｎ,ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｕｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｚｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕ４５０００２）,ＧｕｏＹａｎｃｈｕｎ（ＨｅｎａｎＧｅｎｅｒａｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｌａｎｔｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ,Ｚｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕ４５０００２）,ＳｏｎｇＡｉｘｉａｎ（ＨｏｒｌｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＦａｒｍｏｆＺｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｙ,Ｚｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕ４５０００２）．（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：７－１３．Ｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｅｐｉｐｈｙｔｉｃｍｉｃｒｏｆｌｏｒａｏｎａｐｐｌｅｐｈｙｌｌ     

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展尹峰房继明（北京师范大学生物学系,１００８７５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＢｒａｎｄｔ’ｓＶｏｌｅｓ（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎ...     

大连潮间带底栖海藻群落的数量特征和优势种的季节变化

大连潮间带底栖海藻群落的数量特征和优势种的季节变化熊韶峻,王献平,郭旭光（辽宁师范大学生物系,大连１１６０２２）ＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓａｎｄＤｏｍｉｎａｎｔＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＢｅｎｔｈｉｃＳｅａｗｅｅｄＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎＩｎｔｅｒｔｉｄａｌｓｉｎＤａｌｉａｎ,Ｃｈｉｎａ￥．ＸｉｏｎｇＳｈａｏｊｕｎ,ＷａｎｇＸｉａｎｐｉｎｇ,ＧｕｏＸｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｕｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｄａｌｉａｎ１１６０２２）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：２７－２９．Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ,ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ,ｂｉｏｒｎａｓｓａｎｄｄｏｒｎｉｎａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆｂｅｎｔｈｉｃｓｅａｗｅｅｄｃｏｒｎｍｕｎｌｔｙｗｉｔｈｉｎｉｎｔｅｒｔｉｄａｌｉｎＤａｌｉａｎ,ＣｈｉｎａｗｅｒｅｍｏｎｔｈｌｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｆｒｏｒｎＭａｒｃｈ１９９０ｔｏＭａｒｃｈ１９９１．Ｉｔｉｓｘｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔ１）．ｔｈｅｇｅｎ－ｅｒａｌｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙｏｆｓｅａｓｏ     

无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念

无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念刘庆钟章成（中国科学院成都生物研究所,６１００４１）（西南师范大学生物系,重庆６３０７１５）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＣｌｏｎａｌＰｌａｎｔＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｏｍｅＲｅ...     

土壤种子库的结构与动态

土壤种子库的结构与动态班勇（中国林业科学院林业研究所,北京１０００９１）ＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆＳｅｅｄｓＢａｎｋｓｉｎＳｏｉｌ．￥ＢａｎＹｏｎｇ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍ...     

气候变化对农业害虫的潜在影响

气候变化对农业害虫的潜在影响张润杰何新凤（中山大学昆虫学研究所生物防治国家重点实验室,广州５１０２７５）ＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌＥｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｅＣｈａｎｇｅｏｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＩｎｓｅｃｔＰｅｓｔｓ．ＺｈａｎｇＲｕｎｊｉｅ,ＨｅＸｉ...     

棉蚜田间种群特定死亡率分析

棉蚜田间种群特定死亡率分析戈峰丁岩钦（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＴｉｍｅ┐ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＭｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｏｆＣｏｔｔｏｎＡｐｈｉｄ（Ａｐｈｉｓｇｏｓｓｙｐü）Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ,ＤｉｎｇＹａ...     

Population dynamics of Rattus argentiventer, Rattus losea, and Rattus rattus inhabiting a mixed-farming system in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

Rodent pests cause significant damage to lowland irrigated rice crops in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Data from a 4-year study were examined to look at the population dynamics of the ricefield rat, Rattus argentiventer (representing 50% of captures), the lesser ricefield rat, Rattus losea (30% of captures), and the black rat, Rattus rattus complex (9% of captures) that inhabit the irrigated mixed-cropping system. We tested the hypothesis that these rodent species were breeding in response to the availability of high-quality food provided by crops rather than in response to rainfall. The abundance of rodents fluctuated annually, with a main peak following the spring rice crop, and a secondary peak following the summer rice crop. There was a strong relationship between the monthly abundance of rats and rainfall, but a weak relationship between monthly rates of increase and rainfall. There were distinct peaks in breeding activity during the reproductive stages of the rice crops suggesting that changes in crop stages were more important than rainfall in this seasonal, but irrigated agroecosystem. The modal litter size for R. argentiventer was 8 (mean of 8.67±0.20 SE, range 2–16), where the mode for R. losea, was 7 (mean of 7.32±0.15 SE, range 3–14). Management of these species needs to be conducted prior to the onset of the main breeding seasons.     

The smell of cooperation: rats increase helpful behaviour when receiving odour cues of a conspecific performing a cooperative task

Reciprocity can explain cooperative behaviour among non-kin, where individuals help others depending on their experience in previous interactions. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cooperate reciprocally according to direct and generalized reciprocity. In a sequence of four consecutive experiments, we show that odour cues from a cooperating conspecific are sufficient to induce the altruistic help of rats in a food-exchange task. When rats were enabled to help a non-cooperative partner while receiving olfactory information from a rat helping a conspecific in a different room, they helped their non-cooperative partner as if it was a cooperative one. We further show that the cues inducing altruistic behaviour are released during the act of cooperation and do not depend on the identity of the cue provider. Remarkably, olfactory cues seem to be more important for cooperation decisions than experiencing a cooperative act per se. This suggests that rats may signal their cooperation propensity to social partners, which increases their chances to receive help in return.     

Modelling the distribution and interaction of introduced rodents on New Zealand offshore islands

Aim To establish the factors that correlate with the distribution of the four most commonly introduced rodent species on New Zealand offshore islands — ship rat (Rattus rattus), Norway rat (R. norvegicus), Pacific rat or kiore (R. exulans) and house mouse (Mus musculus) — and examine if these distributions are interactive at the archipelago scale. Location The 297 offshore islands of the New Zealand archipelago (latitude: 34° S to 47° S; longitude: 166° E to 179° E). Methods Data on the distribution of all four introduced rodent species and the characteristics of New Zealand offshore islands were collated from published surveys and maps. The distribution of individual rodent species was regressed on island characteristics using a logistic generalized linear model. Interactions were examined by including the distributions of other rodent species as predictors in models. Results All four rodent species appear to be limited by a variety of factors, which differ between species in both number and type. The distribution of ship rats is limited by the most factors, reflecting the extent of its distribution across the archipelago. The distribution of mice is the least explicative. Only the three rat species interacted in their distribution. The distribution of kiore on offshore islands is significantly negatively related to that of ship rats and to a lesser extent Norway rats. The distribution of mice did not appear affected in any way by the number of other rodent species on an island. Main conclusions Differences in competitive ability and dispersal allow all four species to inhabit the New Zealand archipelago. Kiore distribution appears to be most limited by ship rat (and to a lesser extent Norway rat) distribution. The distribution of kiore was not found to interact with the distribution of mice on offshore islands, as has been suggested by others. The distribution of mice on offshore islands was difficult to model, which highlights the difficulties in managing this species. Overall the results offer valuable insights for management methods to assist preventing the invasion of offshore islands.     

Kiore (Rattus exulans) distribution and relative abundance on a small highly modified island

ABSTRACT

Kiore (Pacific rat; Rattus exulans) is both a target for eradication and a taonga or highly valued species in New Zealand, and its abundance and distribution vary considerably throughout the country. We investigated reports of an abundant kiore population on Slipper Island (Whakahau), off the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island, in March 2017. We trapped kiore to examine their distribution across a range of habitats with varying degrees of human activity. Kiore were captured in all habitats, with particularly high abundance at a campground with a fruiting fig tree (50 kiore per 100 trap nights corrected for sprung traps). We found no evidence of other rat species; Slipper Island appears to remain one of few New Zealand islands with kiore but without ship rats (Rattus rattus) and Norway rats (R. norvegicus), the two other rat species present in New Zealand. Slipper Island potentially provides opportunities to research kiore behaviour and population dynamics in a New Zealand commensal environment, and genetics of an isolated island population.     

Analysis of nucleosome arrangement on satellite DNA of rat liver chromatin

The arrangement of nucleosomes on the nucleotide sequence of satellite DNA of Oceanian rat (Rattus rattus) has been studied. Nucleosome cores were prepared from rat liver nuclei with micrococcal nuclease, exonucleaseIII and nuclease Sl. From the total population of core DNA fragments, the satellite-containing fragments were selected by molecular cloning and the complete nucleotide sequence of these clones was determined. The data show that nucleosomes occupy a number of preferred positions on satellite DNA. These positions are strictly defined. Thus location of nucleosomes along the satellite sequence is non-random. Such finding may have important biological significance.     

First record of Leptospira borgpetersenii isolation in the Amami Islands, Japan

In 2003, a Leptospira survey was performed on Yoroshima Island of the Amami Islands located in the southwestern part of Japan. Seven Leptospira strains were isolated from the field rat Rattus rattus, which were identified as L. borgpetersenii by flaB sequencing, 16S rDNA sequencing and gyrB sequencing, and serovar Javanica was determined by a microscopic agglutination test. NotI-long restriction fragment analysis indicated that these isolates were genetically indistinguishable from an isolate from the Okinawa Islands. The present results suggest that L. borgpetersenii is migrating into the Amami Islands in Japan.     

Competition, coexistence, and adaptation amongst rodent invaders to Pacific and New Zealand islands

Variation in skull size was investigated for three species of rats (kiore –Rattus exulans Peale; ship rat –R. rattus L.; Norway rat –R. norvegicus Berkenhout) which were introduced by humans to various islands in New Zealand and other Pacific islands. Data from seventy-one islands and 882 specimens are examined for evidence of the effects of latitude, island size and interspecific competition among rats and the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) on skull size, using multiple regressions. For R. exulans, skull size increases with latitude as predicted by Bergmann's rule, but no such effect occurs for the other two rats. There was a positive relationship between island size and the number of species inhabiting it, and some species combinations were more likely to occur than others. For example, R. exulans and R. norvegicus were more likely to occur together, while R. rattus and R. exulans were rarely sympatric. R. exulans and R. rattus skull size was negatively correlated with the number of other rodents on the same island. R. exulans skull size increased on smaller islands in some island groups, perhaps because increased density and consequent increased intraspecific competition on smaller islands favours increased body size. This effect is more pronounced in tropical islands (Solomon islands), than in subtropical ones (Hawaiian islands) and less so in temperate New Zealand. Collectively the data demonstrate that rapid evolution of body size in predictable directions can follow within 150 years of the introduction of species to new receiving communities.     

Laboratory evaluation of a toxicant-sterilant, alpha-chlorohydrin, for the control of Indian mole rat Bandicota bengalensis

A toxicant-sterilant, alpha-chlorohydrin, was evaluated against the Indian mole rat Bandicota bengalensis and the ship or house rat Rattus rattus. It caused 100% mortality of B. bengalensis at 100 mg/kg but no mortality was observed in R. rattus even at 300 mg/kg. The acute oral LD₅₀ for B. bengalensis was found to be 82 mg/kg. The survivors of B. bengalensis, which received 60 - 90 mg/kg of alpha-chlorohydrin by oral intubation, showed dose-dependent decreases in testicular weight, and cauda epididymal sperm concentration, live sperm count and sperm motility. The values of these parameters indicated that mole rats receiving the above doses would be sterile. In contrast, these changes were observed in R. rattus only at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg. The toxic and antifertility effects of alpha-chlorohydrin observed on B. bengalensis suggest that it should be evaluated for the management of this species under held conditions.     

In Vivo Release of Dopamine and Its Metabolites from Rat Striatum in Response to Domoic Acid

The microdialysis technique was used to examine the effect of the neurotoxin domoate, an analog of glutamic acid, on striatal dopamine activity. Our results show that the intracerebral administration of different concentrations of domoate (100 and 500 M) produced increases in the extracellular levels of dopamine associated to decreases in the extracellular levels of its metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetate and homovanillate from rat striatum. These changes seem to be related according to a time sequence, indicating a possible effect on the metabolism of dopamine. Changes were also observed in locomotor activity (cycling behavior, sniffing around and chewing) in rats during the domoate infusion. The physiological mechanism by which domoate increased dopamine release remains to be worked out.     

Dramatic increase in the Zembretta Yelkouan shearwater breeding population following ship rat eradication spurs interest in managing a 1500-year old invasion

The ship rat (Rattus rattus) was introduced 1,500 years ago to the Zembra Archipelago (Tunisia) and was eradicated in October–November 2009 on two of its islands, Zembretta and Zembrettina. This eradication was performed 2 years after the discovery of a small colony of Yelkouan shearwaters (Puffinus yelkouan), a species recently up-listed to the vulnerable IUCN extinction risk category. For 2 years before and 3 years after rat eradication, the Zembretta Yelkouan shearwater breeding colony was checked yearly at the end of the breeding season. The number of recorded breeding pairs reaching 176 and 145, respectively, increases of 10.4 and 8.5-fold two and 3 years after rat eradication. This experiment shows that eradication of an ancient introduced ship rat population has dramatically improved the Zembretta Yelkouan shearwater breeding population very quickly. This result suggests that managing even long-introduced populations might well be fruitful.