Specific regulation of SOD isoforms by NaCl and osmotic stress in leaves of the C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa L

The halophyte Suaeda salsa L., exposed to different NaCl concentrations (100 and 400 mmol/L) and polyethylene glycol (isoosomotic to 100 mmol/L NaCl) containing nutrient solutions under normal or K+-deficient conditions for 7 days, was used to study effects of NaCl salinity and osmotic stress on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, malonedialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoform activities. Photosynthetic capacity was not decreased by NaCl treatment, indicating that S. salsa possesses an effective antioxidative response system for avoiding oxidative damage. Seven SOD activity bands were detected in S. salsa leaf extracts, including an Mn-SOD and several isoforms of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD. It turned out that NaCl salinity and osmotic stress lead to a differential regulation of distinct SOD isoenzymes. This differential regulation is suggested to play a major role in stress tolerance of S. salsa.     

Influence of Calcium on Alleviating NaCl-Induced Injury Effects in Wheat Seedlings

Wheat seedlings (Tritium aestivum "No. 1 Yuyuan") with 3 leaves were transplanted to 1/2 strangth Hoagland nutrient solution containing 100 mmol/L NaCl and supplemented with different concentrations of CaCI2, which were mode isosmotic by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) and aerated by pump. Results showed that the Na+ content of shoots and roots, relative leaf expansion rate, plasma membrane permeability, the levels of membrane lipid superoxidation and the molar percentage of monogalacrosyl diglyceride(MGDG), digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG) phosphatidyl choline(PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) in membrane lipids of roots increased, the plant dry weight, K+ content, SOD activity and the molar percentage of phosphatidic acid(PA), phospatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl glycerol(PG) and polyphosphoglyceric acid(PPG) decreased in roots. There was no change in sulfolipid(SL). However, the above mentioned salt injury effects were all alleviated by the different Na+/Ca2+ ratios. The maximum alleviation of salt injury effect was at Na+/Ca2+ ratio of I0. As three kinds of free radical scavengers were used to pretreat wheat seedlings prior to NaC1 treatment the malondialdehyde(MDA) content decreased unanimously, but increased with SOD inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) pretreatment to wheat seedlings. Obviously, the salt injury effects induced by NaC1 was relatied to the extent of superoxidation of membrane [ipids and also to the composkion of membrane of Ca2+ on lipids including their fatty acids as well. On the other hand, the alleviating effect of Ca2+ on NaC1 induced injury in wheat seedlings was also in relation to them.     

真盐生植物盐地碱蓬根系边缘细胞在耐盐中的作用初探

以黄河三角洲潮间带盐地碱蓬种子生成的幼苗为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对盐地碱蓬生长与根系边缘细胞的影响。盐地碱蓬的第一个边缘细胞几乎与根尖同步产生,当根长达到13mm时,边缘细胞数目达到最大值。NaCl胁迫抑制边缘细胞的活性,但低浓度的NaCl处理增加边缘细胞的数目。低浓度NaCl处理时果胶甲基酯酶（PME）的活性比对照有明显增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随着NaCl浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,低浓度NaCl可以增加盐地碱蓬根内过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,NaCl处理时间和处理浓度都对过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响不明显。这些结果表明,盐地碱蓬至少部分通过增加调控活性氧（ROS）水平增加PME活性及根系边缘细胞数目来抵抗NaCl胁迫。     

NaCl胁迫对宁夏枸杞幼苗根系质膜和液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的影响

以宁夏枸杞为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下枸杞幼苗组织含水量、干物质重量、无机离子分布、质膜透性、丙二醛 (MDA)含量及幼根质膜、液泡膜H -ATPase活性和耐盐性之间的关系。结果表明,在0．3％NaCl胁迫下,干物质重量、质膜透性、MDA含量略有增加,组织含水量略有下降;随着NaCl胁迫强度的增加,Na 、Cl-含量逐渐增加, K 含量则呈现下降的趋势;质膜透性增大与MDA含量升高呈显著正相关;质膜和液泡膜H -ATPase活性逐渐增加,且液泡膜H -ATPase活性显著高于质膜H -ATPase活性,表明枸杞具有较强的抗盐性。     

NaCl和Na2CO3对盐地碱蓬胁迫效应的比较

在相同的Na 浓度(如100 mmol/L)下,NaCl处理促进碱蓬植株干重增加,提高根系活力,而Na2CO3处理导致植株干重减少,根系活力降低;与NaCl胁迫相比,Na2CO3胁迫下叶片内Na 含量上升和K 含量下降幅度更大,叶肉细胞质Na 含量和叶内脯氨酸含量增加幅度更大,而V-H -ATPase(液泡膜H -ATPase)和V-H -PPase (液泡膜H -PPase)增加幅度较少;与NaCl胁迫不同,Na2CO3胁迫下SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性不是增加,而是降低,与此相一致,MDA(丙二醛)含量大幅度增加.上述结果表明,碱蓬对Na2CO3胁迫的抗性低于对NaCl的抗性,这可能与Na2CO3胁迫引起的Na 、K 离子严重失衡、活性氧清除能力降低有关.     

盐度和CO2倍增环境下碱蓬幼苗呼吸酶活性的变化

研究了生长在正常大气CO₂和CO₂倍增环境中的盐生植物碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)幼苗呼吸酶活性对KCl和NaCl的反应。结果表明,在CO₂倍增(700μl·L^-1)和正常大气CO₂(350μl·L^-1)下,300mmol·L^-1KCl和NaCl均能抑制琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性,而异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)活性为NaCl抑制、KCl促进; NaCl和KCl明显抑制细胞色素氧化酶(CO)和光呼吸中乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)、羟基丙酮酸还原酶(HPR)活性; 并指出在KCl胁迫下,CO₂使三羧酸循环(TCAC)的运行变慢,NaCl胁迫下使其加快,TCAC运行限速步骤与MDH无关,CO为盐对呼吸代谢影响的重要位点。另外,K⁺、Na⁺对蛋白表达的影响有差异,CO₂可使盐胁迫下的碱蓬幼苗蛋白表达降低。     

木薯华南8号组培苗对盐胁迫的生理响应

以NaCl胁迫生长的木薯(Manihot esculenta)华南8号(SC8)组培苗为材料,研究不同浓度(0、5、20、35、50 mmol·L-1及R50 mmol·L-1)NaCl处理对SC8组培苗的生长状况及叶绿素、过氧化氢(H2 O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响.结果表明:≤20 mmol·L-1的NaCl胁迫60 d对SC8组培苗的生长基本无影响;≥35 mmol·L-1的NaCl胁迫60 d抑制了SC8组培苗的生长,但高浓度(50 mmol·L-1)胁迫30 d后正常培养30 d,可以使SC8组培苗的长势得到恢复.叶绿素和MDA含量在≤35 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下较对照出现积累现象,随NaCl浓度升高(≥50 mmol·L-1)含量开始下降;与对照相比,H2 O2含量在NaCl胁迫下未出现积累现象.NaCl胁迫下,POD、CAT和APX活性较对照均有所提高;较高浓度的NaCl处理下,SOD、CAT和APX活性开始降低.实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,≥50 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,SOD、CAT、POD和APX的表达水平较对照出现上升现象.这说明短时间的盐胁迫不会对木薯造成致死伤害,可以通过调节生理指标的活性来提高木薯的耐盐性.     

外源GSH对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及抗逆生理指标的影响

采用营养液栽培法,研究外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、根系活力、电解质渗透率和丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,为利用外源物质减轻盐胁迫伤害提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄幼苗的生长、根系活力和SOD、POD、CAT活性,提高了电解质渗透率及MDA、Pro、可溶性糖含量;(2)外源喷施GSH能够诱导NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性上调,电解质渗透率及MDA含量下降,Pro和可溶性糖含量恢复至对照水平;(3)外源喷施还原型谷胱甘肽抑制剂(BSO)使NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的根系活力以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,脯氨酸含量提高;(4)喷施GSH可诱导BSO和NaCl共处理番茄植株的根系活力、SOD、POD、CAT活性提高,MDA和Pro含量降低。研究表明,外源GSH可通过提高促进盐胁迫下番茄幼苗植株渗透调节能力及清除活性氧的酶促系统的防御能力、降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度、保护膜结构的完整性,从而有效缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,提高其耐盐性。     

硫腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因的克隆及其在盐胁迫条件下的不同表达

硫腺苷甲硫氨酸作为甲基供体在转甲基反应中起到重要作用.为了解硫腺苷甲硫氨酸在盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa (L.)Pall)耐盐中的作用,我们对可能编码硫腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因(SsSAMS2)进行了分析.该基因在经400 mmol/L NaCl处理的盐地碱蓬地上部分的λ-Zap cDNA文库中克隆到,其插入片段全长1 531 bp,包含一个395个氨基酸的开放阅读框架,该基因推断的分子量约为43 kD.SsSAMS2与长春花(Catharanthus roseus)的SAMS2在氨基酸水平上的一致性为93%.Southern杂交显示,SsSAMS2在盐地碱蓬基因组中可能是两个拷贝.Northern分析显示硫腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因受NaCl等胁迫的正调控.酶活性检测表明,NaCl胁迫条件下该酶活性增强.     

干旱胁迫对红松幼苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响

随着土壤的逐渐干旱,红松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔ．Ｚｕｃｃ）幼苗叶中膜质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和膜相对透性均在干旱处理后第３天迅速上升;组织自动氧化速率先是增加,在干旱处理第３天后恢复到处理前水平。保护酶ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ的活性明显提高,只有ＡＳＰ的活性下降。用ＰＥＧ模拟干旱胁迫与土壤自然干旱胁迫结果略有不同,－１．０ＭＰａ ＰＥＧ溶液对红松幼苗具有较为明显的     

Effect of NaCl and PEG 6000 on germination and seedling growth of rice (ryza sativa L.)

Germination and seedling growth of rice was studied in NaCl and PEG 6000 solutions having osmotic potentials −0.2, −0.4, −0.6 and −0.8 MPa. At isoosmotic concentrations, the NaCl proved more harmful to germination, seedling growth, per cent moisture content of seedling organs as well as mobilization of food matter from seed to the growing seedlings. This fact suggested that in rice, at least in the early stage, a specific ion effect rather than osmotic effect is the prime cause of salt injury. Compared to susceptible cultivar, the tolerant one was less inhibited by salinity.     

盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗渗透调节和渗调物质积累的影响

用不同浓度NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)处理芦荟(Aloe vera L.)幼苗,10 d后测定叶片相对生长速率和厚度、叶片中主要有机溶质、无机离子含量及渗透调节能力.结果表明,-0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理使芦荟叶片的相对生长速率和叶片厚度明显下降,且盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制和叶片含水量降低的效应明显高于等渗的水分胁迫,其叶片渗透调节能力随处理渗透势的降低而增加, -0.88 MPa PEG胁迫的芦荟幼苗的渗透调节能力高于等渗盐分胁迫.在主要渗透调节物质可溶性糖、有机酸、K 、Ca2 和Cl-中,-0.88 MPa PEG处理下含量比相同渗透势的NaCl处理下显著增加的是有机溶质,因此推断有机溶质含量高是PEG胁迫下渗透调节能力较强的主要因素.     

外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

以盐敏感小麦品种鲁麦15为材料,分别用完全Hoagland营养液、150mmol／L NaCl和150mmol／L NaCl 10mmol／L海藻糖处理小麦幼苗,测定小麦幼苗生长、离子含量、根系质膜H^ -ATPase、SOD活性、MDA含量等指标,旨在探讨外源海藻糖在抗盐性中的作用。结果表明：外源海藻糖可明显缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用;明显提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片中K^ 的含量,降低Na^ 的含量,降低其Na^ ／K^ ;提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗SOD活性,降低MDA的含量,降低细胞质膜透性,缓解根系质膜H^ -ATPase活性抑制。以上结果表叫外源海藻糖可能通过增加活性氧清除能力、缓解质膜伤害、维持胞质离子稳态提高植物抗盐性。     

盐地碱蓬延伸因子(SsEF-1α)的克隆与表达分析

从盐胁迫下的盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的cDNA文库中获得了一个延伸因子(SsEF-1α)的cDNA片段。以此片段为探针,对其在不同胁迫处理下的盐地碱蓬中表达利用Northern杂交进行分析,结果表明,不同盐浓度处理、同一盐浓度不同时间处理下及双氧水刺激条件下延伸因子在碱蓬叶中的表达量先呈现减少然后增加的趋势;聚乙二醇(PEG)及低温诱导下均呈现上升趋势。由此可见该基因在盐、氧化、高渗和低温胁迫条件下产生一定的反应。     

Possible Involvement of Anti-Oxidant Enzymes in the Cross-Tolerance of the Germination/Growth of Wheat Seeds to Salinity and Heat Stress

The germination/growth of wheat （Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zimai 1） seeds and changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, and catalase （CAT）, as well as in the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances （TBARS）, in response to salt and heat stress, as well as cross-stress, were investigated in the present study. With increasing temperature and decreasing water potential caused by NaCI solution, the germination percentage of seeds and the fresh weight of seedlings decreased markedly, SOD activity increased, activities of APX and CAT decreased distinctly, and the TBARS content increased gradually. Seeds pretreated at 33℃ for different times displayed increased tolerance to subsequent salt stress, enhanced SOD, APX, and CAT activities, and decreased TBARS content. Seeds pretreated at -0.8 MPa NaCI for different times displayed increased tolerance to subsequent heat stress and marked increases in SOD, APX, and CAT activities, which were associated with decreased TBARS content. It is considered that the common component in the cross-tolerance of the germination and growth of wheat seeds to salinity and heat stress is the anti-oxidant enzyme system.     

小麦拔节期盐胁迫对小麦近等基因系生理指标的影响

小麦近等基因系H8706,H8706-44,RH8706－48,RH8706－49在拔节期用0.7%NaCl进行盐胁迫,7d后耐盐性强的RH8706－49的SOD活性最高,是耐盐性差的H8706－34的SOD活性的1.875倍;且RH8706－49的MDA含量最低,比H8706－34低44.3%;ＲＨ８７０６－４９的细胞质膜透性也最低,为Ｈ８７０６－３４的５０％。     

The leaf tonoplast V-H(+)-Atpase activity of a C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa is enhanced by salt stress in a Ca-dependent mode

Suaeda salsa seedlings grown in Hoagland nutrient solution were treated with different concentrations of NaCl combined with two levels of Ca2+ (0 and 20 mmol/L) to study the effect of Ca2+ nutrition on the growth and activity of leaf tonoplast V-H(+)-ATPase. Increase of Ca2+ concentration in the solution markedly increased the relative growth quantity of S. salsa seedlings and Ca2+ and K+ concentration in the leaf cell sap under NaCl stress. The leaf V-H(+)-ATPase activity was significantly increased with increasing NaCl concentration under high Ca2+ application (20 mmol/L), but little changed under Ca2+ starvation (0 mmol/L). Western blot analysis showed that the leaf V-H(+)-ATPase of S. salsa was at least composed of A, B, D and c subunits, and their protein amounts were not affected by NaCl treatments under Ca2+ starvation (0 mmol/ L) with an exception of 100 mmol/L NaCl, but increased under high Ca2+ application (20 mmol/L). There was a positive correlation between activity of V-H(+)-ATPase and the protein amounts of the subunits. The results suggest that Ca2+ nutrition played an important role in the salt tolerance of S. salsa, and that enhancement of V-H(+)-ATPase activity under salt stress was Ca2(+)-dependent.     

盐和重金属复合胁迫对翅碱蓬萌发与生长的影响及调控措施

为探究Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫对翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)萌发生长的影响机理及其调控措施,以翅碱蓬为研究对象,采用水培试验方法,测定Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬种子发芽率、萌发速率和幼苗渗透调节物质含量等指标,分析1.5 mg/L吲哚乙酸(IAA)、100 mg/L赤霉素(GA)和0.3%硝酸钾(KNO₃)处理对Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬萌发与生长的影响。结果表明：(1) Zn、Cu与高盐复合胁迫极显著降低翅碱蓬种子的发芽率,中高浓度的Zn、Cu与盐复合胁迫极显著降低翅碱蓬种子的萌发速率,Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫对翅碱蓬种子的萌发生长影响表现为低促高抑效应,影响因子间存在明显的协同效应;(2)Zn、Cu和盐复合胁迫条件下,随着盐浓度的升高,翅碱蓬幼苗体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)3种抗氧化酶活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,Zn、Cu和高盐复合胁迫使翅碱蓬幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)含量增加近2.5倍;(3)1.5 mg/L IAA溶液浸种12 h可显著提高Zn、Cu与高盐复合胁迫条件下翅碱蓬种子的发芽率和萌发速...     

Effects of Salinity on Ion Contents,Betaine Level and Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity in Seepweed (Suaeda salsa) Seedlings

The changes of ion contents, betaine levels and betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity in seedling of halophyte seepweed (Suaeda salsa) were studied under different salinity (NaC1 and KC1). Results showed that the K+ contents in seepweed seedlings grown in NaC1 for 96 h decreased as the external salinity was increased comparing with the controls while the Na+ levels increased substantially. The levels of Na+ in seepweed treated with KC1 fell, but K+ levels rose. The betaine levels and the BADH activity rose with the increase of external NaC1 concentrations and the betaine levels increased as the time of the treatment was lengthened. The effects of KC1 on the betaine levels and BADH activity were similar to these of NaC1. These results illustrated that NaC1 and KC1 can cause a large amounts of betaine accumulation in seepweed, and preliminary data suggest that BADH activity has played a role in betaine accumulation.     

盐胁迫对不同生境盐地碱蓬光合及离子积累的影响

为了探讨盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)适应不同生境的生理机制, 研究了盐处理(1、200和600 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)对盐碱地和潮间带两种生境盐地碱蓬地上部分及根系有机干重、叶片叶绿素含量及光合放氧速率、叶片和根中离子积累的影响。结果表明: 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl对两种生境盐地碱蓬地上部分及根系的有机干重无显著影响, 说明两种生境盐地碱蓬均具有较强的抗盐性; NaCl处理显著降低了两种生境盐地碱蓬叶片的光合放氧速率; 各浓度NaCl处理下, 盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬叶片的光合放氧速率均高于潮间带生境的, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬叶片中叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值均高于盐碱地生境的; 各浓度NaCl处理下, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬叶片中的Cl^-含量均低于盐碱地生境的; 与叶片中情况相反, 高盐处理下, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬根中的Cl^-含量均高于盐碱地生境的。说明与盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬相比, 潮间带生境盐地碱蓬的根系可能对Cl^-具有较强的积累或限制其向地上部分运输的能力, 这些特征可能是盐地碱蓬适应不同生境的结果。