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1.
本文讨论了药物临床前研究与实验动物和动物模型之间的关系,探讨了实验动物和动物模型在新药研发过程中实现转化研究的要求和条件.讨论了实验动物质量对新药研发的影响,分析了实验动物质量的影响因素;讨论了实验动物模型的主要类型和特点,分析了进行实验动物模型研究的要点和要求;分析了动物模型与新药研发过程中实现转化研究的条件,提出加强转化研究需要实验动物和动物模型研究的支撑.  相似文献   

2.
由于基础研究环境和临床环境之间存在的转化差异,使得药物在临床阶段取得成功仍然具有挑战性。诱导多能干(iPS)细胞的诞生为药物研发领域带来了新的希望,使研究者能在体外人性化各种药理学和毒理学模型。人iPS衍生细胞的可获得性,特别是可以定向分化成特定的功能性细胞、组织和器官,一方面为疾病机制研究与细胞治疗提供了全新的途径。另一方面,转化研究中的生物标记物提供了评估临床前基础研究环境和临床环境下毒理学及药理学影响的可衡量的指标,而iPS细胞给生物标记物的研究带来了全新的思路。从转化研究的角度概述了基于iPS细胞药物发现的现行策略,阐明了iPS细胞的潜力以及生物标志物在药物发现和发展整个过程中的作用,突出在该领域有待改进的地方,以期为进一步相关性研究提供一定参考,为新药研发提供新的思路与方法。  相似文献   

3.
军事医学科学院药物毒理学研究30年回顾   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
军事医学科学院的药物毒理学研究源远流长、与时俱进,经过近30年的积累与发展,已建立一整套服务于新药发现、临床前开发、临床实验及上市后监督再评价等完整研发链条的药物毒理学研究体系和学科群,涵盖新药早期发现毒理学、非临床安全性评价以及药物毒性作用机制研究等内容,通过与新药研发体系中其他学科互动与协作,为军事医学科学院乃至全国的新药研发提供了良好的非临床安全性评价的技术平台和保障.  相似文献   

4.
众所周知,新药研发是一个漫长而艰难的过程,投入大,但成功率低。从项目的选择、分子结构最优化、靶点的选择、体外实 验结果与体内反应的一致性、药物安全性、临床试验设计优化以及对新药研发相关法规的理解、与监管部门的有效沟通等诸方面,探讨 对新药研发风险的把控。  相似文献   

5.
创新药研发对企业研发能力要求高,目前我国大部分药企仍然处于仿创阶段,但随着政策环境的改善,国家不断释放鼓励创新信号, 创新型药企不断涌现,传统药企积极布局,创新药物迎来发展机遇。借鉴国外创新药研发经验,探讨我国创新药的 3 种研发模式及估值方法, 解析创新药研发的机遇与风险。  相似文献   

6.
区域生态风险管理研究进展   总被引:17,自引:4,他引:13  
周平  蒙吉军 《生态学报》2009,29(4):2097-2106
近20a来,随着生态风险评价研究的不断深化,区域生态风险评价的理论和方法日臻完善,与此紧密相关的生态风险管理日益受到了广泛关注.生态风险管理具有基于监控的反馈机制、风险受害者参与、程序灵活非线性化、关注成本效益等共同点.总结了国内外生态风险管理的研究进展,发现近年来生态风险管理的研究多是基于生态风险评价的结果,针对不同的风险类型和等级采取不同的管理措施.国内现有的研究对灾害风险管理的体系、机制建设较为成熟,但区域生态风险管理的机制研究尤其是预警和防范方面研究尚不成熟.基于此,构建了基于风险来临前、风险到来时和风险过后的区域生态风险管理的基本框架,研究结果对生态风险管理理论的构建和实践应用具有重要的意义.  相似文献   

7.
吴琼诗  王和芳  陈翠  林慧  黄玲 《生物磁学》2014,(6):1148-1151,1173
目的:对我院不安全用药行为进行监测与调查,分析临床用药问题中存在的风险因素,探讨医疗机构加强药品风险管理的措施,以减少临床用药的安全隐患。方法:采用调查问卷的方式,对我院部分科室就诊患者的用药情况进行问卷调查;应用“医院用药安全监测与评价”软件对我院医护人员在临床用药管理方面存在的风险因素进行评估,整理并分析调查结果。结果:在本次临床用药风险分析中,各因素所占比例为:医生:30.50%,药师:9.00%,护士:32.00%,患者:28.50%。了解临床用药各环节中存在的临床用药风险的医护人员占83.3%,但只有50.6% 的人员采取基本的防范措施。用药风险警示调查显示:PASS 警示有效率为57.5%;关联因素评价中人员因素的发生率最高55.16%;外界因素次之31.29%;药物因素发生率为26.95%。结论:医疗机构应当加强临床用药管理,识别、分析用药风险因素,强化合理用药意识及知识,努力构建临床用药风险控制系统,为医药护理人员及患者营造良好的医疗安全氛围,从而降低用药风险的发生,保障患者的用药安全。  相似文献   

8.
新药研发的失败率之高众所周知,其中一个原因是依靠动物实验获得的临床前数据无法真实反映人类生理情况,不可避免地在药物进入临床试验后产生偏差,最终可能导致研发失利。基于人诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)或成体干细胞建立的疾病模型一方面提供了大量的细胞原材料;另一方面,由于iPSCs或成体干细胞可来源于患者,因而可准确模拟疾病的遗传背景。因此,干细胞疾病模型为药物临床前试验提供了更贴近人体生理和病理情况的体外细胞模型。更进一步地,通过建立群体iPSCs细胞库,可在体外细胞培养皿内进行人类遗传学研究,采用全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)及定量性状基因座(quantitative trait locus, QTL)等方法筛选人群中与疾病、药物敏感性差异、细胞毒性差异相关的易感位点,为特定药物的毒性、易感性人群间差异等提供遗传学基础,进而为后续临床试验中合适的试验人群的招募提供理论依据。因而,干细胞疾病模型可潜在辅助新药研发,提高新药临床前试验的准确率,降低新药研发的周期和成本。本文以肝脏代谢疾病为对象,对干细胞来源的肝脏细胞疾病模型在代谢功能方面的生理机制研究、药物筛选和评估等领域进行综述。  相似文献   

9.
摘要 目的: 对我院不安全用药行为进行监测与调查, 分析临床用药问题中存在的风险因素, 探讨医疗机构加强药品风险管理的 措施,以减少临床用药的安全隐患。方法: 采用调查问卷的方式,对我院部分科室就诊患者的用药情况进行问卷调查; 应用 “医院 用药安全监测与评价” 软件对我院医护人员在临床用药管理方面存在的风险因素进行评估, 整理并分析调查结果。结果: 在本次 临床用药风险分析中, 各因素所占比例为: 医生: 30.50%,药师: 9.00%, 护士: 32.00%, 患者: 28.50%。了解临床用药各环节中存在的 临床用药风险的医护人员占 83.3%,但只有 50.6% 的人员采取基本的防范措施。用药风险警示调查显示: PASS 警示有效率为 57.5%; 关联因素评价中人员因素的发生率最高 55.16%;外界因素次之 31.29%; 药物因素发生率为 26.95%。结论: 医疗机构应当 加强临床用药管理, 识别、分析用药风险因素, 强化合理用药意识及知识, 努力构建临床用药风险控制系统,为医药护理人员及患 者营造良好的医疗安全氛围, 从而降低用药风险的发生, 保障患者的用药安全。 关键词:  相似文献   

10.
药物临床前安全性评价中的致癌实验对药物是否能进入临床实验和上市起着至关重要的作用。一些发达国家已经采用小鼠模型的短中期致癌实验作为附加实验,代替了传统的两年期实验。本文主要参考这些模型在致癌实验和药品致癌性评价中的已有数据及资料,对其特点和近年来的应用情况进行了概述。结合现有模型的缺陷,我国新药研发的需求和药物流通日益国际化的现状,得出研发DNA修复系统和细胞周期控制系统缺陷的人源化的转基因模型,是非常有前景的新替代模型。  相似文献   

11.
Process-related impurities (PRIs) derived from manufacturing process should be minimized in final drug product. ICH Q3A provides a regulatory road map for PRIs but excludes biologic drugs like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that contain biological PRIs (e.g. host cell proteins and DNA) and low molecular weight (LMW) PRIs (e.g., fermentation media components and downstream chemical reagents). Risks from the former PRIs are typically addressed by routine tests to meet regulatory expectations, while a similar routine-testing strategy is unrealistic and unnecessary for LMW PRIs, and thus a risk-assessment-guided testing strategy is often utilized. In this report, we discuss a safety risk management strategy including categorization, risk assessment, testing strategy, and its integrations with other CMC development activities, as well as downstream clearance potentials. The clearance data from 28 mAbs successfully addressed safety concerns but did not fully reveal the process clearance potentials. Therefore, we carried out studies with 13 commonly seen LMW PRIs in a typical downstream process for mAbs. Generally, Protein A chromatography and cation exchange chromatography operating in bind-and-elute mode showed excellent clearances with greater than 1,000- and 100-fold clearance, respectively. The diafiltration step had better clearance (greater than 100-fold) for the positively and neutrally charged LMW PRIs than for the negatively charged or hydrophobic PRIs. We propose that a typical mAb downstream process provides an overall clearance of 5,000-fold. Additionally, the determined sieving coefficients will facilitate diafiltration process development. This report helps establish effective safety risk management and downstream process design with robust clearance for LMW PRIs.  相似文献   

12.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are improving the quality of life for patients suffering from serious diseases due to their high specificity for their target and low potential for off-target toxicity. The toxicity of mAbs is primarily driven by their pharmacological activity, and therefore safety testing of these drugs prior to clinical testing is performed in species in which the mAb binds and engages the target to a similar extent to that anticipated in humans. For highly human-specific mAbs, this testing often requires the use of non-human primates (NHPs) as relevant species. It has been argued that the value of these NHP studies is limited because most of the adverse events can be predicted from the knowledge of the target, data from transgenic rodents or target-deficient humans, and other sources. However, many of the mAbs currently in development target novel pathways and may comprise novel scaffolds with multi-functional domains; hence, the pharmacological effects and potential safety risks are less predictable. Here, we present a total of 18 case studies, including some of these novel mAbs, with the aim of interrogating the value of NHP safety studies in human risk assessment. These studies have identified mAb candidate molecules and pharmacological pathways with severe safety risks, leading to candidate or target program termination, as well as highlighting that some pathways with theoretical safety concerns are amenable to safe modulation by mAbs. NHP studies have also informed the rational design of safer drug candidates suitable for human testing and informed human clinical trial design (route, dose and regimen, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria and safety monitoring), further protecting the safety of clinical trial participants.  相似文献   

13.
A brief account is given of the history of the legislative acts that give responsibility to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ensuring the safety of foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Within the present legislative framework the FDA has the authority to impose regulations which are designed to ensure the safety of all foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The existing legislative authority is adequate for this purpose; however, the difficulty lies instead with technology and the inadequacy of scientific perspective in the emerging area of mutagenicity testing. Earlier efforts in development of mutagenicity screening systems culminated only a few years ago in the proposal to use the host-mediated assay, somatic cell cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests collectively. Subsequent research efforts indicated that there were serious practical and scientific deficiencies in using this approach. More recently a new proposal, the tier system, has been suggested as an alternative measure. The proposed tier system at FDA consists of three testing levels of increasing complexity. The first tier is an initial screening effort using techniques having maximum sensitivity that are also useful for large-scale, rapid testing. The second tier is designed to identify and confirm that the presumptive mutagens detected in the first tier are truly mutagenic for higher organisms, most especially, for mammals. The third tier would be devoted to explicit genetic tests in mammals designed to ascertain the imposed risk to man by the introduction of a mutagen in our environment. The FDA is currently involved in a number of research activities in the area of mutagenicity safety screening which will explore the adequacies and possible deficiencies of the tier system approach. These efforts are described for our in-house activities, our contract activities, and our cooperative and collaborative activities with other government agencies and institutions.  相似文献   

14.
Hypoxia, caused by disrupted vasculature and peripheral vasculopathies, is a key factor that limits dermal wound healing. Factors that can increase oxygen delivery to the regional tissue, such as supplemental oxygen, warmth, and sympathetic blockade, can accelerate healing. Clinical experience with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of chronic wounds have shown that wound hyperoxia may increase granulation tissue formation and accelerate wound contraction and secondary closure. However, HBOT is not applicable to all wound patients and may pose the risk of oxygen toxicity. Thus, the efficacy of topical oxygen treatment in an experimental setting using the pre-clinical model involving excisional dermal wound in pigs was assessed. Exposure of open dermal wounds to topical oxygen treatment increased tissue pO2 of superficial wound tissue. Repeated treatment accelerated wound closure. Histological studies revealed that the wounds benefited from the treatment. The oxygen treated wounds showed signs of improved angiogenesis and tissue oxygenation. Topically applied pure oxygen has the potential of benefiting some wound types. Further studies testing the potential of topical oxygen in pre-clinical and clinical settings are warranted.  相似文献   

15.
Mammalian fetal development is easily disrupted by exogenous agents, making it essential to test new drug candidates for embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. To standardize the testing of drugs that might be used to treat pregnant women, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formulated special grade categories, labeled A, B, C, D and X, that define the level of risk associated with the use of a specific drug during pregnancy. Drugs in categories (Cat.) D and X are those with embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects on humans and animals. However, which stages of pregnancy are affected by these agents and their molecular mechanisms are unknown. We describe here an embryonic stem cell test (EST) that classifies FDA pregnancy Cat.D and Cat.X drugs into 4 classes based on their differing effects on primitive streak formation. We show that ~84% of Cat.D and Cat.X drugs target this period of embryogenesis. Our results demonstrate that our modified EST can identify how a drug affects early embryogenesis, when it acts, and its molecular mechanism. Our test may thus be a useful addition to the drug safety testing armamentarium.  相似文献   

16.
There is a pressing requirement to define a hazard identification and risk management strategy for nanomaterials due to the rapid growth in the nanotechnology industry and their promise of life-style revolutions through the development of wide-ranging nano-containing consumer products. Consequently, a battery of well defined and appropriate in vitro assays to assess a number of genotoxicity endpoints is required to minimise extensive and costly in vivo testing. However, the validity of the established protocols in current OECD recognised genotoxicity assays for nanomaterials is currently being questioned. In this report, we therefore consider the in vitro OECD genotoxicity test battery including the Ames, micronucleus and HPRT forward mutation assays, and their potential role in the safety assessment of nanomaterial induced DNA damage in vitro.  相似文献   

17.
在动物福利运动的推动下,以减少、优化和替代动物试验为核心内容的体外试验系统已成为安全评价不可或缺的组成部分,在药品、化学品、化妆品毒理学评价中起到重要作用。体外试验系统不同于体内动物实验,体外毒理学实验室GLP原则的建立和运行应充分考虑体外试验系统的特殊性。目前我国专业的体外安全评价实验室的建设刚刚起步,还没有可供借鉴的成熟经验。本文从实验室组织、试验系统维护、人员职责、质量管理和运行几个方面,介绍了GLP原则在化妆品体外毒理学检验和评价实验室的应用。  相似文献   

18.
现阶段,临床中常用的镇痛药物多采用口服或注射给药的方式,具全身不良反应多,患者依从性差等缺点,透皮给药作为一种非侵入性给药方式,相对于这些有很多显著的优势,如使用方便,患者痛苦少等。但是,如何克服皮肤的低渗透性一直是该种给药方式发展的瓶颈。近年来,使用超声能量增强镇痛药物在皮肤上的的渗透性成为新的研究热点,各项研究发现,低频超声对药物的增透效果尤为显著。本文通过检索各国文献,对超声介导镇痛药物透皮吸收的原理,临床前试验和临床试验进行综述。  相似文献   

19.
This study aimed to qualitatively assess individuals' attitudes toward genetic testing for cancer risk after genetic counseling and decision support. As part of a larger study, 78 women considering genetic testing for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC) risk and 22 individuals considering genetic testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) completed an open-ended table of their perceived pros and cons of genetic testing. The most frequently reported pros were "to help manage my risk of developing cancer," "to help my family," and "to know my cancer risk." With regards to risk management, the HBOC group perceived genetic testing as most helpful in informing their general risk management practices, while the HN-PCC group focused on the potential to clarify their need for bowel cancer screening, suggesting that patients' perceptions of the benefits of genetic testing may differ across cancer syndromes. Individuals in both groups expressed concern about the potential psychological impact of genetic testing. We also found that some affected individuals may not fully comprehend the meaning of their potential test results. Eliciting patients' perceived pros and cons during genetic counseling is likely to be a valuable tool for improving patient care. This data also provides an improved evidence base for the development of patient education tools.  相似文献   

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