山西文峪河上中游森林群落多样性

基于山西文峪河上中游森林群落的野外调查数据,选取植物生活型、生活史、固氮类型、传粉途径、种子传播途径等14个植物功能性状,计算丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(E)等物种多样性指数和功能丰富度指数(FRic)、功能均匀度指数(FEve)、功能分歧度指数(FDiv)等功能多样性指数,并用TWINSPAN对森林群落进行分类,Spearman秩相关分析多样性指数间及其与环境因子间的相关性,对山西文峪河上中游森林群落多样性进行研究。结果表明:青杄林种数最多(R=27),辽东栎油松林和油松林种数最少(R=16);白桦林的H'和E最大,油松林的H'和E最小。山杨白桦林的FRic值最大,白杄林的FRic值最小;青杄林的FEve值最大,山杨白桦林的FEve值最小;山杨林的FDiv值最大,白桦林的FDiv值最小。文峪河上中游森林群落物种多样性指数与功能多样性指数间相关性不显著(P0.05),仅FDiv与H'呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);物种多样性指数间呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),功能多样性指数间相关性不显著(P0.05),仅FRic与FEve呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);随着海拔增加,物种多样性指数增加(P0.05或P0.01),但功能多样性指数减小(P0.01或P0.05)。     

庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落物种多样性

以庞泉沟自然保护区海拔1630-2430 m的森林群落为研究对象,采用样方法(共取10 m×10 m样方84个)进行物种组成和环境因子调查,对物种多样性及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)随着森林群落垂直分布的变化,即从山体下部(1630～2000 m)的华北落叶松灌木群落到山体中部(2000～2200 m)的华北落叶松云杉桦木混交林群落,再到山体上部(2200～2430 m)的华北落叶松苔草群落,物种丰富度指数(R_0)与Shannon-Wiener指数(H)呈现由小增大(在中部达最大)和由大减小的趋势;而Simpson指数(λ)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)则呈现持续增大趋势.(2)海拔与R_0(r=-0.541,P<0.01)、H(r=-0.377,P<0.01)呈极显著负相关,与λ(r=0.495,P<0.01)呈极显著正相关;坡向与R_0(r=-0.365,P<0.01)呈极显著负相关,与日(r=-0.250,P<0.05)呈显著负相关,与λ(r=0.356,P相似文献   

历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落植物多样性研究

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西历山自然保护区猪尾沟森林群落多样性进行研究。结果表明 :1 )同一群落内 ,多样性指数存在一定的波动范围 ;不同群落间 ,物种多样性也存在差异 ,但其并不一定具有统计学意义。由此表明 ,群落之间存在差异 ,同时也存在着连续性。 2 )海拔高度是决定本区多样性分布格局的主导因子 ,随着群落分布海拔高度的增加 ,多样性呈一致的上升趋势 ,即多样性与海拔呈正相关关系。 3)群落物种多样性对海拔的敏感性由大到小的次序为草本层 >乔木层 >灌木层 ,其中乔木层的丰富度指数、草本层均匀度指数与海拔有着极显著的正相关关系 ,而乔木层的多样性指数、草本层的丰富度指数与海拔有着极显著的负相关关系 ,灌木层的多样性与海拔没有显著的相关性。 4)群落中不同结构、不同层次对群落总体多样性的贡献是不同的 ,两种测定方法所产生的总体多样性之间呈显著相关关系 ,表明给定加权参数的测定方法没有影响客观生态意义的反映 ,同时也更好地反映出群落结构对于群落多样性的功能差异     

北京东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶林地形和林分结构对林下草本植物物种多样性的影响

森林群落林下草本植物物种多样性丰富,然而大多数森林物种多样性研究集中在乔木层,对林下草本植物物种多样性及其影响因子的研究较少。本研究基于北京东灵山20 ha森林动态监测样地450个1 m×1 m的草本样方调查数据,选择物种丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Simpson优势度指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)作为草本植物物种多样性数据指标,分析了林下草本植物物种多样性与地形和林分结构的相关关系;并采用Pearson相关性分析、回归分析、冗余分析(RDA)及层次分割的方法,探讨了地形因子和林分因子对草本植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)林下草本植物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与坡向呈显著负相关(P <0.05),随坡向增大(由阳坡转向阴坡)而呈下降趋势; 4个多样性指数与海拔、坡度和凹凸度均无显著相关性。(2)物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随林分密度和林地物种丰富度的增大呈下降的趋势,但随平均胸径的增大呈上升的趋势;各物种多样性指数均与胸径变异系数无显著相关性。(3)层次分割结果表明,环境因子对林下草本植...     

环境因子对巴山冷杉-糙皮桦混交林物种分布及多样性的影响

对太白山巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)-糙皮桦(Betula utilis)混交林及其环境因子进行了调查,采用CCA排序法分析了环境因子与物种分布的关系,偏CCA评估了各个环境因子的重要程度,GAM拟合了物种丰富度对各个环境因子的响应。结果显示,土壤pH、海拔、岩石盖度对物种分布有显著影响(P<0.05),其影响强度为:海拔>岩石盖度>pH,其它环境因子(土壤有机质、全N、全P含量和坡度)影响不显著(P>0.05)。GAM拟合结果表明,土壤pH、岩石盖度、海拔和全N含量是影响物种丰富度的主要环境因子(P<0.01),物种丰富度随pH值升高而增加,随岩石盖度和海拔升高而减小,而随全N含量的变化较为复杂;土壤有机质、全P含量和坡度对物种丰富度没有显著影响(P>0.05)。巴山冷杉-糙皮桦混交林物种分布及多样性是由海拔、岩石盖度和土壤pH值为主的多种环境因子综合作用的结果。     

环境梯度下蒙古栎群落的物种多样性特征

通过样地法研究了东北地区处于不同经度、纬度和海拔的 13个地点蒙古栎群落的物种丰富度、Gini指数、PIE指数、Shannon指数和 Pielou指数 ,利用相关和回归的统计方法分析了不同地点物种的丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数和 Shannon多样性指数与各地所处的经度、纬度和海拔的关系。结果发现 :不仅不同地点 (较大尺度 )的物种丰富度和多样性指数均有差异 ,即使在相同的地点 (较小尺度 ) ,物种丰富度及多样性指数也有差异 ,有时还具有很大的差异 ,呈现空间异质性分布的特征 ;因为影响这些多样性指数的环境因子更加复杂 ,不仅受经度、纬度和海拔的影响 ,也受地形、群落的年龄、干扰史等多种生态因子影响。不同地点的物种丰富度与海拔和纬度都具有明显的相关性 (p<0 .0 5 ) ,物种丰富度随海拔和纬度的升高而降低 ,依据显著度的大小可以推测物种丰富度与海拔的相关性比与纬度的相关性更密切 ;蒙古栎群落不同类群的植物种的丰富度具有不同的分布格局 ,木本植物的丰富度与当地纬度具有明显的相关性 (p<0 .0 5 ) ,而与所在地的海拔没有显著的关系 (p>0 .0 5 ) ,而草本植物受海拔的影响更显著 (p<0 .0 5 ) ,而与纬度之间没有显著的关系 (p>0 .0 5 )。群落的 Gini指数、PIE指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数未发现与海     

三峡库区香溪河消落带植被群落特征与土壤环境相关性

土壤环境是影响植被群落结构的关键因素。为揭示三峡库区消落带植被群落的空间分布与土壤环境间的相关规律,本文运用聚类分析法分析了三峡库区香溪河消落带调查的30个样带群落属性,并利用冗余分析(RDA)分析了11个土壤理化因子与消落带植被空间分布及多样性的相关关系。聚类分析结果显示,香溪河消落带草本群落可划分为7种类型,其中一年生植物群落占据优势;RDA排序轴与环境因子的相关性分析显示,RDA第1排序轴与土壤含水量(SWC)呈显著正相关,与消落带高程(Ele)呈极显著负相关(P0.01);第二轴主要与pH、Fe-P、土壤有机质(SOM)和O-P呈负相关(P0.05)。植被多样性指数与土壤理化因子的相关性分析表明,物种丰富度指数(R)与Ele、pH和SOM相关关系最为显著;优势度指数(D)与Ele呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而与SWC呈显著性正相关;香农多样性指数(H)与Ele、SOM、TP呈显著正相关,与SWC、pH呈显著性负相关;物种均匀度指数(E)除与Ele和SWC存在显著相关性外,均与其他环境因子间不存在显著性(P0.05)。综上,消落带高程、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤pH及土壤TP和无机磷中O-P和Fe-P是影响香溪河消落带植被群落格局的主要因素。     

伊犁河谷山地植物群落物种多样性分布格局及环境解释

结合对新疆伊犁河两岸科古琴山南坡(河谷北坡)和乌孙山北坡(河谷南坡) 94个样地的调查资料, 采用DCCA (detrended canonical correspondence analysis)排序法, 分析了物种多样性指数与环境因子之间的关系, 运用广义可加模型拟合植物群落总体多样性指数对海拔梯度的响应曲线, 探讨了伊犁河谷山地植物群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局。结果表明: 在调查的94个样地中, 共出现259种植物, 其中, 草本植物的种类极其丰富, 多达235种, 木本植物的种类极其有限; 垂直结构完整的植物群落具有较高的多样性指数; 河谷北坡植物群落物种多样性的分布格局受海拔、坡度、坡向以及土壤全氮、全钾、有机质、含水量等环境因子的影响较大, 而在河谷南坡, 物种多样性分布格局主要受坡度、海拔、有效磷含量和土壤含水量等环境因子的影响; 在河谷北坡, 植物群落的Patrick丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener指数与海拔呈明显的双峰曲线关系, Simpson指数与Pielou均匀度指数呈不对称的单峰格局, 而河谷南坡的物种多样性指数随海拔均呈双峰格局, 尽管Patrick丰富度指数不甚明显。山地植物群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局是由海拔为主的多种环境因子综合作用的结果。     

雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸地上生物量与多样性沿海拔梯度的变化特征

【目的】雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原最重要的河流,研究雅鲁藏布江的地上生物量和物种多样性对了解该区域的草地资源和生态保护具有重要意义。【方法】文章根据海拔梯度对雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸植被特征进行调查,研究不同海拔梯度下地上生物量和物种多样性的分布差异、地上生物量与物种多样性之间的关系,以及相关环境因子对地上生物量和物种多样性的影响。【结果】(1)海拔与地上生物量无显著关系;(2)海拔与多样性指数呈显著负相关关系,随海拔升高Shannon-Weiner指数、Patrick指数表现为下降趋势;(3)地上生物量与多样性之间表现为负相关关系,Shannon-Weiner指数对地上生物量的解释达到70%(P＜0.01);(4)物种多样性与温度和降水呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),物种多样性与海拔呈负相关关系(P＜0.05),地上生物量与海拔、温度和降水无显著关系(P＞0.05)。【结论】该研究结果有助于为雅鲁藏布江上游流域草地资源的合理利用和物种多样性保护提供依据。     

伊犁河谷北坡垂直分布格局及其与环境的关系——一种特殊的双峰分布格局

针对伊犁河谷北坡山地的植物多样性和土壤因子沿海拔的分布方式进行研究。对研究地海拔1000-2200m植物和环境特征进行调查,选取群落样地总数为44个,共调查到植物种155种,其中乔木7种、灌木18种、草本130种,调查到的群落类型完全涵盖了研究区所有沿海拔上升的群落类型。通过NLFS高级模拟显示总的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数都与海拔呈现先升高后降低,再升高的一个特殊分布格局。出现了两个较高的物种丰富度地带,其中一个是低山荒漠到落叶阔叶林,另一个是山地草原到针叶林带。土壤养分和盐分也表现出了类似多样性的分布格局。通过PCA和相关分析表明,环境因子控制着物种丰富度和它的分布方式。水分在低海拔比较重要,在高海拔温度比较重要,而由于逆温层的作用,在较高海拔的针叶林带物种多样性出现了上升。物种丰富度与土壤总盐呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.343),与土壤全盐也呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.341)。Simpson指数与土壤pH值呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.465)。Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤电导率呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.367)。Pielou均匀度指数与土壤电导率呈现极显著负相关关系(r=-0.477),总之,多样性指数和土样盐分表现出了强相关性。这个研究为伊犁河谷植被与植物资源的保护和利用提供重要的科学依据,为河谷区山地植被与环境关系提供基础科学理论,为山地退化植被的修复提供参考案例和可借鉴的基础性数据。     

Studies on species diversity of Larix chinensis community ecotone

The communities of Larix chinensis and their ecotone in Qinling Mountains were investigated by sampling belt method.Species richness,Simpson diversity,Shannon-Weiner diversity,PIE and Pielou evenness indices of vascular plants in their communities and ecotone were calculated.Structure and composition of the communities in 6 sampling belts within the sites were analyzed.The results showed that the edge effect was obvious in the ecotone with a less changing environment(such as soil and terrain)and acute variation of composition and structure,while inconspicuous or even none in the ecotone with worse environmental condition(such as great space fluctuation).It is apparent that the edge effect of community was affected by soil and terrain,but not by microclimate.     

太白红杉群落交错带物种多样性的研究

应用样带法对太白红杉群落及其交错带进行调查,采用各群落维管植物的物种丰富度指数(S)、 Simpson物种多样性指数(D)、Shannon Weiner物种多样性指数(H′)、种间相遇机率(PIE)及Pielou均匀度 指数(Jsw和Jsi),分析了6条样带的群落结构和物种组成。结果显示在环境条件(土壤和地形)变化较小、层 次结构剧变的群落交错带中,边缘效应明显。而在环境条件较差(即空间波动大)的群落交错带中,边缘效应 不明显,甚至无边缘效应出现。可见,群落的边缘效应不仅受小气候影响,也受地形和土壤等因子的影响。     

井冈山鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层功能多样性及其随海拔梯度的变化

研究植物群落功能多样性沿环境梯度的变化可以揭示功能多样性与生态系统功能间的关系及维持机制。以井冈山地区鹿角杜鹃（Rhododendron latoucheae）群落为研究对象,通过调查不同海拔梯度群落灌木层植物的物种组成与结构特征,研究了该群落类型灌木层植物的物种多样性、功能多样性、环境因子的特征及其相互之间的关系。结果表明：1）群落类型灌木层植物物种多样性和功能多样性沿海拔梯度呈现不同的变化趋势。物种多样性指数均随着海拔的升高呈减小趋势,而功能多样性指数的变化却较为复杂。其中FRic、FEve和FDis随着海拔的升高显著减小,FDiv和Rao却随海拔的升高而增加;2）群落中物种多样性和功能多样性呈现复杂的相关性。FRic、FEve与丰富度指数呈显著正相关,而Rao、FDis、FDiv与Simpson优势度指数呈线性相关关系,且具有显著相关性;3）群落所分布的坡位及土壤氮与磷含量等环境因子对灌木植物的功能多样性有着重要的影响。鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层植物的物种多样性和功能多样性的相互关系及其对环境变化的响应共同决定了群落的生态系统功能。     

Above-ground biomass and species richness in a Mediterranean salt marsh

Abstract. Species composition, above-ground biomass and diversity of herbaceous communities were recorded in 50 sites on the upper salt marsh of the Guadalquivir delta (SW Spain). Through Canonical Correspondence Analysis relationships were shown between plant-species characteristics abundance and environmental variables. Seven community types were distinguished and related to hydro logical regime and physical and chemical soil parameters. The higher species richness was associated with moderate values of above-ground biomass (Biomass at maximum diversity, BMD = 302 g/m²). Salinity was negatively correlated with species richness. There was no significant correlation with total above-ground biomass. Water regime and soil nutrient (Ca, Mg) content were significant predictors of the community above-ground biomass.     

环境因子和干扰强度对高寒草甸植物多样性空间分异的影响

采用样带与样地结合的方法在三江源自然保护区的核心区沿海拔梯度在阴坡、阳坡分别进行草本植被调查,通过因子分析和偏相关分析研究丰富度指数、多样性指数与环境梯度（包括海拔梯度、裸斑面积、坡度、土壤总碳、总氮含量、土壤pH值、土壤总可溶性盐含量）和干扰强度（鼠类干扰强度、放牧强度）之间的关系。研究结果表明：杂类草丰富度指数（DMa杂）与总物种丰富度指数（DMa总）极显著相关（P<0.01）;阳坡DMa杂和DMa总均呈现“中海拔膨胀”现象,阴坡DMa杂和DMa总与海拔梯度呈正相关,莎草科和禾本科的丰富度指数（DMa莎和DMa禾）随海拔升高并无明显规律;通过主成分分析,及偏相关分析,第一主成分（裸斑面积、鼠类干扰和放牧强度）与除莎草科Margalef丰富度指数、禾本科Simpson指数和禾本科Pielou均匀度指数外的其他草地多样性指数均显著相关,是影响阳坡草地植物多样性的主要因子,土壤总碳、总氮含量对阳坡禾本科类群的多样性指数和均匀度指数有极显著影响,土壤pH值、TDS含量和坡度对阳坡莎草科类群的丰富度有显著影响;海拔梯度、土壤总碳、总氮以及pH值对阴坡草本植物群落的多样性影响较大。研究结论认为,植物群落生物多样性的空间分异特征是地理环境、土壤环境以及干扰强度等因素综合作用的结果。无干扰或干扰较弱时,物种多样性主要受土壤环境状况所影响;而在强干扰存在条件下,干扰强度对物种丰富度和多样性的影响比环境因子更显著;遏制高寒草甸植物多样性降低应首先控制放牧及鼠类等强干扰活动。     

山西七里峪茶条槭群落特征及物种多样性研究

运用TWINSPAN对山西七里峪茶条槭群落类型进行划分,并采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Alatalo指数研究群落的物种多样性。结果表明:TWINSPAN将茶条槭群落的73个样方划分为10个群丛;各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,群丛Ⅲ和Ⅶ的丰富度指数和多样性指数较高,群丛Ⅰ的多样性指数较低;各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的物种多样性也存在差异,多样性指数大致表现为草本层高于灌木层高于乔木层。土壤中的有机质、速效钾、含水量是影响茶条槭群落物种多样性的主要因素。     

Testing indicators of sustainable forest management on understorey composition and diversity in southern Italy through variation partitioning

Tree species composition and stand structural complexity are valuable indicators of sustainable forest management. This article aims to investigate the relative influence of forest overstorey composition and structural attributes on understorey composition and diversity, taking into account also site characteristics and broad-scale environmental variables. We sampled vascular plant species composition and forest structure in 132 plots in the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park (southern Italy). Spearman’s non-parametric correlation coefficients were calculated between overstorey and understorey diversity indices, beech percentage, and altitude and environmental indices. A complete partitioning of the variation in understorey composition was then performed through canonical correspondence analysis considering four sets of variables: (1) overstorey composition, (2) structural attributes, (3) topography, and (4) landscape abiotic variables. Finally, we constructed a regression tree analysis of understorey species richness using the same explanatory variables. Understorey diversity indices were positively correlated with overstorey diversity indices and with environmental indices (i.e., light and soil heterogeneity). Overstorey and understorey diversity indices were negatively correlated with both altitude and the dominance of beech in the overstorey. Compositional variation was due primarily to overstorey composition and secondarily to structural attributes. Regression tree analysis revealed that altitude, overstorey species richness, and structural attributes play an important role in determining understorey species richness. According to our results, understorey composition and diversity are strongly related to overstorey composition and structural attributes. Indeed, the latter proved to be effective indicators of understorey characteristics in the study area.     

山西霍山森林群落林下物种多样性研究

在野外获得样方的基础上,采用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等对山西霍山森林群落林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明,多数森林群落林下灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于草本层,而丰富度指数则相反。灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数的顺序为:针阔叶混交林>针叶林>落叶阔叶林,主要是由于针阔叶混交林兼有针叶林和落叶阔叶林的共同特征,因而具有较高的多样性。灌木层和草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数在海拔梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势,即中海拔(1500 m)高度上物种多样性最大,这主要是由于在这一海拔范围内水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致。     

Microtopographic heterogeneity constrains alpine plant diversity, Glacier National Park, MT

Theoretical and empirical evidence exists for a positive relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species diversity. Alpine plant communities can exhibit exceptional diversity at a fine scale, which niche theory would suggest is the result of fine scale spatial heterogeneity of the environment. To test if species diversity of alpine plants is driven by environmental heterogeneity, we sampled vascular plant species composition, microtopography, and ground cover within 1?m² plots with and without solifluction forms in Glacier National Park, MT. We analyzed the relationship between microtopographic heterogeneity and species richness at the plot and sub-plot scale with linear and quantile regression, respectively. Species richness does not differ between the plots varying in cover type. Species richness is negatively related to the fractal dimension (D) of the ground surface and non-vegetated ground cover within 1?m² plots. At a finer scale, the standard deviation of elevation and slope appear to impose a limit on species richness such that more variable sub-plots have lower species richness. Contrary to our expectations, microtopographic heterogeneity does not promote the diversity of alpine plants. The negative relationship between topographic heterogeneity and species richness is contrary to the theoretical prediction that environmental heterogeneity generally results in greater species diversity. It is possible that microtopographic variability represents a measure of soil disturbance, which would be expected to have a negative effect on species diversity in alpine tundra due to its low productivity.     

Biotic and Abiotic Properties Mediating Plant Diversity Effects on Soil Microbial Communities in an Experimental Grassland

Plant diversity drives changes in the soil microbial community which may result in alterations in ecosystem functions. However, the governing factors between the composition of soil microbial communities and plant diversity are not well understood. We investigated the impact of plant diversity (plant species richness and functional group richness) and plant functional group identity on soil microbial biomass and soil microbial community structure in experimental grassland ecosystems. Total microbial biomass and community structure were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The diversity gradient covered 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 plant species and 1, 2, 3 and 4 plant functional groups (grasses, legumes, small herbs and tall herbs). In May 2007, soil samples were taken from experimental plots and from nearby fields and meadows. Beside soil texture, plant species richness was the main driver of soil microbial biomass. Structural equation modeling revealed that the positive plant diversity effect was mainly mediated by higher leaf area index resulting in higher soil moisture in the top soil layer. The fungal-to-bacterial biomass ratio was positively affected by plant functional group richness and negatively by the presence of legumes. Bacteria were more closely related to abiotic differences caused by plant diversity, while fungi were more affected by plant-derived organic matter inputs. We found diverse plant communities promoted faster transition of soil microbial communities typical for arable land towards grassland communities. Although some mechanisms underlying the plant diversity effect on soil microorganisms could be identified, future studies have to determine plant traits shaping soil microbial community structure. We suspect differences in root traits among different plant communities, such as root turnover rates and chemical composition of root exudates, to structure soil microbial communities.