武夷山甜槠林生态系统的养分平衡研究(英文)

本文通过比较大气降水的养分输入与由地表径流与地下渗流的养分输出,对武夷册甜槠林生态系统的养分平衡进行了研究。结果表明,在１９９３年４月至１９９４年４月期间,通过大气降水进入甜槠林的养分元素以Ｎ最高,为３４．２０７ｋｇ．ｍ＾２,其余依次为Ｃａ,Ｓ,Ｎａ,Ｋ和Ｍｇ,以Ｐ的输入最低,仅１．７７９ｋｇ．ｈｍ２;由地表径流和地下渗流的养分输出总量Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,Ｓ,Ｎａ分别为５．６８,１０１６,７．     

福建秋茄红树林碳氢氮素的动态研究

本文主要探讨了福建九龙江口２０ａ生人工秋茄红树群落Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ素的含量、贮备及年动态。结果表明：（１）秋茄植物体不同组分Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ素含量有一定差异,含量范围分别为：Ｃ４３．８１％─５１．２２％、Ｈ４．５０％─５．６８％、Ｎ０．２３％─１．８０％,组分间差异程度顺序为Ｃ＜Ｈ＜Ｎ。原子数率为Ｃ（１）Ｈ（１．１１─１．４８）Ｎ（０．００４─０．０３４）。（２）群落Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ素现存总库量分别为７４５７．５３ｇ／ｍ￣２、８３７．４８ｇ／ｍ￣２和７３．６１ｇ／ｍ￣２,其中地上部分别占５９．３１％、５８．４０％和５９．５４％,地下部分别占４０．６９％、４１．６０％和４０．４６％。（３）群落年净固定Ｃ素、结合Ｈ素和吸收Ｎ素分别为１１１３．４１ｇ／ｍ￣２、１２４．３７ｇ／ｍ￣２和１６．８３ｇ／ｍ￣２,其中用于群落自身增长而存留的分别为６８４．８８ｇ／ｍ￣２、７７．１５ｇ／ｍ￣２和６．６５ｇ／ｍ￣２,经凋落物年输出的分别为４２８．５３ｇ／ｍ￣２、４７．２２ｇ／ｍ￣２和１０．１８ｇ／ｍ￣２。（４）群落年能量净固定量为４３５４４ｋＪ／ｍ￣２,年Ｏ＿２净释放量为２９６９ｇ／ｍ￣２。     

北亚热带3种森林群落对大气湿沉降重金属的调控

森林群落截留消纳沉降重金属的能力影响着森林集水区溪水输出重金属的情况,决定着小流域的水质安全。为评价北亚热带地区典型森林生态系统对大气降水中主要重金属离子的截留能力和分配特征,以浙江庙山坞林场3种典型森林群落(毛竹林、杉木林、青冈阔叶林)和森林集水区-小溪为研究对象,于2018年7月—2019年6月监测了12次降水事件,分析、比较和讨论了大气降水、林内穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水、地表径流和集水区溪水中7种重金属(铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、砷(As)、镍(Ni)和锰(Mn))的质量浓度和通量的动态变化。结果表明,大气降水中7种重金属,Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Mn和Ni的年均浓度分别为0.974、0.124、0.512、3.42、36.7、8.48和1.94μg/L,3种森林群落林冠层截留的干沉降重金属中Zn和Mn的比例最高,林冠层降水对重金属Mn和Zn的淋溶量极高,超过大气降水沉降量的2.78倍和54.2倍,同时截留了降水中的As和Ni;枯落物层对Mn、Cd和Zn表现出截留作用,对Cu和Ni有淋溶或释放的作用;3种森林群落的地表径流中Pb、Mn、Cd和Zn浓度明显降低,As和Ni的浓度略高于枯透水,但由于地表径流量非常小,土壤表层对降水中重金属均表现出极强的截留作用。3种森林群落对大气降水中的重金属均表现出极高的截留率,森林群落之间没有显著差异,其中青冈阔叶林的截留能力最强,杉木林较弱。而地表径流及土壤渗透水等汇集到森林集水区后,溪水中重金属Mn、Ni、Cd和Zn的浓度和通量均有大幅的增加,仅对重金属As和Cu呈现截留的作用,这可能与森林土壤重金属本底值偏高以及森林长期接收的重金属沉降在降水淋溶下从酸性土壤中大量溶出有关。     

闽南毛竹林几种元素的累积和分配

研究了闽南毛竹群落中几种常量元素的累积情况,结果表明,在整个毛竹群落现存量中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｓｉ、Ｋ、Ｃａ和Ｍｇ总累积量分别为１３．９６、２．８９、７０．０４、４１．２９、５．８４和３．６３ｇ·ｍ－２．在毛竹的各组分中,竹叶中的各种元素含量均最高,竹鞭中元素含量也较多．６种元素中,Ｓｉ的浓度最高,平均为１．６０％,Ｋ次之,平均为０．５５％．Ｓｉ在叶中含量最高,达１５．６０ｇ·ｍ－２,Ｎ和Ｋ在竹杆中含量最高,分别为６．５８和２０．６７９·ｍ－２．林下植物根中Ｓｉ含量也高达１１．４５ｇ·ｍ－２．竹叶中Ｓｉ含量很高还表明了它是从叶中含Ｓｉ量低的木本植物向合Ｓｉ量高的禾草进化的过渡类型．     

长江中下游滩地植被与钉螺孳生关系的研究

对由莎草、苔草、狗牙根为优势种组成的杂草群落植被类型、由多种苔草、荻、为优势种组成的苔草、荻群落植被类型和由芦苇、菱笋、蒌蒿及蓼类为优势种组成的芦苇群落植被类型３种长江中下游滩地主要群落植被类型进行了钉螺密度与植被高度、钉螺密度与植被盖度之间的关系。结果表明：杂草群落植被类型,钉螺生存最适宜的植被高度为２２．０５ｃｍ、范围为１５～４７ｃｍ,钉螺生存最适宜的植被盖度为６５．２８％、范围为３５％～９０％;苔草、荻群落植被类型,钉螺生存最适宜的植被高度为２２．６９ｃｍ、范围为２０～３３ｃｍ,钉螺生存最适宜的植被盖度为６７．８０％、范围为３５％～９５％;芦苇群落植被类型,钉螺生存最适宜的植被高度为６４．８２ｃｍ、范围为７２～７８ｃｍ,钉螺生存最适宜植被盖度为６３．９５％、范围为１％～１００％。这一研究结果对通过生态工程措施控制植被因子,实现抑螺防病的策略提供科学依据     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统水文效应研究

对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林水文效应的研究表明2002年8月-2003年7月,大气总降水量为1 690mm,林内净降水量为1212.7 mm,占总降水量的72%,其中穿透雨量和茎流量分别为1 125.3和87.4 mm,占总降水量的.66.6%和5.2%.林冠截留量为477.3 mm,截留率28.2%.地表径流量62.1 mm,占总降水量的3.7%.在一定的降水量范围内,林冠对降水的截留量随着降水量的增加而增加,不同的雨量级,林冠截留量变化的趋势曲线不同,且一次截留降水量饱和值约为25 mm;穿透雨量、茎流量均随着林外大气降水量的增加呈线性增加;当日大气降水量在0-30 mm时,地表径流量很小,且呈线性递增;当日大气降水量＞30 mm时,地表径流量随降水量增加以对数递增.与马尾松纯林和季风常绿阔叶林相比,针阔叶混交林在减少地表径流和保持水土等方面具有更好的水文生态效应.     

农林生态系统中营养元素N,P,K流动的网络分析

对农林业系统沙兰杨－小麦－玉米群落类型中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ流动网络分析表明,系统中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的循环指数分别为０．０７１、０．０３９、０．１３９,均小于传统的循环系数（ＣＣ等于回归量／吸收量）,而在群落中的总滞留时间分别为２２．４１、７９．７２、２６．５７ａ．     

鼎湖山顶级森林生态系统水文要素时空规律

运用连续7a(1993～1999)的水文观测资料,对南亚热带顶级生态系统鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林集水区水文要素时空规律进行分析,得到如下一些主要结论：(1)鼎湖山多年平均降水量为1910mm,湿季降水量占年降水量80％,干季仅占20％。6月份的降水量最大,1月份最小。(2)季风常绿阔叶林冠层截留率为31．8％,湿季的截留量占全年截留量的66．7％,截留量最大值和最小值所在的月份分别为7和1月份。各月的截留率差异很大,截留量大的月份,截留率较低;截留量小的月份,截留率较高。(3)季风常绿阔叶林集水区多年平均总径流量953．0mm,总径流系数49．9％,其中地表径流量为252．3mm,地表径流系数13．2％;地表径流与降水量之间存在二次抛物线型回归关系,与降水强度的关系不大,这说明季风常绿阔叶林的产流形式是是蓄满产流。(4)季风常绿阔叶林多年平均蒸散948．2mm,占同期降水量的49．7％;蒸散力1031．4mm,年蒸散系数为0．92,蒸散月变化规律较降水量的月变化规律有所滞后。(5)系统贮水量的月变化很大,2～8月份,系统处于蓄水阶段;9月份至翌年1月份,系统处于失水阶段。蓄水和失水的最大值分别出现在湿季和干季的第一个月,即4月份和10月份。(6)集水区多年平均水量总输入2129．9mm,实际输入1910mm(降水量),其中219．9mm的水量输入是由系统贮水量变化而产生。支出的总水量2129．9mm,实际支出1901．3mm(径流和蒸散量),其中228．6mm的水量支出是由系统贮水量变化引起的。     

植物多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能关系及其生态学意义

 测定物种丰富度呈梯度变化的半湿润常绿阔叶林不同次生演替阶段小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失及影响这些过程的植物群落郁闭度、个体密度、胸高断面积、植物叶吸附水,分析物种多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能、稳定性及直接影响土壤保持功能的群落结构、树冠截留间的关系。结果表明,在降雨、坡度、坡向、坡位、土壤类型等水土保持影响因子相同条件下,随着各小区物种多样性的增加,地表产流次数不断下降;在3个降雨季节,物种多样性最低的小区产生地表径流77次,而物种多样性最高小区产生地表径流才9次;系列小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失随着物种多样性增加呈幂指数下降;物种多样性最低的小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失分别为960.20 m3•hm-2•a-1,11.4 t•hm-2•a-1,127.69 kg•hm-2•a-1,而物种多样性最高的小区为75.55 m3•hm-2•a-1、0.28 t•hm-2•a-1、4.71 kg•hm-2•a-1,分别相差12、50和25倍;地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失变异系数也呈幂指数下降,物种多样性最高的小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失的变异系数分别为57.93、187.94和 59.2,而物种多样性最低的小区变异系数高达287.6、534.21、315.47,分别相差4、3和5倍。物种多样性与影响土壤保持功能的群落郁闭度、密度和胸高断面积呈正相关关系。不同演替阶段植物叶吸附水量差异显著,吸附水量最高的演替阶段是次生半湿润常绿阔叶林,为12.28 t•hm-2•a-1, 最低是云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林, 为4.15 t•hm-2•a-1。“植物多样性_土壤保持功能相关群落结构因子及树冠截留效应_生态系统土壤保持功能”的耦合关系表明了植物多样性通过植物群落结构削弱了降雨动能,减少了地表径流,减轻了土壤及营养元素的流失,以间接方式调控生态系统土壤保持功能,维持系统营养的持续性,在不同尺度上实现生态系统生产力。物种多样性的提高,促进了生态系统土壤保持功能的稳定性。植物多样性_生态系统土壤保持过程的研究可能是生态系统稳定性研究的好方法。用植物叶吸附水测定可评价群落树冠截留效应。由于植物多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能间存在相关关系,基于植物多样性对生态系统土壤保持功能作用模式,可增进对生命系统和地球系统界面间相互作用关系的了解。     

辽东湾芦苇湿地对陆源营养物质净化作用的初步研究

通过廊道系统自净和ｌｙｓｉｍｅｔｅｒ汉滤实验进行了辽东湾芦苇湿地对陆源营养物质净化作用的初步研究,结果表明,营养物质Ｎ、Ｐ和ＣＯＤｃｒ在廊道系统中的自净率为４１．７－６４．７１％,不同深度的土壤－芦苇系统对陆源营养物质Ｎ、Ｐ和ＣＯＤｃｒ的净化率为６０．０％－７５．９２％,Ｎ、Ｐ营养物质经湿地系统地滤后可满足海水水质２类标准,通过收获地上部生物量可使营养物质在陆地和湿地之间形成良性循环,不会造成污染     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and aboveground biomass in abandoned old-fields of Loess Hilly region in Northern Shaanxi, China

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

Removal of agricultural non-point source pollutants by ditch wetlands: implications for lake eutrophication control

Ditches grown with nature reed (Phragmites communis Trin) and wild rice (Zizania latifolia Turcz) were selected to study the removal capacity of agricultural non-point source pollutants so as to find a way to alleviate eutrophication in Lake Taihu. Ditches sediment from depths below 40 cm can accumulate organic matter and total nitrogen (TN). TN is correlated positively to organic matter in reed populated sediment and wild rice populated sediment. This suggests that the main composition of TN is organic nitrogen derived from plant decomposition. A significant negative relationship between TN and pH was found in reed and wild rice sediments. Seasonal harvest of helophyte vegetation is an effective method to remove N and P from wetlands. Organic matter and TN concentrations in water and sediments (0–20 cm) in areas where reeds were removed are lower than non-harvested areas (control). Reeds and wild rice have high uptake ability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, the low economic value of these plants will not stimulate voluntary harvest of farmers. Zizania caduciflora Turez Hand-mazt is a kind of vegetable widely cultivated in ditches around the lake. It can also absorb N and P effectively. Thus, large scale cultivation of Z. caduciflora to replace nature plants may improve water quality.     

北川震后滑坡体表层土壤养分的空间变化

以北川擂鼓镇凤凰山震后滑坡体表层土壤为研究对象,结合网格取样和室内分析,运用地统计学和经典统计学方法对其养分空间变化进行分析.结果表明: 研究区土壤有效磷(AP)属高变异强度,其他养分均属中变异强度.AP和土壤有机碳(SOC)的块基比分别为27.9%和28.8%,表现为中等空间相关性;土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、水解性氮(AN)和速效钾(AK)的块基比分别为20.0%、24.3%、11.1%、11.2%和22.7%,均表现为强烈的空间相关性.土壤TP的变程最大,为1232.7 m;其次为AN(541.27 m)、TN(468.35 m)、TK(136.0 m)、AK(128.7 m)、AP(116.6 m)、SOC(93.5 m).各土壤养分随海拔的变化规律不明显,而从滑坡区、过渡区至未破坏区则呈明显增加趋势.其中,滑坡区表层土壤TP含量较未破坏区减少10.3%,减幅最小,而AP减幅最大,达79.7%;过渡区各养分含量占未破坏区的31.1%～87.2%,降幅最小和最大的仍为TP和AP.地震滑坡扰动是导致土壤养分空间变化的主要原因.     

乌梁素海野生芦苇群落生物量及影响因子分析

 对内蒙古乌梁素海湿地野生芦苇(Phragmites australis)生物量的调查基础上,探讨了富营养化湖泊湿地水体的物理化学性质对芦苇生物量的影响。结果表明：1）由于环境因子的影响,芦苇群落生物量变化较大,介于1.73～3.00 kg·m-2之间;地下和地上生物量之比介于1.14～2.19之间;2）芦苇群落生物量受多种因素的影响,其中水深是最主要的限制因子,水上生物量和地上生物量随着水深的增加而增加,而地下与地上生物量的比值则随水深的增加而减少,这主要是由于水深改变了芦苇群落的结构（群落密度）和个体形态(株高和株茎);3）芦苇群落生物量随着水体N浓度增加而增加。芦苇各器官（叶、茎、根状茎和根）的N∶P为7.59～12.21,小于14,这也说明该水体中的N负荷是影响芦苇生长的主要限制因子;4）土壤有机质分解对芦苇生长没有产生毒害作用。     

混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与群落结构之关联——以黄土丘陵区的生物结皮为例

自然条件下生物结皮是藻、藓及地衣等结皮类型以不同比例组成的混合群落，显著影响土壤养分含量，目前混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与其群落结构的关系尚不清楚，限制了混合生物结皮土壤养分的评估。为此，研究通过测定单一组成的藻结皮、藓结皮以及80%藻+20%藓、60%藻+40%藓、40%藻+60%藓和20%藻+80%藓4个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量，研究了混合生物结皮土壤养分与其群落结构之间的关联。结果显示：(1)藓结皮层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著高于藻结皮，分别高出166.4%、77.2%、55.1%、56.2%和42.2%。(2)藻藓混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮含量与组成和盖度等结构特征有关，可以通过单一类型生物结皮土壤养分含量与盖度加权预测混合生物结皮土壤养分储量。(3)混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮储量实测值(x)与预测值(y)拟合的线性函数分别为y=0.97x、y=0.96x、y=1.18x和y=0.92x。(4)混合生物结皮对全磷和硝态氮含量的影响与群落结构无关。生物结皮对下层0—5 ...     

The boundary filtration effect of reed-dominated ecotones under water level fluctuations

The boundary filtration effect of land/water ecotones with reed-bed/ditch systems under water level fluctuations was studied in Baiyangdian Lake of North China. It was found that the changes in reed bed areas which were primarily affected by water level fluctuations and the root channels in the wetland soils together largely determined boundary filtration efficiency. The ecotones displayed the greatest boundary effect at a moderate water level of about 8 m above sea level. The massive root channels in the wetland soils promoted water flowing into the reed beds as far as 8 m horizontally by subsurface in wet years. In dry years, when the water level was below the root channel distribution zone, the lateral water exchange width of ecotones was limited to 0.5 m along the fringe area. It is calculated that, at 8 m water level, the total boundary length of ecotones is 7,273 km and the boundary exchange volume is 5.8 × 10⁶ m³. While at 6.5 m water level, the total boundary length of ecotones is reduced to 2,699 km and the boundary exchange volume is 1.1 × 10⁵ m³. The standard capacity for phosphorus retention was 105.9 and 2.5 tonnes at water levels of 8 and 6.5 m, respectively. This suggests that the boundary filtration effect of reed-bed/ditch wetlands is important for improving the water quality of inland waters, and this effect should be considered in regulating and managing lake water levels.     

Nutrient ratios, differential retention, and the effect on nutrient limitation in a deep oligotrophic lake

Nutrient ratios have been related to nutrient limitation of algal growth in lakes. Retention of nutrients in lakes, by sedimentation and by denitrification, reduces the nutrient concentrations in the water column, thereby enhancing nutrient limitation. Differential retention of nitrogen and phosphorus alters their ratios in lakes and thereby contributes to determine whether nitrogen or phosphorus limits algal growth. We examined the relationships between differential nutrient retention, nutrient ratios, and nutrient limitation in Lake Brunner, a deep oligotrophic lake. The observed retention of nitrogen (20%) and phosphorus (47%) agreed with predictions by empirical equations from literature. As a result of differential retention with a much larger proportion of phosphorus retained than that of nitrogen, the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio was higher in the lake (69) than in the inflows (46). While the mean ratio in the inflows suggested no or only moderate phosphorus limitation, the lake appeared to be severely phosphorus limited. Combining empirical equations from literature that predict nitrogen and phosphorus retention suggests that the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio is enhanced by greater retention of phosphorus compared to nitrogen only in deep lakes with relatively short residence times, such as Lake Brunner. In contrast, in most lakes differential retention is expected to result in lower nitrogen:phosphorus ratios.     

Wind-induced increases in trophic state characteristics of a large (27 km 2), shallow (1.5 m mean depth) Florida lake

Nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations in Lake Newnan (27 km², mean depth 1.5 m), Florida showed dramatic increases from 1991 to 1998. Historical data showed Lake Newnan never had sufficient aquatic macrophyte abundance for a shift in alternate stable states to account for increases in trophic state characteristics. External phosphorus and nitrogen loads from incoming streams were monitored from August 1997 to July 1998 to determine if external supplies of nutrients were responsible for increases in lake nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations. During the study period, external nutrient loading rates were not correlated to lake nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus and nitrogen models based on the external loading estimates predicted the lake total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations to be 370% and 680% less, respectively, than the observed lake total phosphorus and total nitrogen mean concentrations. Consequently, phosphorus and nitrogen exports were 280% and 540% greater, respectively, than stream input loading. Data during the study period revealed strong inverse relations between lake stage and total phosphorus (r=–0.78), total nitrogen (r=–0.71), and chlorophyll (r=–0.90) concentrations. Long-term data (1965–1998) also revealed inverse correlations (r=–0.48 to –0.52) between lake stage and total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll concentrations. Applying fundamental wave theory and using a bathymetric map, it is probable that as much as 70% of the lake bottom sediment could be subjected to resuspension 50% of the time when the lake stage falls below 19.9 m mean sea level (msl). Above a lake stage of 19.90 m msl, less than 20% of the lake bottom sediment can potentially be resuspended 50% of the time. A percent frequency distribution from 1991 to 1998 showed that over 30% of the lake stages fell below 19.9 m msl. However, from 1967 to 1990, only 8% of the lake stage values fell below 19.9 m msl. Increases in total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations in Lake Newnan were likely caused by an increased probability of internal loading due to decreased lake levels, and not to external loading of phosphorus and nitrogen.     

干旱砾漠区露天采煤对草地植物群落特征及其稳定性影响

露天煤炭开采对区域地形地貌、水文循环和土壤植被等生态环境因子产生了较大干扰,但干旱砾漠区露天开采对周边植物群落及其稳定性的影响范围和程度仍有待深入研究,这个问题的探明才能为矿区植被恢复的精准施策提供科学依据。该文通过定量比较距露天开采区不同距离植物群落组成、多样性、生产力和稳定性变化特征,分析干旱砾漠区露天采煤对植物群落的影响范围和程度,并结合土壤性状和微气象因子的测量,探究影响干旱矿区植物群落特征的主导因子。结果表明:(1)干旱砾漠区露天开采排土场原始植被消失殆尽,开采区外围0~500 m范围内原优势物种重要值降低,伴生物种重要值增加,500 m后随着距开采区距离的增加优势植物重要值逐渐增加,至开采区800 m外植物群落组成趋于稳定;(2)开采区外围0~500 m范围内植物群落地上生物量、多样性和群落稳定性较5000 m处分别平均下降了53%、70%和37%,开采区500 m以外上述群落指标整体上变化不明显,而植被覆盖度在开采区外围不同距离并未表现出显著变化趋势;(3)土壤水分、有机质、有效氮磷钾、可溶性盐与植物群落地上生物量、多样性和稳定性呈正相关关系,而土壤pH、光照强度和地表温度与上述植物群落指标呈负相关关系。因此干旱砾漠区露天开采排土场及开采区外围0~500 m范围是矿区生态修复过程中重点考虑区域,同时研究表明干旱砾漠区植被主要分布在砾漠戈壁浅沟和季节性河道等生境相对良好的凹陷微地形条件下,综合可得出干旱砾漠区植被修复过程中可通过微地形塑造、土壤改良和乡土物种繁殖促进,以实现干旱矿区生态系统的稳定和可持续发展。     

Oligochaetes and eutrophication; an experiment over four years in outdoor mesocosms

Eight experimental ditch mesocosms were used to study the effect of eutrophication over four years. The experimental ditches had a sand or clay bottom. The ditches were treated with additions of phosphorus, phosphorus and nitrogen, or without additions (controls). Oligochaetes were sampled by deploying trays with substratum for colonization over twenty weeks. Both the important variables phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen as well as the oligochaete species and numbers are presented. The effects of nutrient additions on phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen concentrations were described together with changes in oligochaete species composition and numbers. The results were further analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA). In the clay-lined ditches nutrient addition coincided with fluctuation in oxygen concentration. The higher the nutrient addition levels the longer the period of oxygen depletion became. During oxygen depletion the number of oligochaetes was strongly reduced or even became zero. The low nutrient status of the sandy bed in the sand-lined ditches slowed down the rate of colonization. Only a few tubificids were collected. Eutrophication effects were only observed at the highest nutrient addition level. Considerable variation is attributed to stochastic factors in the sand-lined ditches. Whether oligochaete species were present was related to the length of the colonization period. The substratum composition and food together with oxygen regime decided whether they become more or less abundant in ditches. Large-scale mesocosm experiments require time to develop. Only after the first colonization period variables of species presences and abundances can be employed to detect changes associated with eutrophication. Oligochaetes can be used to measure colonization as well as eutrophication processes.