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1.
流式细胞术分析强声波对植物细胞周期的影响   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
应用流式细胞术分析烟草细胞在交变应力作用下细胞周期的变化。用特制的强声波发生装置产生频率和强度可调的交变应力场,研究不同频率和强度的交变应力作用后烟划细胞周期的变化,实验结果表明,在交变应力作用下直接影响细胞或细胞分裂的同步化,促进S期的DNA合成,有助于细胞有丝分裂,声波频率在400Hz至800Hz,强度在90dB到110dB内,随频率和强度的增加,交变应力使S期细胞明显增加,但频率或强度达大,反而使S期细胞大大减少。  相似文献   

2.
目的:研究植物细胞响应机械应力的形态学变化;初步探讨壁膜连接对于植物细胞响应机械应力的意义,及其是否参与机械应力响应过程。方法:将植物单细胞包埋后进行精确机械力加载并培养数日,每天抽样进行显微观测和图像分析监测其形态变化;在此基础上进行质壁分离,并采用RGD多肽处理中断细胞壁膜连接后进行应力加载,监测其形态变化。结果:植物细胞经机械应力加载后,其分裂方向趋于垂直应力加载方向。经壁膜连接中断处理后进行加载的植物细胞失去沿主应力线垂直方向分裂的能力,细胞分裂方向呈无序状态。结论:壁膜连接特别是以RGD序列识别为基础的细胞连接参与了植物细胞对机械应力的响应过程。  相似文献   

3.
植物细胞壁是地球上最丰富的可再生资源,也是植物细胞区别于动物细胞的特殊结构之一,它与细胞质膜及细胞骨架共同构成了植物细胞表面的细胞壁-质膜-细胞骨架连续体.细胞壁为植物细胞提供外部支撑结构,细胞骨架则在细胞内构成内部网络支架结构.近年来,有关植物细胞骨架调控细胞壁形成的研究有了很大进展,本文从细胞骨架参与细胞壁物质膜泡运输、细胞骨架调控纤维素微纤丝沉积、细胞骨架调控次生细胞壁加厚以及细胞骨架参与细胞壁形成信号的调控等方面进行了阐述和总结,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.  相似文献   

4.
细胞壁在植物胚胎发生中的作用   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在植物的生长与发育过程中,细胞壁不仅在决定和维持细胞形态方面发挥了重要作用,而且还参与了对细胞生长与分化的调控,这种调控涉及一些细胞壁信号分子,尤其是一些细胞壁水解产物在细胞内和细胞间的转导。现对细胞壁在植物胚胎发生中的作用进行综述。  相似文献   

5.
水分亏缺下细胞延伸生长与细胞膨压和细胞壁特性的关系   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16  
在简要介绍植物细胞延伸生长的生物物理模型的基础上,综述了水分亏缺下植物细胞延伸生长与细胞膨压、细胞壁伸展性和细胞壁塑变阈值的关系,阐述了植物细胞壁调节在作物抗旱性中的作用。  相似文献   

6.
甘蔗和烟草叶原生质体分离期间的膜损伤及有关酶活性变化何若天,覃伟,李任强(广西农业大学实验中心,南宁530005)关键词:原生质体,超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-),膜损伤,甘蔗,烟草植物原生质体分离期间,所用细胞壁降解酶和高渗介质等对细胞生理有深刻影响...  相似文献   

7.
硼抑制植物病害作用及机制的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
硼不仅是植物生长必需的营养元素,也可减少和降低植物病害的发生。本文总结了硼抑制植物病害发生的作用机制:参与植物细胞壁和膜形成,增强植物细胞稳定性;诱导植物产生系统获得性抗性;诱导植物细胞产生适量的酚类和过氧化物;抑制病原菌菌丝生长,扭曲病原菌菌丝结构形态;破坏病原茵活性氧代谢系统,加快膜脂过氧化作用;与生防菌协同控制植物病害发生等。另外,还探讨了矿质元素防治植物病害可能存在的问题以及应用前景,以期为进一步的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
用脂肪酸自旋标记研究库存血红细胞膜的流动性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
用两种脂肪酸自旋标记物5—DOXYL和16-DOXYL研究了ACD-B库存血保存期间红细胞膜的流动性及其温度相关性.结果发现:血液保存期间红细胞膜浅层流动性降低,深层流动性增高;红细胞膜浅层相变温度点明显降低,红细胞膜深层则出现两个相变温度点T_1和T_2在血液保存期间T_1和T_2逐渐接近并最后融合成一个相变温度点.  相似文献   

9.
细胞壁是植物细胞的特征性结构。传统知识认为细胞壁是一种没有活性的细胞结构,而近年来一些研究结果显示细胞壁也是具有活性的"细胞器",可以响应发育和环境信号而发生复杂的动态变化,或者产生一些信号分子,在植物细胞生长、分化和免疫反应等过程中发挥重要作用。本文概述了近年来植物细胞壁信号相关的研究进展。  相似文献   

10.
Expansin(细胞壁松弛蛋白)的发展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Expansin是一种体外诱导分离的植物细胞壁伸展的蛋白,在修饰细胞壁基础上使细胞膨胀。Expansin的功能众多,除了促进细胞生长,还包括影响营养生长、形态发生、授粉受精、果实软化等,并表现出高度的组织、器官和细胞特异性。目前已经在多种植物及其他一些生物范围内对expansin及类expansin序列和蛋白质进行了研究,并对它们的作用机制进行了探索。  相似文献   

11.
A definite and characteristic relationship exists between growth temperature, fatty acid composition and the fluidity and physical state of the membrane lipids in wild type Bacillus stearothermophilus. As the environmental temperature is increased, the proportion of saturated fatty acids found in the membrane lipids is also markedly increased with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of unsaturated and branched chain fatty acids. The temperature range over which the gel to liquid-crystalline membrane lipid phase transition occurs is thereby shifted such that the upper boundary of this transition always lies near (and usually below) the temperature of growth. This organism thus possesses an effective and sensitive homeoviscous adaptation mechanism which maintains a relatively constant degree of membrane lipid fluidity over a wide range of environmental temperatures. A mutant of B. stearothermophilus which has lost the ability to increase the proportion of relatively high melting fatty acids in the membrane lipids, and thereby increase the phase transition temperature in response to increases in environmental temperature, is also unable to grow at higher temperatures. An effective homeoviscous regulatory mechanism thus appears to extend the growth temperature range of the wild type organism and may be an essential feature of adaptation to temperature extremes. Over most of their growth temperature ranges the membrane lipids of wild type and temperature-sensitive B. stearothermophilus cells exist entirely or nearly entirely in the liquid-crystalline state. Also, the temperature-sensitive mutant is capable of growth at temperatures well above those at which the membrane lipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition is completed. Therefore, although other evidence suggests the existence of an upper limit on the degree of membrane fluidity compatible with cell growth, the phase transition is completed. Therefore, although other evidence suggests the existence of an upper limit on the degree of membrane fluidity compatible with cell growth, the phase transition upper boundary itself does not directly determine the maximum growth temperature of this organism. Similarly, the lower boundary does not determine the minimum growth temperature, since cell growth ceases at a temperature at which most of the membrane lipid still exists in a fluid state. These observations do not support the suggestion made in an earlier study, which utilized electron spin resonance spectroscopy to monitor membrane lipid lateral phase separations, that the minimum and maximum growth temperatures of this organism might directly be determined by the solid-fluid membrane lipid phase transition boundaries. Evidence is presented here that the electron spin resonance techniques used previously did not in fact detect the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of the bulk membrane lipids, which, however, can be reliably measured by differential thermal analysis.  相似文献   

12.
本文针对建立空间细胞电融合技术存在的三个主要问题进行了研究。结果表明,用低温(4℃)、融合介质(0.55 mol/L甘露醇)并添加0.1%纤维素酶保存原生质体,72 h内可以使约94%细胞维持无壁状态,同时并未使细胞丧失再生能力,基本满足从地面制备亲本细胞到在微重力条件下进行电融合,对亲本细胞保持无壁状态的要求。为减少剪切力环境对亲本细胞造成的损伤,一方面用超速离心方法对亲本细胞之一去液泡,另一方面用电泳代替蠕动泵混合亲本细胞。而且,由于原生质体壁生长与其膜电位之间存在负相关性,因此利用电泳方法可以有效地富集和优化亲本细胞。根据地面实验结果推测,空间有/无液泡亲本细胞电融合的较适合参数可能为:交流电场强度90V/cm,频率0.8 MHz,排列时间20 s,直流脉冲1.0—1.3 kV/cm,幅宽40μs,两次脉冲。  相似文献   

13.
A definite and characteristic relationship exists between growth temperature, fatty acid composition and the fluidity and physical state of the membrane lipids in wild type Bacillus stearothermophilus. As the environmental temperature is increased, the proportion of saturated fatty acids found in the membrane lipids is also markedly increased with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of unsaturated and branched chain fatty acids. The temperature range over which the gel to liquid-crystalline membrane lipid phase transition occurs is thereby shifted such that the upper boundary of this transition always lies near (and usually below) the temperature of growth. This organism thus possesses an effective and sensitive homeoviscous adaptation mechanism which maintains a relatively constant degree of membrane lipid fluidity over a wide range of environmental temperatures. A mutant of B. stearothermophilus which has lost the ability to increase the proportion of relatively high melting fatty acids in the membrane lipids, and thereby increase the phase transition temperature in response to increases in environmental temperature, is also unable to grow at higher temperatures. An effective homeoviscous regulatory mechanism thus appears to extend the growth temperature range of the wild type organism and may be an essential feature of adaptation to temperature extremes.Over most of their growth temperature ranges the membrane lipids of wild type and temperature-sensitive B. stearothermophilus cells exist entirely or nearly entirely in the liquid-crystalline state. Also, the temperature-sensitive mutant is capable of growth at temperatures well above those at which the membrane lipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition is completed. Therefore, although other evidence suggests the existence of an upper limit on the degree of membrane fluidity compatible with cell growth, the phase transition upper boundary itself does not directly determine the maximum growth temperature of this organism. Similarly, the lower boundary does not determine the minimum growth temperature, since cell growth ceases at a temperature at which most of the membrane lipid still exists in a fluid state. These observations do not support the suggestion made in an earlier study, which utilized electron spin resonance spectroscopy to monitor membrane lipid lateral phase separations, that the minimum and maximum growth temperatures of this organism might be directly determined by the solid-fluid membrane lipid phase transition boundaries. Evidence is presented here that the electron spin resonance techniques used previously did not in fact detect the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of the bulk membrane lipids, which, however, can be reliably measured by differential thermal analysis.  相似文献   

14.
Lipids in the plasma membrane of the general fatty acid auxotroph Butyrivibrio S2 pack as a bilayer that is characterized by a high order and high motional anisotropy and a low membrane fluidity compared to mammalian plasma membranes. Lipid packing as determined by the electron spin resonance (ESR) order parameter and membrane fluidity as measured by ESR correlation times are, however, comparable to those of other bacterial membranes. Membranes of the organism grown with saturated fatty acids of well-defined hydrocarbon chain length undergo a broad reversible endothermic phase transition, the peak temperature of which is well below the growth temperature; the end-point temperature of this thermal transition approximately coincides with the minimum temperature supporting significant growth of the organism. The lipid phase transition is also reflected in the temperature dependence of various ESR parameters, whereby the transition temperature thus derived is higher than the peak temperature of the endothermic transition but still lower than the growth temperature. ESR and calorimetry evidence taken together suggest that the endothermic transition is a gel to liquid-crystal transition and that, at the growth temperature, the plasma membrane of Butyrivibrio S2 is in the liquid-crystalline state. Similar values were measured for the order parameter of cell membranes of Butyrivibrio S2 regardless of whether the organism was grown on myristic, palmitic, or stearic acid. Butyrivibrio S2 has a mechanism enabling it to maintain membrane packing and fluidity at a fairly constant level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
The effect of free fatty acids on the phase transition characteristics and fluidity of bilayers of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine were studied by pyrene eximer fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry. High melting saturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 12–18 carbon atoms raise the phase transition temperature and enhance the ability of pyrene to form clusters in the gel state while not affecting the fluidity of the membrane in the liquid crystal state. Low melting unsaturated fatty acids lower the phase transition temperature and decrease the ability of pyrene to form clusters in the gel state while not affecting the fluidity of the membrane in the liquid crystal state. The effects of the very long chain fatty acids, arachidic (C 20) and behenic (C 22) appear to be similar to those of cholesterol in that they cause a broadening of the phase transition with a lowering of the transition enthalpy but have little effect on the temperature at which the phase transition occurs.  相似文献   

16.
Ultrastructural organization of the aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was studied under conditions of oxidative, heat, and ethanol stresses. It was shown that the following uniform changes in cell ultrastructure did not depend on the type of stress: enlargement of mitochondria, enhanced number and enlargement of peroxisomes, and formation of lipid granules. Similar ultrastructural changes also occurred during the transition of cells to the stationary growth phase. It was shown for the first time that accumulation of polyphosphate granules occurred as a stress response in yeasts. Moreover, numerous globular structures of unknown nature appeared on the cell wall surface under oxidative or heat stress. Under ethanol stress, the cells developed clearly marked deep invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane. (The same changes in the cytoplasmic membrane were observed in the cells grown on ethanol.) Variations of the cell envelope structure along with the formation of polyphosphate granules were not observed in the stationary growth phase. Ultrastructural changes in the cells under stress conditions are in agreement with the previous data on survival, respiratory activity, and variations of the antioxidant systems.  相似文献   

17.
The effect of membrane-fluidizing agents on the adhesion of CHO cells   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Treatment of CHO cells with drugs which are known to increase membrane lipid fluidity reduced the cells' ability to adhere to protein coated substrates, The concentrations of local anesthetics, nonionic detergents or aliphatic alcohols required to reduce CHO cell adhesion by 50% were similar to those reported to block nerve conduction, indicating that these drugs can affect the membrane at physiologically significant concentrations. Nonionic detergents and aliphatic alcohols, but not local anesthetics, caused increases in the fluidity of CHO plasma membranes (measured by fluorescence polarization) at concentrations which inhibited cell adhesion. The adhesion versus temperature profile had a sigmoidal shape, suggesting that a temperature dependent cooperative process such as a lipid phase transition, might be involved. However, the temperature profile for CHO membrane fluidity manifested no discontinuities, indicating the absence of any discrete phase transitions of the lipid matrix. This observation, coupled with the result that the inhibition of CHO cell adhesion produced by low temperatures was not relieved by drugs which can increase membrane fluidity, suggests that the reduced adhesion seen at low temperature is probably not due to reduced lipid fluidity.  相似文献   

18.
Effects of cholesterol on permeability of K+ ion and on change in membrane potential induced by lysolecithin were studied. Cholesterol inhibited K+ release from rabbit red blood cells treated with lysolecithin (1.25 micrograms/ml), 3.3 X 10(-6) M of cholesterol being the optimum concentration for blocking K+ release. Changes in membrane potential, monitored by changes in intensity of fluorescence of cyanine dye, were induced by lysolecithin and inhibited by cholesterol. The inhibitory action on both K+ permeability and membrane potential varied with the cholesterol concentration. The observed effects are thought to be due to membrane-stabilizing activities such as decreasing membrane fluidity and hardening the membrane at the fluid-phase transition temperature. These properties of cholesterol may have significance in relation to transformed cells (tumor cells, lymphomed cells).  相似文献   

19.
When human erythrocytes are osmotically stressed or chemically treated, they hemolyze on cooling below 10 degrees C (called cold shock). We have studied the effects of osmotic stress and cooling on the state of membrane by the spin-probe method and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. At room temperature, the membrane fluidity detected by 12-doxyl stearate spin probe showed a steady decrease with osmolality in hypertonic NaCl solutions up to 900 mOsm/kg, above which it remained unchanged. In hypertonic sucrose solutions, the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed an additional pair of absorptions, indicating development of regions, in the membrane, further immobilized than in NaCl solutions. Mobility of a cholesterol analogue probe, androstane, did not show change by hypertonicity, but the spectral intensity dropped at 1,200 mOsm/kg, probably due to formation of loose aggregates in the cholesterol phase. On cooling the osmotically stressed cells in NaCl solution, the isotropic rotational correlation time vs. inverse temperature plot of 12-doxyl stearate probe exhibited a step-wise discontinuity at approximately 10 degrees C, suggestive of a drastic transition in the state of the membrane. At about the same temperature, the freeze-fracture pattern of osmotically stressed cells revealed the development of large wrinkles and aggregation of membrane particles, in contrast to the case of the cells in isotonicity. Significance of these findings in understanding cold shock hemolysis is discussed.  相似文献   

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