水土保持技术对农业产业-资源系统的耦合路径分析

水土保持技术通过对农业产业-资源系统的作用过程影响系统的耦合效果,这一过程及效果成为农户选择水土保持技术的关键点。为此,运用结构方程模型,以典型流域—县南沟流域为对象,通过对2017年130户农户调研资料的分析,揭示其作用过程和耦合路径,结果表明:水土保持技术与生态环境、农业资源、农业产业形成了一个新的耦合系统,水土保持技术对生态环境的改良和农业资源量的增加具有促进作用,对农业产业的发展具有抑制作用。但其(现阶段)作用强度较弱,(水土保持技术对三者的路径系数分别为0.13、0.08、-0.02);这是由于县南沟流域基本完成了规模化治理,故水土保持技术对农业产业-资源系统的影响的弱强度是基于水土流失治理及治理措施有效发挥基础之上的弱强度,同时隐含了现有的水土保持技术体系已不能完全满足新时代背景下生态文明建设与经济发展的需求,需要围绕水土保持内涵经营过程,以生态功能的提升为主线,筛选、集成、研发水土保持技术,形成可适化水土保持技术体系。     

香根草生态工程—实现可持续发展的生物技术

香根草（Ｖｅｔｉｖｅｒｉａｚｉｚａｎｉｏｉｄｅｓ）为禾本科的多年生草本植物,原产印度。据史料记载,人类对香根草的利用有近千年历史,但过去主要是用它的根提炼精油,用作香料和化妆品原料,因而并未对这一植物给予太多的关注。１０多年前,当它开始被广泛用于水土...     

植被与侵蚀控制:坡面生态工程基本原理探索

在与近地面大气和与表层至浅层土壤的相互作用中,植被表现出相应的水文－机械效应,形成一定的抗蚀护坡工程性状,坡面生态工程把这些植被性状和土壤结合起来,用于斜坡的保护工程,在过去几十年中,随着对植被－土壤相互作用及其侵蚀控制意义认识的深化,使坡面生态工程应用得到迅速发展,成为生态环境建设和工程坡面保护的重要手段,这个生态学途径的一个重要内容是“土壤－植被系统”的概念,以及由此推导出的系统生物学和工程学     

黄土丘陵区小流域典型造林整地工程土壤水分特征曲线模拟

开展工程措施进行植被恢复是防治水土流失的有效方式。在黄土高原半干旱小流域,工程措施能够利用有限的降水资源,促进植被恢复。以甘肃定西龙滩小流域典型水土保持工程措施鱼鳞坑和反坡台为研究对象,采用配对实验设计,在实测土壤水分特征曲线基础上,分别利用Brooks-Corey、Gardner和van Genuchten模型对不同工程措施的土壤水分特征曲线进行模拟。研究结果发现:反坡台(10.63%)、鱼鳞坑(9.78%)粘粒含量显著高于对照样地(9.66%),粉粒含量反坡台(71.42%)与鱼鳞坑(70.74%)显著高于对照样地(67.85%)。较之对照样地,反坡台和鱼鳞坑饱和导水率分别提高53.5%和46.9%。3种模型均能够很好的拟合不同工程措施土壤水分特征曲线。较之对照,工程措施长期开展后,鱼鳞坑和反坡台的土壤有效水分分别提高15%和9%,且对表层土壤水分有效性的改善更为显著。     

不同尺度下土壤粒径分布特征及其影响因子——以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

土地利用方式和环境因子是影响土壤粒径的重要因素,尺度不同其影响效应差异明显。研究不同尺度表层土壤粒径与土地利用、环境因子的关系对评价黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤物理性质具有积极意义。选择黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞集水区和沐浴小流域作为研究区,探讨两个尺度上表层土壤粒径含量、分布特征及其与土地利用类型和环境因子的关系。研究结果表明:(1)研究区域内表层土壤颗粒主要为砂粒和粉粒,在小流域和集水区尺度上,各粒径百分含量属于中等变异,D值为弱变异,但随着研究区由沐浴小流域变化到安塞集水区,粒径和D值的空间变异性均有所提高;(2)尺度不同,土地利用对土壤粒径的影响效应不同,在沐浴小流域不同土地利用类型的砂粒含量从高到低依次为荒草地农用地林地灌木林地园地,在集水区的变化顺序依次为荒草地灌木林地林地农用地园地,粉粒含量的次序均与砂粒相反,小流域土壤粒径分形维数D依次为灌木林地荒草地林地园地农用地,在安塞集水区为灌木林地荒草地农用地林地园地;(3)在沐浴小流域和安塞集水区,土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤砂粒、黏粒百分含量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤粉粒百分含量呈极显著负相关关系,且砂质壤土D值高于壤土和粉壤土;(4)在沐浴小流域,植被盖度、相对海拔和坡位相对于土地利用类型、坡向和坡度对土壤粒径影响较大;而在安塞集水区植被盖度、土地利用类型和坡度对土壤粒径影响较大。     

黄土高原不同植被覆盖对流域水文的影响

以山西省吉县蔡家川流域为对象,研究了植被覆盖类型对流域水文的影响.结果表明:不同植被覆盖的流域年径流系数分别为:林地流域1.6%～2.3%,以农、牧为主的流域3.1%～3.9%;各流域基流系数差异显著,人工林流域为零,次生林为主的流域1.0%～1.5%,以农、牧为主的流域2.5%～2.8%;在雨季人工林流域的径流总量是次生林流域的3.37倍、农地流域的1.9倍,而农地流域的基流量是次生林流域的2.2倍;短历时高强度降雨条件下,人工林流域、次生林流域地表径流量分别是农地流域的10.8倍和2.2倍;在历时较长的暴雨条件下,人工林流域单位面积上的洪峰流量是农地流域的3.4倍,次生林流域的6.9倍;在长历时、大雨量条件下,农地流域的径流量是次生林流域的1.8倍.水平梯田的水源涵养功能与次生林植被相当,次生林植被的水源涵养功能远好于人工植被,在水资源短缺的黄土高原应提倡植被的自然恢复.     

Effects of vegetation cover and precipitation on the process of sediment produced by erosion in a small watershed of loess region

With growing concerns over changes of the living environment and ecological environment, more and more scholars have focused their researches on understanding how vegetation covers and atmospheric conditions respond to soil erosion in watersheds. Former studies show that both the natural factors such as precipitation, vegetation, slope of terrain, soil properties and human activities are the main factors to affect the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the watershed, and there are special conditions of climate and soil that are unique to loess areas for water and soil conservations. Thus the relationships between soil erosion and vegetation and precipitation are very complicated and interesting. As a loess area, the Lüergou watershed with the area of 12.1 km2 lies in west of China. The watershed was a key area of high water and soil erosion forty years ago, but the area of vegetation cover has become larger because of highly effective methods of water and soil conservation. In the factors affecting the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area, which is more important for soil erosion: vegetation cover or precipitation? The experts, community has discussed this question for a long time. And the Lüergou watershed has become the natural and ideal test watershed. Based on water observation data, climate data and NOAA/AVHRR NDVI images collected from 1982 to 2000 in the Lüergou watershed of loess areas, analyses of the correlation and multi-variable regression were used to discuss the relationships among the amount of sediment produced by erosion, water indexes, precipitation factors and vegetation cover. The conclusions showed that with the increase of precipitation indexes and the decrease of plant indexes, and the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area would become larger. In order to distinguish the influences of erosion due to human activity and natural factors, the paper introduced multi-variable regression method by standardization data to determine the relative contributing ratio to soil erosions in the study area. The conclusions showed that the contributing ratio of vegetation cover and precipitation changes were 45.7% and 54.3%. It was obvious that the influences of precipitation were larger than those of vegetation for the soil erosion in the study area.     

小流域水源涵养林优化配置

通过对嫩江上游二道桥小流域内不同林分类型林冠截留、枯落物持水以及土壤蓄水的观测与调查,采用层次分析法探讨了小流域水源涵养林的配置.结果表明：该流域水源涵养林最优植被类型结构为天然白桦林24.86%、天然黑桦林16.30%、天然阔叶混交林44.49%、落叶松人工林10.88%、草地3.47%;经过层次分析优化后,流域水源涵养能力显著增加,其中以土壤层有效贮水量和最大贮水量增加幅度最大,分别比现状提高了33.05%和27.78%.层次分析优化结果可以作为试验小流域水源涵养林最优空间配置结构.     

Effects of vegetation cover and precipitation on the process of sediment produced by erosion in a small watershed of loess region

With growing concerns over changes of the living environment and ecological environment, more and more scholars have focused their researches on understanding how vegetation covers and atmospheric conditions respond to soil erosion in watersheds. Former studies show that both the natural factors such as precipitation, vegetation, slope of terrain, soil properties and human activities are the main factors to affect the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the watershed, and there are special conditions of climate and soil that are unique to loess areas for water and soil conservations. Thus the relationships between soil erosion and vegetation and precipitation are very complicated and interesting. As a loess area, the Lergou watershed with the area of 12.1 km² lies in west of China. The watershed was a key area of high water and soil erosion forty years ago, but the area of vegetation cover has become larger because of highly effective methods of water and soil conservation. In the factors affecting the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area, which is more important for soil erosion: vegetation cover or precipitation? The experts, community has discussed this question for a long time. And the Lergou watershed has become the natural and ideal test watershed. Based on water observation data, climate data and NOAA/AVHRR NDVI images collected from 1982 to 2000 in the Lergou watershed of loess areas, analyses of the correlation and multi-variable regression were used to discuss the relationships among the amount of sediment produced by erosion, water indexes, precipitation factors and vegetation cover. The conclusions showed that with the increase of precipitation indexes and the decrease of plant indexes, and the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area would become larger. In order to distinguish the influences of erosion due to human activity and natural factors, the paper introduced multi-variable regression method by standardization data to determine the relative contributing ratio to soil erosions in the study area. The conclusions showed that the contributing ratio of vegetation cover and precipitation changes were 45.7% and 54.3%. It was obvious that the influences of precipitation were larger than those of vegetation for the soil erosion in the study area.     

黄土高原植被恢复与生态系统土壤保持服务价值增益研究——以延河流域为例

为探究黄土高原地区退耕还林（草）工程（1999）实施后植被恢复的生态效益,选择黄土高原延河流域为研究区,利用趋势线分析法、SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）水文模型和生态系统服务价值评价方法（市场价值法、机会成本法、恢复费用法和影子工程法等）,重点分析2000-2015年该区域植被恢复状况及其对土壤保持的作用,并评估生态系统服务价值的提升效应。研究结果表明：（1）退耕还林（草）工程实施后,延河流域植被覆盖均呈增加趋势,植被恢复显著;（2）植被恢复对土壤侵蚀的抑制作用明显。在没有植被覆盖的条件下,土壤极易发生侵蚀,且侵蚀模数大;从该工程实施以来,2001-2014年土壤保持量具有不同程度的增幅,表明多年来流域治理取得一定的成效;（3）流域植被覆盖以中覆盖为主,土壤保持量以低保持为主。不同植被覆盖下土壤保持量存在差异。其中,中低、中、中高覆盖能有效保持土壤;（4）生态系统土壤保持服务价值时空分布特征明显。流域年均（2000-2015）土壤保持服务价值为3.64×10⁸元,生长季月均土壤保持服务价值为6.06×10⁷元,生态系统土壤保持服务价值显著提升。时间尺度上,生态系统土壤保持服务价值受降水因素影响;空间尺度上,流域生态系统土壤保持服务价值空间差异大,具体表现为下游残塬平梁沟壑区最高,上游山地区次之,中游梁峁丘陵沟壑区最低。通过研究延河流域植被恢复状况以及定量评估土壤保持服务价值,不仅阐明了退耕还林（草）工程带来的巨大生态效益,同时也为流域乃至黄土高原的水土流失治理工作提供一定的参考作用。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域水分环境演变研究

以南小河沟为例,评价了水土保持工程措施、生物措施和生产力水平提高过程对流域水分环境条件的影响．结果发现南小河沟流域水环境在近５０年内发生了很大变化,坡面年总汇流量由治理前的１５．８３ｍｍ逐步减小为５．１６ｍｍ和现在的３．６６ｍｍ,未来１０年可能减到２．８６ｍｍ;塬面产流量却因庭院和道路面积增加以及建筑风格提高而逐步增大;坡地和沟谷的产流量逐步减小．同时生产力水平的提高进一步加强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,改变了流域水均衡要素的定量分配     

Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china

The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (PAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38 × 10¹² yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purification together make up 80%, while the timber value is only 7%. Therefore, developing the ecosystem services besides timber is the best way to exert the integrated value of the forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain.     

黑龙江省二龙山水库流域景观生态评价与规划研究

从景观生态学的基本理论出发,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,借助于大型统计分析软件包SPSS中的主成分分析和空间系统聚类分析方法,对黑龙江省二龙山水库流域的景观生态环境进行了定量分析与评价,获得了4个景观生态评价类型．其中,良好状态的景观生态类型占全流域面积的比重最大,为36％,一般状态次之,为31％;较差状态和理想状态分别为17％和16％．并按景观空间生态结构,将全流域规划与设计为3个景观功能区,即农业景观功能区,其景观过程以作物生产为主,发展方向为兼顾经济、生态和社会多种效益的生态农业、观光农业和高效农业;生态环境保护功能区,其景观过程以水土流失、植被覆盖减少等退化过程为主,主要执行生态环境保护功能,大力发展水土保持林,努力提高植被覆盖率,是本区发展利用的方向;森林景观功能区,森林资源的合理采伐利用、林种的空间优化配置、森林的抚育以及天然林的保护成为该区发展的主要方向．     

Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china

The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (RAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38×1012 yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purificatio     

土地利用和环境因子对表层土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

土壤表层有机碳对土地利用和环境因子的变化非常敏感,并具有尺度变异特征。研究不同尺度上表层土壤有机碳的空间分布及其与土地利用与环境因子的关系对于评价黄土丘陵沟壑区表层土壤有机碳状况具有重要意义。选择黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞集水区和集水区内典型小流域——沐浴小流域作为研究区,探讨两个尺度上,表层土壤有机碳的分布特征及其与土地利用、环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)土地利用方式对有机碳的影响在不同尺度上差异明显,对于不同利用方式下的有机碳含量,沐浴小流域从高到低依次是荒草地林地灌木林地耕地,安塞集水区则依次为林地灌木林地耕地荒草地;(2)对于不同利用方式下的土壤有机碳密度,沐浴小流域从高到低依次是荒草地林地耕地灌木林地,安塞集水区则是林地耕地荒草地灌木林地;(3)在沐浴小流域和安塞集水区两个尺度上,坡向、坡度和植被盖度均与有机碳含量和有机碳密度正相关,而相对海拔、土地利用与有机碳密度负相关;(4)在小流域尺度上,海拔高度、坡位、土地利用与有机碳含量负相关,坡位与有机碳密度负相关,但是在集水区尺度上,相关性则与此相反。     

生态系统减轻水环境磷素非点源污染服务及价值——以雅砻江二滩水库为例

以ArcGIS9.2为平台,构建了生态系统减轻集水区出口受纳水体非点源污染服务物质量和价值量评估模型。包括模拟集水区范围,根据各种土地利用/覆被类型的污染物质输出及过滤污染能力系数,沿汇流路径,模拟集水区内每个栅格像元被植被移除而未进入水环境的污染物质量空间分布特征。价值量模型结合期望水质标准和净化污染物的边际成本进行计算。以磷素作为指示污染物,在二滩水库的集水区进行了模型的运用。结果表明:二滩水库集水区南部的河道附近是水文敏感区。其中盐源县腹地的农作区、西昌市与冕宁县,以及集水区最北端的称多县、中部的甘孜县等部分地区是是磷素关键污染源区。2000年被集水区生态系统过滤移除而未进入水环境的磷素污染物质总量达到978.90t.a-1,占关键污染源区指数总量的81.88%。林地生态系统服务价值贡献率最高。2000年集水区生态系统对于减轻其出口受纳水体磷素非点源污染服务的总价值为1370.18万元。     

黄土丘陵区软埂梯田复式配置技术

坡地改建为梯田地是山区水土保持的主要技术之一,传统梯田技术田埂陡峭,难以利用,其引发的重力侵蚀是田埂崩塌、梯田毁坏的主要原因.1997～2001年间,在陕西黄土丘陵沟壑区延安市下砭沟小流域设计软埂梯田工程技术和地埂坡面种草植树复式配置技术,对坡改梯进行了技术改进.在工程方面,按照”接近自然”的理论思想,设计采用接近黄土自然休止角(35°)的45°为梯田埂坡设计坡度,试图从根本上消除地埂重力侵蚀危害.在生物方面,按照“生物多样性”理论和“景观生态学”原理,把树木和牧草种植在梯田的埂坡外侧面,达到梯田林网化和稳定地埂的目的.结果表明,软埂梯田可完全消除重力侵蚀引发的田埂崩塌危害,筑埂费用和维护费用仅为传统技术的24.9%和55.5%;地埂坡面土壤营养成分富集,为植物提供了良好的生存环境,可栽种多种耐旱植物.软埂坡面植树种草,改变了传统梯田地埂坡面的裸露状况,地埂树木镶嵌在坡地梯田中,丰富了坡地梯田景观生态结构.     

基于功能与空间格局的区域生态系统保管策略

本研究以位于长江流域的湖北省兴山县为研究区域,着重讨论了基于功能与空间格局的生态系统保育策略,即以改善生态系统功能为评价指标,以调整生态因子的空间格局为手段的生态系统保育策略。根据该县的地理位置,我们以生态系统功能中的水源函养为森林生态系统保育的评价指标。利用基于地理信息系统的水涵养能力。利用生态系统中水涵养能力的空间异质性和变化－位置效应在生态因子改变中的作用,我们提出了“基于空间格局的森林扩展”的策略。将该策略应用于兴山县的生态系统保育,以期达到保育森林与改善水涵养能力的双重目的。本研究为保育,管理和持续利用长江流域和其他遭遇同样问题的区域的生态系统提供了有价值的信息。     

Nitrogen sources and exports in an agricultural watershed in Southeast China

The nitrogen (N) budget was developed for Jiulong River Watershed (JRW), an agricultural watershed in a warm and humid area of southeast China. Water quality monitoring, field surveys, modelling and GIS techniques were applied to estimate N flux of atmospheric deposition, mineralization, runoff, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization. Over the whole watershed, fertilizers, import of animal feeds, biotic fixation, mineralization and atmospheric deposition contributed 67.1%, 16.5%, 2.1%, 4.9% and 9.5%, respectively, of total N input (129.3 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Runoff, sale of production, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization contributed 7.3%, 24.4%, 10.5% and 57.8% of total N output (72.9 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), respectively. The N budget for the JRW suggested that more than 50% of the N input was lost to the environment, and about 14% was discharged as riverine N, which indicated that agricultural and human activities in the watershed substantially impacted the estuary and coastal water quality, and so altered the N biogeochemistry process.     

生态环境与汾河水库输沙量的灰色关联分析和预测

汾河水库1960年开始拦洪,设计总库容量为7.2×10~7m~3。它担负着太原市的防洪、工业用水和1.0×10~5ha 的农田灌溉。水库上游包括宁武、静乐、岚县、娄烦四县,总流域面积为5268km~2。年平均降水量450—500mm,其中汛期降水占全年降水量的70—80%。建库前,多年平均输沙量达2.105×10~7m~3,年侵蚀模数