太白红杉小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育

太白红杉(Larix chinensis Beissn)的雄球花7月初开始分化。小孢子囊壁一般包括5～6层细胞：表皮、药室内壁、2～3层中层和绒毡层。绒毡层属于周原质团型。造孢细胞在7月下旬形成,8月上旬形成小孢子母细胞,8月下旬开始减数分裂,于10月上旬进入双线期,并以双线期渡过休眠。翌年3月下旬解除休眠继续进行减数分裂,4月中旬形成四分体,4月下旬到5月初小孢子从四分体内释放出来,小孢子经过连续4次有丝分裂后,于5月中旬形成5-细胞型的成熟花粉粒（雄配子体）并开始散粉。小孢子母细胞发育表现出不同步现象,部分小孢子母细胞在发育过程中出现退化,在小孢子囊内形成空腔。     

侧柏小孢子的发生和雄配子体的形成

侧柏[Platycladusorientalis（L．）Franco]初生造孢细胞在8月下旬（1992年）形成,11月上旬形成小孢子母细胞,1993年2月中旬形成四分体,2月下旬小孢子从四分体内释放出来,3月中旬形成成熟花粉粒并开始传粉,4月上旬花粉粒在珠心上萌发,5月上旬生殖细胞分裂,6月上旬精原细胞分裂。小孢子母细胞在休眠以前开始减数分裂,解除休眠以后形成成熟的花粒粒。减数分裂从11月上旬开始至次年2月17日结束。小孢子母细胞减数分裂存在扩散双线期。小孢子母细胞以双线期渡过休眠。精原细胞接近颈卵器时开始分裂,形成两个大小相同的精细胞。精细胞独立存在的时间很短。精细胞的细胞质分为三个区域。小孢子母细胞在发育过程中,发现有部分小孢子母细胞退化,在小孢子囊内形成一大的空腔的现象。     

越南篦齿苏铁小孢子发生及其系统学意义

运用常规石蜡切片方法,结合显微荧光技术对越南篦齿苏铁Cycas elongata 小孢子发生和花粉个体发育进行了研究。结果表明：其小孢子叶球5月中下旬开始萌动,小孢子囊着生在小孢子叶远轴面,且3-5小孢子囊以辐射状排列方式聚生成聚合囊。小孢子囊壁由6-7层细胞组成,包括表皮、中层及绒毡层。绒毡层来源于成熟造孢组织的外围细胞,其退化形式为分泌型。6月中旬,小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂I,至6月下旬形成四分体。母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂的方式与其他苏铁类植物不同,具有连续型与同时型两种类型。7月中旬,小孢子经过2次有丝分裂后,形成3细胞的成熟花粉粒。7月下旬进入散粉状态。在花粉发育过程中,母细胞内淀粉粒的积累及其壁上胼胝质的沉积均呈现规律性变化。     

云南松雌雄配子体的发育

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Fr.)雄配子体于10月在小孢子叶腹面产生二个小孢子囊,内有许多进行分裂的造孢组织细胞。第二年一月下旬至二月初小孢子母细胞进行减数分裂。在分裂期间,细胞内所贮存的淀粉粒的分布发生变化。二月初四分体小孢子形成,绒毡层细胞解体。二日中旬单核花粉粒形成,外壁扩展形成二个异极对称的气囊。三月花粉在四细胞时期散发。 雌配子体于二月上旬在珠心皮下分化出孢原细胞。二月下旬大孢子母细胞进入减数分裂期。三月初直列四分体大孢子形成,珠孔端三个退化,合点端一个功能大孢子进入有丝分裂期,形成约32个游离核的配子体。次年三月初雌配子体形成,四月初中央细胞核分裂,四月底颈卵器成熟,卵核周围产生辐射状原生质纤丝。五月初受精开始。云南松雌雄配子体的发育与亚热带分布的P.roburghii相似。     

濒危植物水松小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的研究

水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)是我国特有的单种属孑遗植物,是极度濒危物种,被列为国家一级重点保护植物。为了从生殖生物学方面探讨水松的濒危机制,采用石蜡切片法对水松小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程进行了系统地观察研究。结果表明:水松雄球花于10月中旬开始分化,11月初小孢子囊壁形成,12月初小孢子母细胞形成,12月中旬减数分裂。翌年1月中旬形成四面体形和左右对称形四分体,1月下旬四分体解体,释放出游离小孢子。2月中旬花粉粒发育成熟,并以二细胞形态进行传粉,散粉期约为2周左右。3月萌发花粉管,3月下旬出现精原细胞、管核和不育核,5月下旬花粉管到达颈卵器顶部,精原细胞分裂成两个精细胞。水松小孢子和雄配子体发育过程中败育和变形现象很少,据此我们认为,水松小孢子发生与雄配子体发育正常,不是致其濒危的主要原因。     

羽叶薰衣草雄性不育的细胞学研究

用光镜和电镜观察羽叶薰衣草(Lavandula pinnata L.)雄性不育小孢子发育过程的细胞形态学特征.结果表明:羽叶薰衣草花药4枚,每枚花药通常具4个小孢子囊.花药壁发育为双子叶型,从外向内分为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞.减数分裂形成的四分体为四面体及十字交叉型.小孢子的发育过程可分为造孢细胞期、减数分裂时期、小孢子发育早期、小孢子发育晚期.未观察到二胞花粉期和成熟花粉期.羽叶薰衣草花粉败育主要发生在单核花粉时期,细胞内物质解体并逐渐消失变成空壳花粉或花粉皱缩变形成为各种畸形的败育花粉.在此之前小孢子的发育正常.羽叶薰衣草小孢子不育机制体现在绒毡层过早解体、四分体时期以后各细胞中线粒体结构不正常、胼胝质壁与小孢子母细胞脱离、花药壁细胞中淀粉出现时间异常等. 壁发育为双子叶型,从外向内分为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞.减数分裂形成的四分体为四面体及十字交叉型.小孢子的发育过程可分为造孢细胞期、减数分裂时期、小孢子发育早期、小孢子发育晚期.未观察到二胞花粉期和成熟花粉期.羽叶薰衣草花粉败育主要发生在单核花粉时期,细胞内物质解体并逐渐消失变成空壳花粉或花粉皱缩变形成为各种畸形的败育花粉.在此 前小孢子的发育正常.羽叶薰衣草小孢子不育机制体现在绒毡层过早解体、四分体时期以后各细胞中线粒体结构不正常、胼胝质壁与小孢子母细胞脱离、花药壁细胞中淀粉出现时间异常等. 壁发育为双子叶型,从外向内分为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞.减数分裂形成的四分体为四     

西瓜小孢子囊发育及雄配子体发生的观察

西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)小孢子囊的孢原细胞出现在雄花原基出现后4—6天,孢原细胞数目推测只有一列;初生造孢细胞经过2—3次分裂,形成次生造孢细胞。开花前7—8天,小孢子囊发育健全,小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂期。同一花药不同花粉囊相同一药室,花粉母细胞减数分裂和小孢子的发育,并不是高度同步的。绒毡层为异型细胞,腺质绒毡层。雄配子体的发育开始于开花前6—7天,充分成熟的西瓜花粉已分裂为三细胞花粉。     

观光木的小孢子发生及雄配子体发育的研究

采用石蜡切片法对观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun)的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了解剖学研究.观光木的花药由花药原基发育而来,具4个小孢子囊,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、2～3层中层和1～2层绒毡层组成.中层在小孢子四分体时期开始解体,最终消失;绒毡层为腺质绒毡层,细胞具1～2核,在花药发育过程中不断分泌各种物质,提供小孢子发育,直到花粉成熟绒毡层才自溶消失.初生造孢细胞分裂形成次生造孢细胞,次生造孢细胞再转化为小孢子母细胞,小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为修饰性同时型,四分体排列方式为交叉型、对称型或"T"型(极少),成熟花粉粒二细胞型,开花时散出.观光木的成熟花粉粒存在严重的败育现象.     

水蕨孢子囊早期发育的超微结构

利用透射电镜对模式植物水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)孢子囊的早期发育进行研究.结果表明:水蕨的孢子囊是由叶片表皮的原始细胞发育而来,经过横向和纵向分裂形成外套层原始细胞和内部细胞,此过程中各个细胞内线粒体和叶绿体逐渐变大,变发达;之后外套层原始细胞继续纵分裂形成孢子囊壁细胞,内部细胞分裂形成内外两层绒毡层和孢子母细胞,此过程中电子密集物在分裂最为旺盛的细胞内体积最大,数量最多;最后孢子母细胞减数分裂形成四分孢子,此时可见孢子之间以及孢子与原生质团之间均存在着表面膜.内层绒毡层为周原质团绒毡层,外层绒毡层为腺质型绒毡层.水蕨孢子囊的早期发育属于薄囊蕨型发育.     

南方红豆杉小孢子发生与雄配子体发育

采用石蜡切片法,对南方红豆杉小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程进行了系统地观察。结果表明：南方红豆杉小孢子叶球于7月下旬分化,9月中旬形成造孢细胞,11月初形成小孢子母细胞;同一小孢子叶球中的小孢子母细胞表现出发育不同步现象;11中旬,进入减数分裂时期,形成游离小孢子后休眠越冬,于翌年1月下旬逐渐成熟,成熟花粉粒为单核;2月中下旬开始散粉,散粉时间持续15 d 左右。花粉落入胚珠后,经过3次分裂形成管细胞、柄细胞和2个精子;管细胞和柄细胞最终退化解体,未见花粉败育现象。认为南方红豆杉小孢子发生与雄配子体发育正常,不是致其濒危的主要原因。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.