新疆粉衣科地衣分类学研究

该研究以采自新疆的100余份粉衣科地衣标本为研究材料,通过形态解剖学、地衣化学以及分子生物学的方法鉴定出6个种和1个变种,分别为中央黑瘤衣 (Buellia centralis)、丽黑瘤衣 (B. elegans)、蒙古黑瘤衣 (B. mongolica)、鳞饼衣(Dimelaena oreina)、鳞饼衣白磷变种(D. oreina var. exalbescens)、海登氏多瘤胞 (Diplotomma hedinii)和绿色四孢黑瘤衣(Tetramelas chloroleucus),其中丽黑瘤衣、蒙古黑瘤衣和绿色四孢黑瘤衣为新疆新增粉衣科地衣新记录,至此新疆粉衣科地衣共有6属13种1变种;并提供了新疆粉衣科地衣的分种检索表、物种描述、系统发育分析以及形态解剖结构照片。     

中国地图衣3个新记录种

在对采自新疆天山和八一林场的地图衣标本进行分类学研究时,发现3个中国新记录种—— 平茶渍地图衣(Rhizocarpon atrovirellum)、绿孢地图衣(R.furax)和黑瘤地图衣(R.simillimum)。该文对这3个种的分类学特征进行了详细描述,并提供了相关照片。     

网衣属3个中国新记录种

该研究以采集于中国新疆地区的网衣科网衣属地衣标本为试验材料,采用形态解剖学、地衣化学物质检测方法和系统发育学方法,观察分析网衣属地衣的形态解剖特征、次生代谢产物以及核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)系统发育树,依据形态解剖数据、次生代谢产物种类以及系统发育树分类地位更为综合的鉴定种。结果显示：(1)共鉴定出网衣科网衣属3个中国新记录种——暗色网衣(Lecidea fuscoatrina Hertel & Leuckert)、珠光网衣(Lecidea perlatolica Hertel & Leuckert)和多器网衣(Lecidea polypycnidophora U. Rupr. & Türk),并提供了3个新记录的形态解剖图。(2)ITS系统发育树结果表明,暗色网衣与近缘种Lecidea atrobrunnea原种及亚种、Lecidea fuscoatra、珠光网衣与近缘种Lecidea promiscens以及Lecidea polypycnidophora与近缘种Lecidea andersonii各形成一个分支,依据分支组成可将形态差异不明显的近缘种鉴别开。     

中国腹枝衣属地衣的多样性与区系研究

为探讨中国腹枝衣属地衣的物种多样性,进一步明确其分布特征与种类组成,该研究通过野外调查及采集地衣标本,结合形态、解剖、化学等方法,对128份采自中国热带及亚热带地区多个省份的腹枝衣属(Herpothallon)地衣标本进行了分类鉴定,共鉴定出腹枝衣属地衣12种,其中南方腹枝衣 [H. australasicum (Elix)Elix & G. Thor]、颗粒腹枝衣(H. granulosum Jagadeesh Ram & G. P. Sinha)、喜马拉雅腹枝衣(H. himalayanum Jagadeesh & G. P. Sinha)、裂芽腹枝衣(H. isidiatum Jagadeesh Ram & G. P. Sinha)和小腹枝衣(H. minutum Jagadeesh)为中国新记录种。并且对该属所有已知(已报道和本次鉴定)种类进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)中国已知腹枝衣属地衣14种,占世界已报道种类的29.17%。(2)地理成分有5种类型,即泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带澳大利亚分布、热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布、热带亚洲分布和中国特有分布。(3)中国腹枝衣属地衣主要分布在海拔300～2 500 m的范围内。(4)生长基物多为树皮,叶生、石生和藓生的物种较少。该研究结果表明,中国南方腹枝衣属地衣的物种多样性较高,这对明确中国该属地衣物种组成以及地衣多样性保护具有重要意义。     

新疆异极衣科地衣的初步研究

本实验对新疆天山南部的蓝藻型地衣异极衣科的1个中国新记录属以及2个中国新记录种进行了分类学研究。采用形态解剖、化学及生态等传统分类方法,利用显色反应法(CT)、薄层层析法(TLC)等生物化学方法,鉴定采样区异极衣科地衣的1个中国新记录属——半被果衣属(Lempholemma Krb)以及2个中国新记录种——叶状枝半被果衣[Lempholemma cladodes (Tuck.) Zahlbr.]和幼芽状盘衣属(Lichinella Nyl.)的黑色幼芽状盘衣[Lichinella nigritella (Lettau) P.Moreno & Egea]。半被果衣属的主要特点是子囊果为半被果或密果,共生藻为念珠藻;黑色幼芽状盘衣的鉴别特征为地衣体多叶状,顶端常具小裂片,上表面具小、球状裂芽。本研究对半被果衣属以及叶状枝半被果衣和黑色幼芽状盘衣进行了详细的描述,并提供了相关彩色图片,为新疆地衣的进一步研究提供了实验依据,并为中国异极衣科地衣的研究奠定了基础。     

黄枝衣科中国新记录属和种

报道了中国黄枝衣科(Teloschistaceae)的一中国新记录属粉黄衣属(新拟)(Xanthomendoza)和一中国新记录种漫粉黄衣(新拟)(Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes)及石黄衣属(Xanthoria)的一新记录种裂芽黄衣(新拟)(Xanthoria calcicola)。对漫粉黄衣的ITS序列进行了测定和系统发育分析,并对相关类群的形态和分子数据进行了讨论。对2新记录种的形态特征、生境与分布进行了详细描述,并提供了形态特征图。     

新疆地图衣属地衣分类学研究

该研究以新疆的地图衣科(Rhizocarpaceae)地图衣属(Rhizocarpon)100余份地衣标本为材料,通过形态解剖学观察、化学成分分析及分子学鉴定的方法了解新疆地图衣属地衣的物种多样性。结果表明:(1)鉴定出7种地图衣属地衣,包括1个中国新记录种,命名为淡黄色地图衣(R.atroflavescens),6个常见种分别是黑红地图衣(R.badioatrum)、灰地图衣(R.disporum)、双孢地图衣(R.geminatum)、地图衣(R.geographicum)、巨地图衣(R.grande)和岩表地图衣(R.superficiale)。(2)编制了新疆22种地图衣属地衣的分种检索表。(3)系统发育分析结果表明,新疆地图衣属地衣的分子鉴定与形态解剖特征结果一致,更准确地证明淡黄色地图衣为中国新记录种。(4)对已报道的新疆22种地图衣属地衣的地区分布及海拔分布统计显示,新疆22种地图衣属地衣在世界各地均有分布,其中亚洲分布最丰富;该22种地图衣属地衣从低海拔到高海拔都有分布,且各海拔高度物种分布不均匀,总体在高海拔地区分布的物种较多。     

中国橙衣属和果衣属地衣的新记录种

通过对采自云南省景东彝族自治县无量山地衣标本的研究,发现了橙衣属的一个中国新记录Caloplaca indica(三室类型孢子)和果衣属的一个中国新记录种Ramboldia haematites。R. haematites在福建和广西同样存在。该文详细描述了其形态学、解剖学和化学方面的特征,并且提供了显微结构照片。本研究丰富了云南、福建和广西地衣的物种多样性,为橙衣属和果衣属地衣分类学研究提供基础数据和可靠资料。所用标本存放在山东师范大学植物标本室(SDNU)。     

新疆鳞网衣属地衣的初步研究

采用形态解剖、化学等传统分类方法,对新疆天山的鳞网衣属地衣进行了初步研究,发现该属的3个种,其中脑状鳞网衣（Psora cerebriformis W. A. Weber）和小红褐色鳞网衣［Psora luridella (Tuck.) Fink］是中国新记录种。文中对鳞网衣属3个种进行了详细的描述,并提供了相关彩色图片。     

中国星文衣属地衣型真菌的分类研究

星文衣属(Sarcographa)隶属于真菌界(Fungi)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、茶渍纲(Lecanoromycetes)、厚顶盘目(Ostropales)、文字衣科(Graphidaceae),该属地衣体为壳状,子囊盘为放射分支状,多具子座,子囊含8孢子,子囊孢子褐色,横隔透镜型或亚砖壁型,主要分布于热带亚热带地区。该文通过形态学、解剖学、化学与分子生物学等方法进行该属分类学研究,共报道了中国该属9种,其中变黄星文衣[Sarcographa flavescens(Dal-Forno & Eliasaro)L. W. Chen & Z. F. Jia]为新组合(≡ Phaeographis flavescens Dal-Forno & Eliasaro); 曲线星文衣[Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.)Müll. Arg. ]为中国大陆新记录种。同时,该文对近似属拟星文衣属(Sarcographina)的1物种——异孢拟星文衣[Sarcographina heterospora(Nyl.)Z. F. Jia & Lücking]进行了描述,并提供了10个物种的特征提要及与其近似种的区别特征,并编制了分种检索表。该研究为中国地衣型真菌生物多样性研究提供了基础资料。     

Antlered richardiid flies: new species of Richardia (Tephritoidea: Richardiidae) with antler‐like genal processes

Within Richardiidae, Richardia infestans, from Colombia, is the only known species to have genal processes, which are structures formed by the extension of the cuticle on the lateral margin of the gena. In the present work, six new species, with different patterns of antler‐like genal processes, are described. An identification key and illustrations are provided. Richardia bella sp. nov. , R. modesta sp. nov. and R. vitta sp. nov. are recorded from Costa Rica; R. advena sp. nov. is recorded from Costa Rica and Panama; R. simplex sp. nov. is recorded from Panama; and R. ornatella sp. nov. is recorded from Ecuador.     

Resurrection of Rabdophaga salicivora Shinji (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Japanese gall midge formerly misidentified as a North American species, Rabdophaga rigidae (Osten Sacken), with observations on the phylogenetic relationships of its populations in Japan and the Russian Far East

Intercontinental biotic connections between Eurasia and North America are common in many gall midge genera (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), but only a few species have been recorded from both continents. In Japan, four gall midge species had been previously considered to be identical to North American species, but three of these cases have already been disproved. We examined the remaining species, Rabdophaga rigidae, which had been originally described from Japan as Rabdophaga salicivora in 1938, later recorded from the Russian Far East in 1967, and synonymized with a North American species, R. rigidae, in 1982. Morphological features and partial sequence data of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) region suggested that the Japanese species is a distinct species and is identical to the species recorded from the Russian Far East. We therefore apply the original name, R. salicivora, to the Japanese and the Russian species. In addition, on the basis of a molecular phylogenetic analysis, we conclude that R. salicivora possibly came to the Japanese Archipelago through the Korean Peninsula and established itself first in the southern parts of Japan. Then, it expanded its distribution range to northern parts of Honshu, but could not reach Hokkaido, probably because of the Tsugaru Strait between Honshu and Hokkaido.     

Bees of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rophites</Emphasis> Spinola (Hymenoptera,Halictidae, Rophitinae) of Russia and adjacent territories

An illustrated key to Rophites species and an annotated list of 9 species from Russia and adjacent territories are given. Rophites clypealis stepposus subsp. n. and the female of R. schoenitzeri Dubitzky, 2004 are described. Lectotypes of Rhophites caucasicus Morawitz, 1876 and Rh. mandibularis Morawitz, 1891 are designated. Rophites algirus is recorded for the first time from Armenia; R. caucasicus, from Azerbaijan; R. clypealis, from Bulgaria, Russia, and Kazakhstan; R. foveolatus, from Georgia; R. quinquespinosus, from Armenia and Uzbekistan; R. schoenitzeri, from Azerbaijan and Iran.     

Hybridization between the locally endangered Rosa spinosissima and Rosa mollis results in the pentaploid Rosa ×sabinii in western Norway

Rosa spinosissima is an endangered species in Norway, found only within a limited area on the southwestern coast. Presumed hybrid forms between R. spinosissima and rose species within R. sect. Caninae have been recorded from this area since the late 19th century. Here, analyses of such hybrid plants and selected populations of the tentative parent species were performed using AFLP markers, nuclear DNA content, pollen viability and seed germination rates, in addition to classic morphometric analysis. It is established that the hybrid rose represents a single hybrid taxon, viz Rosa × sabinii, formed by recurrent asymmetrical hybridization events between R. spinosissima and R. mollis, with the latter being the obligate ovule donor. The evidence presented does not indicate hybridization with other co‐occurring rose species, or of introgression from R. mollis into R. spinosissima through backcrossing with R. ×sabinii.     

Host‐associated genetic divergence and taxonomy in the Rhinusa pilosa Gyllenhal species complex: an integrative approach

A combined taxonomic, morphological, molecular and biological study revealed that stem‐galling weevils from the genus Rhinusa associated with toadflaxes from the genus Linaria (Plantaginaceae) are composed of three different species: Rhinusa pilosa, Rhinusa brondelii and Rhinusa rara sp.n. The authentic field host plants are respectively, Linaria vulgaris, Linaria purpurea and Linaria genistifolia/ Linaria dalmatica. These weevil species can be distinguished from each other by a few subtle morphological characteristics, mainly in the shape of the rostrum and of the integument. An analysis of the mitochondrial [cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene (COII) and 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S)] and nuclear (elongation factor‐1α, EF‐1α) sequence data revealed high genetic divergence among these species. Uncorrected pairwise distances on mtCOII gene were 14.3% between R. pilosa and R. brondelii, 15.7% between R. pilosa and R. rara, while R. brondelii and R. rara were approximately 11% divergent from each other. Divergences obtained on 16S and nuclear EF‐1α genes were congruent. However, substantial intraspecific mitochondrial divergence was recorded for all studied populations of R. pilosa s.s. showing two mtDNA lineages, with estimated COII and 16S divergences of 4% and 1.6%, respectively. Nuclear pseudogenes (Numts) and Wolbachia influence, although recorded within both lineages, were excluded as possible causatives of the mtDNA divergence, while EF‐1α indicated absence of lineage sorting. Species from the R. pilosa complex are estimated to have diverged from each other approximately 7.2 million years ago (mya; late Miocene), while R. brondelii and R. rara diverged from each other about 4.7 mya (early Pliocene). This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EEDD6248‐01DB‐4B4A‐B79D‐C5606393E3AA .     

Molecular,phytochemical and morphological characterization of the liverwort genus Radula in Portugal (mainland,Madeira, Azores)

Relationships of the eight species of the liverwort genus Radula occurring in Portugal (mainland, the Madeira and Azores archipelagos), including the Macaronesian endemics R. jonesii and R. wichurae, were evaluated based on molecular, phytochemical and morphological–anatomical data. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses were performed with sequences from three plastid DNA markers (trnS _GGA-rps4 spacer, rps4 gene, trnL _UAA intron), volatile oil compounds, as well as qualitative morphological–anatomical characters. In addition, the molecular data were subjected to maximum likelihood analysis. The eight taxa, R. aquilegia, R. carringtonii, R. complanata, R. holtii, R. jonesii, R. lindenbergiana, R. nudicaulis and R. wichurae, can be clearly distinguished from each other, either by molecular data alone or by combination of characters from all three data sets. Radula aquilegia is monophyletic according to the molecular data, but shows considerable, yet undescribed intraspecific morphological and phytochemical variability. Recognition of R. complanata and R. lindenbergiana as separate species, previously based solely on the paroecious vs. dioecious sexual condition, is moderately supported by the molecular phylogenetic analyses and strongly supported by the phytochemical data. The Radula species, narrowly distributed in Macaronesia and Atlantic Europe, probably have two different origins. For Radula holtii and R. nudicaulis, connections with Radula species from the Neotropics are indicated. The other species, among them the two Macaronesian endemics, are closely related with the R. complanata/R. lindenbergiana complex, which is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.     

Hyperspectral leaf signature as an added dimension for species discrimination: case study of four tropical mangroves

Hyperspectral leaf reflectance of a plant provides unique information that is characteristic of that plant. The present investigation is a preliminary attempt to assess whether spectra of leaves of mangrove species recorded under field conditions contain adequate spectral information for discerning mangroves at species rank. The paper highlights the hyperspectral characteristics of leaf surfaces of four prominent tropical mangrove species, viz., Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia caseolaris, found in the tidal forests of India. Hyperspectral observations were recorded using a field spectroradiometer, and pre-processed and averaged reflectance values of samples for three types of arrangements, viz., (1) randomly arranged leaves, (2) dorsal leaf surfaces and (3) ventral leaf surfaces of the species were statistically tested using one-way ANOVA to see whether the values significantly differed at every spectral location. All the four species were statistically different at all the spectral locations with majority of the bands exhibiting 99% confidence level. Finally, discriminant analysis was performed to identify the bands for maximum separability for the three types of arrangement of the leaves of the species taken separately and in different combinations. The optimal Wilks’ Lambda (L) were achieved with: six, three, eleven, six, five, thirteen and eleven wavelengths for discriminating random leaves of the four species, dorsal and ventral surfaces of A. alba, A. marina, R. mucronata, S. caseolaris, upper leaf surfaces of all the species, lower leaf surfaces, respectively. Factor analysis was used as an added tool to identify the wavelengths that were uncorrelated and contained maximum information in the combination of selected wavelengths. The results confirmed the unique spectral signatures of the four species, which could be explained in terms of leaf properties unique to the species. Cellular structure and pigmentation of the isolateral leaves of S. caseolaris are very different from the dorsiventral ones of the other three, which significantly changed the reflectance characteristics of the species.     

The ecology of six Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) with contrasting local abundance and distribution patterns in Hong Kong,China

Six native Rhododendron species grow in thedegraded, fire-prone landscape of Hong Kong: R. simsii andR. farrerae are common and widespread, R.moulmainense is relatively restricted, and R.championiae, R. hongkongense, and R.simiarum are rare. For all species except the rare R.simiarum, there was direct or indirect evidence of regrowth afterfire, but only the two smallest and commonest species grow in sites which arefrequently burned. Both flowered within 18 months of a fire. Most populationsofall species, except R. simiarum, had a deficiency ofindividuals in the smaller basal circumference classes. Seedlings were foundonly in three out of four plots of R. simiarum, and one ofR. farrerae. A few seedlings of the other rare specieswereseen in open, litter-free microsites outside the study plots, but no seedlingsof the most common species, R. simsii, were seen anywhere.In logistic regression models, one or more measures of plant size weresignificant positive predictors of flowering at least once in the three yearstudy period for all species, while percentage cover by surrounding vegetationhad a significant negative impact on all except R. simsiiand R. farrerae, for which no populations arestrongly-shaded. Although the absence of current recruitment is not necessarilya cause for concern in long-lived species that can resprout after fire, werecommend that active vegetation management should be tried to enhance thesurvival and reproduction of R. moulmainense, R.championiae and R. hongkongense, and that newpopulations of these species and R. simiarum should becreated.     

Associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhynchrelyrum repens in abandoned quarries in southern China

The association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhynchrelyrum repens was investigated. In six abandoned quarries in the Pearl River Delta area, R. repens was found to be associated with nine AMF species, including Glomus versiforme, G. brohultii, G. microaggregatum, G. clarum and G. claroideum, Acaulospora delicata, A. mellea, A. mollowae and Entrophospora infrequens. The genus Glomus and the species G. brohultii were recorded at the highest frequencies. Three typical arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) structures, i.e. hyphae, vesicles and arbuscules, were found in the roots of the R. repens specimens collected from all the quarries investigated. Vesicles were the most frequently recorded structure. Results of a container-based experiment showed that R. repens had very high mortality (83.3%) in the absence of AMF in soil containing sufficient P (phosphorus); this indicates that R. repens is an obligate mycotroph. The presence of AMF significantly increased the biomass accumulation of R. repens seedlings (p < 0.01). It was also observed that AMF colonization was related to soil P and K (potassium) utilization by R. repens seedlings. It is, therefore, important to inoculate with AMF when using R. repens for the restoration of damaged ecosystems.