杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、火力楠(Michelia macclurei)纯林及其混交林细根分布、分解与养分归还

用土钻法研究了杉木（Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ）、火力楠（Ｍｉｃｈｅｌｉａｍａｃｌｕｒｅｉ）纯林和混交林的细根分布,用分解袋法研究了杉木和火力楠细根的分解,计算了３个林分中细根分解的Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃａ,Ｍｇ的归还量。活细根的垂直分布以火力楠纯林层次性最强,混交林次之,杉木纯林最差。火力楠细根的养分含量比杉木细根高,而Ｃ／Ｎ比低。火力楠细根年分解率比杉木快,火力楠为５７．７％,而杉木为３２．７８％。细根分解的养分归还量多少顺序依次为：火力楠纯林、杉木火力楠混交林和杉木纯林。混交林中,细根分解的Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃａ和Ｍｇ归还量分别为枯枝落叶的３３．３８％,５．８２％,２６９．３３％,３４．１２％和３７６．０８％。细根在３个林分的物质循环和周转中起着不可忽视的作用。     

杉木,火力楠纯林及其混交林细根分布,分解与养分归还

用土钻法研究了杉木,火力楠纯林和混交林的细根分布,用分解袋法研究了杉木和火力楠细根的分解,计算了３个林分中细根分解的Ｎ、Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃａ,Ｍｇ的归还量,活细根的垂直分布以火力楠纯林层次性最强,混交林次之,杉木纯林最差。     

杉木观光木混交林细根的分布

对27年生混交比例为2行杉木和1行观光木的混交林和杉木纯林群落细根分布的研究表明,杉木和观光行间的杉木细根密度虽比极木行间的低8．5％,但观光木细根密度则高152．09％,其细根总密度比杉木与杉木行间的大10．43％。混交林中杉木各径级活动根密度呈单峰型分布,均以5－10cm土层最大,而观光木各径级各活细根主要分布在0－10cm土层内。纯林杉木各径活细根密度亦基本呈单峰型分布,但峰值出现在10－20cm或20－30cm土层。不同树种不同径级死细根的分布均与其各自的活细根分布相似。混交林中灌木细根密度在30－40cm的土层最大,而纯林中的灌木细根集中于0－10cm的表土层;混交林和纯林中的草木细根均集中在0－5cm土层。与纯林的相比,混交林中杉木细根主要分布的土层明显上移,表层土壤细根所占比重增大,有利于更好利用土壤养分和提高群落生产力。     

间伐强度对杉木—火力楠混交林生长影响的研究初报

对杉木－火力楠混交林进行４种间伐强度试验表明,间伐６年后各林分的杉木、火力楠胸径净生长量比对照分别增加７０－１３９、１１－２５％,树高增加４６－９０、７－１０％,材积生长增加５４－１４０、１０－４３％,林分蓄积量增加４９－７５ｍ＾３．ｈａ＾－１,平均冠高增加２－６、８－１３％,第１活枝高下降０．５－３、３５－４８％,冠幅杉木下降１－２％、火力楠增加１－８％,可以认为,以间伐强度为３０和４０％２种方     

杉木、火力楠纯林及其混交林生态系统C、N贮量

研究比较第2代连载杉木纯林、杉木与火力楠混交林以及火力楠纯林3种人工林生态系统的C、N贮量。结果表明,杉木与火力楠混交林生态系统C贮量要高于杉木纯林和火力楠纯林,而生态系统N贮量是火力楠纯林和杉木与火力楠混交林高于杉木纯林;生态系统C和N贮量的空间分布基本一致,土壤层占主要部分,其次为乔木层,再次是根系,林下植被层和凋落层所占比例最小;相关分析表明,土壤C、N贮量分别和林下植被生物量以及与森林凋落物现存量之间都具有良好的线性关系,说明林下植被和森林凋落物对土壤C、N贮量有着深刻的影响。     

杉木火力楠混交林养分归还与生产力

通过对野外试验和室内测试数据的整理分析．比较研究了杉木火力楠混交林和 杉木纯林养分归还、吸收等生态过程的特征以及生产力结果表明混交促进了养分归还过 程．可提高土壤肥力和系统生产力．１５年生混交林技和叶凋落物分别是纯林的２倍和３ 倍,其中容易分解的火力楠凋落物占 ６４％．混交林通过凋落物分解所归还的养分是纯林 的 ２～ ３倍．相当年凋落量 ６５． ９％的混交林根系年死亡量是纯林的 ２倍,在整个系统养分 归还中占有很大的份额．混交林土壤全 Ｎ、 ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ和有效 Ｋ分别比纯林提高 ６４． ３％。 ８２． ３ ％和 ６３． １％．与此同时土壤孔隙组成和水分过程也大为改善．混交林生产力较纯林 提高５２．７％．混交林５种大量元素的归还／吸收比率是纯林的２倍,表明混交林养分循环 效率较高,较少的人为维持可以保持较高的生产力水平．     

间伐强度对杉木－火力楠混交林生长影响的研究初报

对杉木－火力楠混交林进行４种间伐强度试验表明,间伐６年后各林分的杉木、火力楠胸径净生长量比对照分别增加７０—１３９、１１—２５％,树高增加４６—９０、７—１０％,村积生长增加５４—１４０、１０—４３％,林分蓄积量增加４９—７５ｍ３·ｈａ（－１）,平均冠高增加２—６、８一１３％,第１活枝高下降０．５—３、３５—４８％。冠幅杉木下降１—２％、火力楠增加１—８％．可以认为,以间伐强度为３０和４０％２种方式较好,间伐后林分定型株数约保留在１６００—２２００株·ｈａ（－１）之间为宜．     

杨树细根及草根的生产力与周转的研究

对北方杨树人工林0－40cm土层中杨树细根和草根（≤2mm）年生物量、分解量、死亡量、生长量和周转率进行观察研究。结果表明,杨树细根的年生物量为2．062t.hm^-2,死根生物量为0．746t.hm^-2,分解量为0．158t.hm^2,生长量为2．351t.hm^－2,周转率为每年1．14次,活草根的年生物量、死根生物量、分解量、生长量和周转率分别0．501、0．035、0．023、0．691t.hm^-2和1．38,同时给出了杨树细根干重损失随分解时间变化的方程：1nx/x0=0.9515e^-0.0014t。     

武夷山甜槠林细根生物量和生长量研究

对武夷山甜槠林细根生物量和生长量的季节动态及其在不同群落发育阶段下的变化进行了初步研究,并对细根在养分归还中的作用进行了分析．结果表明,甜槠成熟林细根生物量为１０．６４５ｔ·ｈｍ－２,生长量为７．３７１５ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,分解量为４．６７７５ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,年周转率０．６９次;细根生物量和生长量随林龄增长的变化模式为单峰型曲线,生物量至３４龄时达到最大值,生长量至群落郁闭阶段（５８龄）达到最大值;甜槠成熟林中,通过细根死亡的Ｎ素归还量占群落年归还总量的４９．５％,多于凋落物途径,Ｐ、Ｍｇ归还量所占比例为４２．３％和２８．９％,略低于凋落物途径;Ｋ、Ｃａ归还以降水淋溶为主,其次是凋落物途径,而细根途径仅占总归还量的１９．３％和９．２％．     

湖南会同地区森林植被转变对土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性的影响

研究了湖南省会同县森林植被从地带性植被天然常绿阔叶林到杉木人工林再到杉木火力楠混交林的转变过程中土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性的变化趋势。结果表明:杉木纯林和混交林土壤微生物生物量碳含量均显著低于常绿阔叶林,分别仅为常绿阔叶林的76.8%和71.5%;与天然阔叶林相比,杉木人工林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别降低了35.8%、22.1%和45.1%,而多酚氧化酶活性增高了40.0%;相反,杉木火力楠混交林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性比杉木纯林分别增加了20.3%、12.6%和67.8%,而土壤多酚氧化酶活性则降低了41.0%;表明森林植被转变对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性能够产生较大的影响,不同的树种对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性的影响差异较大。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.