深圳湾海域赤潮生物演变及赤潮预警关键因子分析

2020年5月初,深圳湾海域发生近5年来首次赤潮, 面积达到6 km2, 前期赤潮优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum), 后期转变为赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)。布放于深圳湾海域的海洋环境综合浮标自动监测到了赤潮发生过程的海水水质和生态数据变化: 赤潮发生前(4月底)硝酸盐和磷酸盐均大幅升高; 赤潮发生期间, 叶绿素a浓度迅速升高, 最高值达到127.1 μg·L-1(5月2日), 海水温度持续升高, 盐度整体下降; 5月4日开始, 赤潮逐渐消散, 当日水温日均值达到28 ℃以上, 风力也开始升高, 盐度则继续降低。经研究分析, 本次深圳湾赤潮的主要调控因素可能是水温, 活性磷酸盐大幅升高可能是引发中肋骨条藻大规模增殖的诱因, 而赤潮后期的陆源水体输入导致的悬浮物增加导致了赤潮快速消亡。本次赤潮优势种从硅藻到针胞藻的转变, 主要原因可能是赤潮前期磷酸盐快速消耗导致的磷供应不足。通过数据分析发现, 近十几年来, 深圳湾海域赤潮生物逐渐从硅藻转变为甲藻及其他藻类, 其原因与海域氮磷比持续升高、磷成为限制因子有关, 故海域赤潮监测预警应重点关注磷酸盐的变化。     

南海北部沿海夜光藻赤潮的生态模式研究

本文根据１９８０～１９９１年南海北部沿海发生的夜光藻赤潮资料,介绍了夜光藻的生物学特征．生态学特征,从夜光藻发生赤潮的起始、发展、维持和消亡四个阶段分析和探讨其发生机制,提出了夜光藻赤潮的生态模式。研究表明：夜光藻赤潮各阶段的消长过程受到物理、化学和生物因素的制约．这些因素在夜光藻赤潮发生的不同阶段所起的作用是不一样的,其发生机制仍然存在着生物地理学的差异等。     

一次陆源降雨污水引起血红哈卡藻赤潮的成因

以2007年烟台四十里湾海域血红哈卡藻(Akashiwo sanguinea Hirasaka)赤潮为对象,研究赤潮消长与水环境因子的关系。研究发现大量陆源降雨污水输入后,海水盐度急剧下降、营养盐大幅增加,特别是活性磷酸盐浓度明显增加,促进了血红哈卡藻的生长繁殖并最终形成赤潮。赤潮发生前海区第一优势种为尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Halse),优势度0.47(0.42—0.52),多样性指数2.63(2.43—2.89);赤潮发生时血红哈卡藻密度范围1.05×105—4.10×106个/L,优势度0.92(0.83—0.99),多样性指数0.27(0.15—0.64);赤潮消退后中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum Cleve)为第一优势种,优势度0.49(0.43—0.55),多样性指数2.46(2.19—2.84)。赤潮的发生、发展、消亡与化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、富营养化指数(E)呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与盐度呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。赤潮前、后该海域为贫营养、P限制、叶绿素a含量中等,赤潮期间该海域为富营养、P限制、叶绿素a含量高。通过影响力评定,活性磷酸盐、COD、盐度是此次赤潮发生的主要诱发因子,当活性磷酸盐含量低于0.3μmol/L时,硅藻逐渐取代甲藻,此次赤潮消散。     

夜光藻有性繁殖研究进展

夜光藻是全球最主要的赤潮生物之一,也是我国近海常见的浮游甲藻。根据营养方式分为异养的红色夜光藻和混合营养的绿色夜光藻,前者广泛分布于温带和亚热带近岸水域,后者仅分布于热带西太平洋、阿拉伯海、阿曼湾和红海。夜光藻的生活史包括无性繁殖和有性繁殖过程。少部分营养细胞自发转变为配子母细胞,启动了有性繁殖。每个配子母细胞可形成大量配子,具有横沟、纵沟和2根鞭毛,形态与裸甲藻接近。配子两两融合形成合子,合子不经过休眠孢囊阶段直接发育成新的营养细胞。目前,对配子母细胞形成的调控机制、合子发育的影响因素的认识还存在分歧。研究发现,营养细胞经过一定次数的二分裂后都会转变为配子母细胞,而配子的存在能够中止此过程,使营养细胞继续进行二分裂。因此,有性繁殖可能通过产生新个体对种群增长做出贡献,还可能通过释放配子维持无性繁殖,进而促进种群增长。配子在相模湾水域全年都有分布,其丰度峰值与营养细胞丰度峰值同步或提前出现,配子的大量出现可能是赤潮形成的必要条件。对有性繁殖的研究佐证了夜光藻在甲藻的系统进化中处于较为古老的地位。此外,还简单介绍了研究夜光藻有性繁殖的主要方法,回顾了国内的夜光藻研究,并对相关研究进行了展望。     

大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮发生风险率的随机过程分析

本文以春季大鹏湾夜光藻种群等间隔采样序列作为随机过程变量,运用随机过程理论,构造了夜光藻种群超阈值风险的成丛随机点过程复合模型,对夜光藻赤潮风险率的随机过程进行分析,得到夜光藻赤潮的风险估算,并进行拟优合度检验。认为研究结果对预测夜光藻赤潮发生具有一定的指导意义。     

大鹏湾海水环境要素与夜光藻增殖的灰关联模型｛GM（1,n）｝

1　前　　言夜光藻(Ｎｏｃｔｉｌｕｃａｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｌｌａｎｓ)是我国海洋赤潮的主要发生藻。作者曾运用时间序列模型、回归分析及微分方程的变分模型和灰关联等对夜光藻种群增殖和形成赤潮的原因进行过分析和研究[1～5]。作者有关夜光藻种群动态时间序列模型研究[1],已确定了夜光藻种群3天内暴发性增殖的必要条件:在适宜生长的环境条件下,夜光藻种群细胞密度应大于10×106ｃｅｌｌ·ｍ-3。在海水环境要素对夜光藻种群密度增殖的影响的研究[5],认为温度、溶解氧、营养盐(可溶性氮盐和可溶性磷盐)与夜光藻增殖有明显的相关性,并确定了夜光…     

大鹏湾沙头角海域富营养化与赤潮发生的初步研究

报道南海大鹏湾沙头角海域由于工业废水和生活污水的大量流入,使该海域氮、磷和化学需氧量逐年升高,使其富营养化程度值达１．４９７～１１．７７３,因而近年来冬春季节赤潮发生频繁。主要的赤潮生物有夜光藻ＮｏｃｌｉｌｕｃａＳｃｔｕｔｌｌａｍｓ、裸甲藻Ｇｙｍｎｏｄｉｎｉｕｍｓｐ．,中肋骨条藻Ｓｋｅｌｅ－ｔｏｎｅｍａＣｏｓｔａｔｕｍ、海洋原甲藻Ｐｒｏｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｕｍｍｉｃａｎｓ、海链藻Ｔｈａｌｓｓｉｏｓｉｒａｓｐ．和角毛藻Ｃｈａｅｌｏｃｅｒａｓｓｐ．等。由于该海湾是半封闭性海域,因而赤潮发生的强度较大,其数量为２．７×１０￣６～８．４×１０￣４个／ｍ￣３,生物多样性指数为０．１４６～０．２５０．其毒性较大,危害沿岸渔业生产。     

浅论赤潮

近年来,我国南北沿海赤潮频发,先后在黄河口(1952年)、辽河口(1957、 1967) 、大沽河口(1977) 、大连湾(1979、 1980、 1981) 、东海(1972) ,湛江(1980) 、香港(1971、 1980、 1986) 等近海水域分别发生夜光藻、中肋骨条藻、毛丝藻、微形原甲藻、颤藻等形成的赤潮。据不完全统计,70年代前,在我国有文字记载的赤潮仅有3次。70年代后,在黄、渤、东、南海近岸海域,发现并有记载的赤潮近30次。不仅给海洋渔业资源和生产造成重大损失,而且给人类健康带来严重影响。如今,随着海洋污染日趋加剧,世界各地赤潮的发生已有与日俱增的趋势。太平洋、大西洋沿岸居民因误食由赤潮污染的     

深圳海域近20年赤潮发生的特征分析

本文根据深圳海域1981-2002年发生的93起赤潮记录,综合分析了赤潮发生的特征,可归纳为5点：①深圳海域的赤潮多发区位于大鹏湾、大亚湾和深圳圳湾,其中大鹏湾的盐田水域、大亚湾两部的东山和坝光水域、深圳湾的后海与东角头水域为赤潮多发地段;②赤潮发生的频率增高,赤潮持续时间延长;③全年中有两个赤潮多发季节,主要集中在3～5月,其次为9～11月;④赤潮引发种类丰富,约有39种,其中甲藻最多,其次为硅藻,具有一定的区域分布特征;⑤赤潮引发种类具有明显的演替规律,不断有新的种类引发赤潮。     

北海区海洋生态灾害的主要类型及分布现状研究

本文将海洋生态灾害定义为局部海域一种或少数几种海洋生物数量过度增多引起的海洋生态异常现象,包括赤潮、绿潮、水母旺发和外来种入侵等,根据相关研究及调查资料,探讨了北海区赤潮、绿潮、水母、外来生物入侵等生态灾害发生特点及趋势。结果表明,北海区赤潮和绿潮灾害频发,影响面积较大,渤海北部秦皇岛附近海域赤潮灾害严重,黄海西部山东半岛近岸海域浒苔绿潮灾害严重;水母灾害呈上升趋势,对人体健康威胁较大,北海区滨海城市都曾发生过水母蛰伤致死案例;黄河三角洲区域米草和泥螺入侵扩展速度较快。面对这些海洋生态灾害巨大威胁,北海区亟需加强海洋生态灾害防控研究。     

Spatial, seasonal and species variations of harmful algal blooms in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs), in terms of frequency and area in the Chinese coastal waters, have been increasing since 1980s and caused considerable economic losses. In the present study, we have analyzed spatial and seasonal characteristics of HAB events in the southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea along Chinese coast from 1933 to 2004. With a total 435 HAB records, the most frequent HAB occurrence area (FHA) is off the Yangtze River mouth and another two FHA areas are located south of the Yangtze River estuary along about isobaths of 30–60 m coastal water in the East China Sea. The time of HAB occurrence shifted during our study period: from autumn (August–October) before 1980s to July–August in 1980s, during May–July in 1990s, and May–June for the period of 2000–2004. Causative species were found to be different: Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum were dominant causative species prior to 2000; and Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu was dominant from 2000 to 2004 and also caused large blooms in May. Trichodesmium sp. caused many HABs in autumn (August–October) prior to 1980s with only one HAB between 1980 and 2004. The changes of the dominant HAB species may have affected the timings of HAB occurrence, as well as the increasing HAB-affected areas in recent years.     

中国赤潮的发生趋势和研究进展

通过对中国沿海赤潮发生历史的回顾以及主要赤潮事件的分析，阐明了中国沿海赤潮发生所呈现的趋势，即频率增加，规模扩大，新的赤潮藻种不断出现，有毒赤潮种比例上升，以及有害赤潮危害程度日益增加，且初步分析了赤潮频发的内因和外因，综述了我国科学家在赤潮生消过程监测，赤潮灌的培养生物学和分类学，赤潮藻类的营养动力学及生理生态学特性，赤潮藻类的生活史，赤潮藻类毒素，赤潮的模型和赤潮防治及国际合作等方面工作的进展，指出了研究还存在的不足之处，并对未来赤潮研究和管理提出了建议。     

大鹏湾生态因子灰关联分析

研究大鹏湾夜光藻、反曲原甲藻、浮游动物种群增殖与浮游动物和海水理化因子之间的关系,采用的方法是根据它们的种群增殖态势与浮游动物和理化因子的比较,依据空间理论的数学基础,按照规范性、偶对称性、整体性和接近性这四条原则,确定参考数列（母序列：夜光藻和反曲原甲藻、浮游动物）和若干比较数列（子序列：浮游动物和海水理化因子）之间的关联度．给出各因子对母序列影响的排列次序．其结果是,对大鹏湾生态环境起主要影响的因子有浮游动物、锰、铁和溶解氧     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiensis)对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度10^6cells L^-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp．）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp．2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandriumsp．）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

Occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) associated with ocean environments in the South China Sea

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur frequently in the South China Sea (SCS), causing enormous economic losses in aquaculture. We analyzed historical HAB records during the period from 1980 to 2003 in SCS. We found that HABs-affected areas have expanded and the frequency of HABs varied during this period. The seasonal and annual variations, as well as causative algal species of HABs are different among the four regions. Areas with frequent HABs include the Pearl River Estuary (China), the Manila Bay (the Philippines), the Masinloc Bay (the Philippines), and the western coast of Sabah (Malaysia). HABs occurred frequently during March–May in the northern region of SCS, May–July in the eastern region, July in the western region, and year-round in the southern region. Among the species that cause HABs, Noctiluca scintillans dominated in the northern region, and Pyrodinium bahamense in the southern and eastern regions. Causative species also varied in different years for the entire SCS. Both P. bahamense and N. scintillans were the dominant species during 1980–2003. Some species not previously recorded formed blooms during 1991–2003, including Phaeocystis globosa, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Mesodinium rubrum. Variations in HABs are related to various regional conditions, such as a reversed monsoon wind in the entire SCS, river discharges in the northern area, upwelling in Vietnam coastal waters during southwest winds and near Malaysia coastal waters during northeast winds, and eutrophication from coastal aquaculture in the Pearl River estuary, Manila Bay, and Masinloc Bay. Handling editor: D. Hamilton     

东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiensis）对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72 h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp.）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp.2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandrium sp.）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

黄淮海地区夏玉米生长季的干旱风险

干旱是对农业影响最大的农业气象灾害,进行干旱风险评估对于提升区域灾害风险管理和决策水平、减轻农业损失具有重要的指导意义.本文基于自然灾害风险理论,利用黄淮海夏玉米主产区69个站点的气象、夏玉米播种面积和产量数据,以及当地有效灌溉面积等数据,从灾害风险的危险性、脆弱性、暴露性和防灾减灾能力4个方面构建风险评估指标和模型,对黄淮海夏玉米主产区干旱灾害的风险进行评估分析.结果表明: 黄淮海地区夏玉米生长季(6—9月),干旱发生危险性最大的阶段主要是播种-出苗期和乳熟-成熟期,其中,河北中南部、河南西部和北部的危险性最大.经加权叠加脆弱性、暴露性和防灾减灾能力后,夏玉米干旱综合风险最大的地区主要分布在河南西部和西南部部分地区;其次是河南南部、河北沧州、邢台以及山东德州等地,属于次高风险区;风险低值区主要分布在山东南部、安徽北部和河南的信阳等地;其他地区属于中度风险区.     

Noctiluca scintillans MACARTNEY in the Northern Adriatic Sea: long-term dynamics, relationships with temperature and eutrophication, and role in the food web

The first ‘bloom’ of Noctiluca scintillans in theNorthern Adriatic Sea was recorded in 1977. The organism causedseveral red tides in the whole basin during the late 1970s,a period characterized by increasing nutrient loads. Duringthe 1980s and early 1990s, there was no ‘red tide’,but the species was an almost constant summer presence, associatedwith high temperatures. Noctiluca scintillans was almost completelyabsent from 1994 until May 1997, concurrent with a general planktondecrease. From summer 1997, N. scintillans was recorded againin the whole basin, although there was no other signal of increasingeutrophication. In contrast to all previous observations, duringwinter 2002–2003, N. scintillans was continuously sampledin the Gulf of Trieste. We estimated experimentally growth andgrazing rates of the dinoflagellate at 9–10°C in cultureand consuming the natural assemblage. Noctiluca scintillanswas able to reproduce actively at low temperatures, showingsimilar growth rates in both experiments (k = 0.2 day^–1).The values found were close to those reported in the literaturefor higher temperatures. The natural diet was mainly composedof phytoplankton (ingestion = 0.008 µg C Noctiluca ^–1day^–1), microzooplankton (ingestion = 0.008 µg CNoctiluca ^–1 day^–1) and bacteria (ingestion = 0.005µg C Noctiluca ^–1 day^–1) with an average carboncontent of 0.138 ± 0.020 µg C Noctiluca cell^–1.     

The association between algae organisms and environmental factors in Hai-tan Strait of Fujian,China

27 points were surveyed, and then algae and seawater samples were collected in Hai-tan Strait. The correlation on HAB (harmful algae blooms) species and environmental factors were studied. Water temperature (T) and salinity (S) ranging from 11.9 °C to 27.8 °C and 20.4 to 33.7 in the year, respectively. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in surface water ranged from 0.098 to 0.776 mg·L^?1, PO₄-P ranged from 0.0016 to 0.0729 mg·L^?1. And Eutrophication index (E) ranged from 0.03 to 13.8, varied different. 102 species of algae belonging to 4 classes and 52 genera were identified. The diversity was increasingly from winter to summer, decreasingly from summer to autumn, highest in summer. 49 species of red tide organisms were found in Hai-tan Strait, main two classes were Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta. Ceratium tripos and Noctiluca scintillans were dominant species in spring, Skeletonema costatum was common, and was also mainly HABs dominant species in summer, autumn and winter. Pearson correlation and Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that environment factors had significant correlation with dominance HABs species in different extent, and the ordination result was that S(Salinity) > T(Temperature) > pH > E(Eutrophication index) > DO(dissolved oxygen) > DIN > PO₄-P. Prorocentrum donghaiense, Skeletonema costatum, Noctiluca scintillans and Karenia mikimotoi caused many times red tide in 2011 to 2016. However, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi cell density was low in survey year. North of the strait and east coast of the southern strait were sensitive sea area of red tide. The work highlights for the first time ecological characteristic of HAB was studied in Hai-tan Strait. Further, the data and results of this study will help us to improve efficiency for controlling HAB. Even, it is worthwhile to the management and response to the red tide disaster. Ordination result can also be a good indicator of ecological risk.