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1.
齐安东  王箐  张杰  李磊 《生物磁学》2009,(14):2681-2684
目的:从显微解剖学角度探讨筛动脉及其分支起源和走行。方法:采用固定和灌注过的成人头部标本25具50侧。显微镜下解剖筛动脉及其分支的起源和走行。观察并测量筛孔数目iDacryon点与筛前孔(DA)、筛中孔(DM)、筛后孔(DP)、视神经管眶口(DO)的距离,筛前后孔之间的距离(AP),筛后孔与视神经管眶口之间的距离(PO),对所得数据作统计分析。结果:筛前动脉主要起自04段,有36支(72.00%),眶内段长(5.16±1.24)mm,管径为(0.56±0.17)mm;筛后动脉主要起自02段,有26支(56.52%),眶内段长(9.08±2.29)mm,管径为(0.37±0.14)mm。筛孔数目以双孔最多(占54侧),其次为三孔(占40侧),单孔和四孔各占3侧。DA:(17.28±2.24)mm;DM:(25.46±2.74)mm;DP:(30.48±2.27)mm;DO:(36.26±2.32)mm;AP:(13.20±2.19)mm;PO:(5.78±2.17)mm。结论:获得了筛动脉及其分支起源和走行的显微解剖学数据,为影像诊断和神经外科、眼科等手术方案的制定以及介入治疗提供了解剖学依据。  相似文献   

2.
The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, undergoes several larval molts before transforming into a pupa and then an adult moth. Each molt culminates in ecdysis, when the old cuticle is shed. Prior to each larval ecdysis, the old cuticle is loosened by pre-ecdysis behavior, which consists of rhythmic compressions that are synchronous along the abdomen and on both body sides, and rhythmic retractions of the abdominal prolegs. Both pre-ecdysis and ecdysis behaviors are triggered by a peptide, eclosion hormone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neural circuitry underlying larval preecdysis behavior. The pre-ecdysis motor pattern was recorded in isolated nerve cords from eclosion hormone-treated larvae, and the effects of connective transections and ionic manipulations were tested. Our results suggest that the larval pre-ecdysis compression motor pattern is coordinated and maintained by interneurons in the terminal abdominal ganglion that ascend the nerve cord without chemical synaptic relays; these interneurons make bilateral, probably monosynaptic, excitatory connections with identified pre-ecdysis motor neurons throughout the abdominal nerve cord. This model of the organization of the larval pre-ecdysis motor pattern should facilitate identification of the relevant interneurons, allowing future investigation of the neural basis of the developmental weakening of the pre-ecdysis motor pattern that accompanies the larval-pupal transformation.Abbreviations A3, A4... abdominal ganglia 3, 4... - AT terminal abdominal ganglion - ALE anterior lateral external muscle - DN dorsal nerve - DNA anterior branch of the dorsal nerve - DNL lateral branch of the dorsal nerve - DNP posterior branch of the dorsal nerve - EH eclosion hormone - TP tergopleural muscle - VN ventral nerve - VNA anterior branch of the ventral nerve - VNL lateral branch of the ventral nerve - VNP posterior branch of the ventral nerve  相似文献   

3.
Summary Activity of efferent fibers was recorded from the ramus ophthalmicus superficialis of the head lateral line nerve and the ramus medialis of the trunk lateral line nerve of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. Baseline activity and activity evoked by sensory stimuli were examined. Electrical stimulation of selected branches was used to determine the conduction velocity and the branching pattern of efferent fibers. The influence of lesions at different levels in the CNS on efferent activity was studied.Up to 5 units with baseline activity were found in a single ramus of the lateral line nerve. Discharge rates were variable and highly irregular; they differed between units of the same branch. Bursting activity occurred in 62% of the units. Movements of the animal were accompanied by activity in up to 8 efferent units in a single nerve.Efferent activity could be elicited or modified by stimulation of visual, labyrinthine, somatosensory, and lateral line systems. Stimulation of the electrosensory system had no effect. Individual efferent neurons innervated different fields in the lateral line periphery. Conduction velocities of efferent fibers ranged from 5 to 12 m/s.Efferent units received input from various sources at different brain levels up to the diencephalon. These in puts determined the baseline activity. The mechanosensory input was mediated at the medullary level.Abbreviations r.m. ramus medialis - r.o.s. ramus ophthalmicus superficialis - r.s. ramus superior  相似文献   

4.
The morphology and innervation of the six oculomotor muscles in the gobiid fishTridentiger trigonocephalus are described. Every rectus muscle is composed of two types of muscle fibres. Muscles attach onto the cartilaginous or fibrous sclerotica. Oblique muscles attach onto the ethmoidal plate; recti muscles attach onto the parasphenoid or a thick fibrous membrane. There is no myodome. The common oculomotor nerve is composed of four bundles, the trochlear and the externus of two. The two kinds of fibres of the lateral rectus and the two distinct bundles of the nerve VI suggest a possible homology between this muscle in fishes and the lateral rectus+retractor bulbi in mammals.  相似文献   

5.
Immunocytochemical and histochemical methods have been used to describe the neuronal population migrating from the rat olfactory placode and to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of this neuronal migration during development. Several neuronal markers, such as binding to the lectin Ulex europaeus (UEA I) and the presence of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), olfactory marker protein (OMP), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), have been tested in order to determine whether migrating neurons originate from both the medial and the lateral parts of the placode and whether they all express LHRH. Our data show that a large population of differentiated migrating neurons can be identified with an antibody against NSE from the 14th day of gestation and with UEA I one day later. Migrating neurons are closely associated with both the vomeronasal axon fascicles emerging from the medial pit and the olfactory axons originating from the lateral pit. However, the neuron migration from the lateral pit appears to be more discrete than that from the medial pit. No LHRH immunoreactivity has been detected among neurons migrating from the lateral pit. Some neurons accompanying the olfactory axon fascicles exhibit a high level of maturation as shown by their OMP-positivity. Numerous neurons positive for both NSE and UEA I have also been observed within the presumptive olfactory nerve layer in early embryonic stages.  相似文献   

6.
The deep extensor abdominal muscle consisting of one medial and two lateral muscle bundles together with the nerve innervating the muscles of crayfish species Astacus astacus, was prepared. Light microscopic investigations of methylene blue stained preparations showed that the nerve innervating the deep extensor abdominal muscle consists of five distinct axons. The five axons were stained separately with lucifer yellow and the innervation pattern of the axons was determined. To confirm the histological results the axons were also stimulated with a suction electrode to elicit excitatory postsynaptic currents on the muscle membrane which were detected using a macro patch electrode. The muscle is innervated by a common excitatory and a common inhibitory axon branching over all three muscle bundles and sending additionally a branch to the L1-bundle of the next posterior segment, and by two axons specific for the two lateral muscle bundles. The axon specific for the innervation of the L1-bundle sends also a branch to the L1-bundle of the next posterior segment. In addition there is one excitatory axon which directly innervates the medial muscle bundle of the next posterior segment branching in most of the cases also to the medial bundle of the segment where it originates.Abbreviations DEAM deep extensor abdominal muscle - EPSC excitatory postsynaptic current - IPSC inhibitory postsynaptic current - L lateral - M medial - GABA -aminobutyric acid  相似文献   

7.
Hypotheses for the origin and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) fall into three primary categories: (i) sexual selection on male size, (ii) fecundity selection on female size and (iii) ecological selection for gender‐specific niche divergence. We investigate the impact of these forces on SSD evolution in New World pitvipers (Crotalinae). We constructed a phylogeny from up to eight genes (seven mitochondrial, one nuclear) for 104 species of NW crotalines. We gathered morphological and ecological data for 82 species for comparative analyses. There is a strong signal of sexual selection on male size driving SSD, but less evidence for fecundity selection on female size across lineages. No support was found for allometric scaling of SSD (Rensch's rule), nor for directional selection for increasing male size (the Fairbairn–Preziosi hypothesis) in NW crotalines. Interestingly, arboreal lineages experience higher rates of SSD evolution and a pronounced shift to female‐biased dimorphism. This suggests that fecundity selection on arboreal females exaggerates ecologically mediated dimorphism, whereas sexual selection drives male size in terrestrial lineages. We find that increasing SSD in both directions (male‐ and female‐biased) decreases speciation rates. In NW crotalines, it appears that increasing magnitudes of ecologically mediated SSD reduce rates of speciation, as divergence accumulates within species among sexes, reducing adaptive divergence between populations leading to speciation.  相似文献   

8.
Branching patterns of the trunk lateral line nerves were studied in 46 pleuronectiform species, representing nine families in two suborders. The dorsal fin longitudinal ramus (DFLR), derived from the main nerve (horizontal septum lateral line nerve), passed closely along the course of the middle trunk lateral line in all specimens examined, the dorsal longitudinal collector nerve (DLCN) partly coalescing with the DFLR along the arched part of the lateral line in Psettodes erumei (Psettodoidei), compared with the entire length of the latter in all other species (Pleuronectoidei). Citharidae, Paralichthyidae, and Pleuronectidae were characterized by having a simple, elongated dorsal ramule; Bothidae was unique in having more than one dorsal ramule, forming a ladder-like network and peripherally giving off numerous minute branches; Poecilopsettidae and Samaridae possessed a few, short dorsal ramules; Soleidae and Cynoglossidae were characteristic in having a dendritic dorsal ramule. Secondary modifications of the course of the middle trunk lateral line were detected by nerve information, the arched part of the lateral line having been secondarily highly elevated in some genera of Pleuronectidae, but secondarily straightened in Samaridae.  相似文献   

9.
Insects use information about CO2 to perform vital tasks such as locating food sources. In certain moths, CO2 is involved in oviposition behavior. The labial palps of adult moths that feed as adults have a pit organ containing sensory receptor cells that project into the antennal lobes, the sites of primary processing of olfactory information in the brain. In the moth Manduca sexta and certain other species of Lepidoptera, these receptor cells in the labial-palp pit organ have been shown to be tuned to CO2, and their axons project to a single, identified glomerulus in the antennal lobe, the labial-palp pit organ glomerulus. At present, however, nothing is known about the function of this glomerulus or how CO2 information is processed centrally. We used intracellular recording and staining to reveal projection (output) neurons in the antennal lobes that respond to CO2 and innervate the labial-palp pit organ glomerulus. Our results demonstrate that this glomerulus is the site of first-order processing of sensory information about ambient CO2. We found three functional types of CO2-responsive neurons (with their cell bodies in the antennal lobe or the protocerebrum) that provide output from the antennal lobe to higher centers in the brain. Some physiological characteristics of those neurons are described.Abbreviations AL Antennal lobe - AN Antennal nerve - CMB Calyces of the mushroom body - IPSP Inhibitory postsynaptic potential - LC-I Dorsal cluster of the lateral group of AL neuronal somata - LH Lateral horn of the protocerebrum - LPN Labial-palp nerve - LPO Labial-palp pit organ - LPOG LPO glomerulus - PC Protocerebrum - PI AL neuron that projects to the PC through the inner antenno-cerebral tract - PN Projection neuron  相似文献   

10.
Dissection of peripheral nerves in the ocean sunfish Mola mola showed the lateral line system to comprise 6 cephalic and 1 trunk lateral lines, all neuromasts being superficial. The trunk line was restricted to the anterior half of the body, the number of neuromasts (27) being fewer than those previously recorded in other tetraodontiforms. The lateral ramus of the posterior lateral line nerve did not form a “serial collector nerve” along the body. The number of foramina in the neurocranium, serving as passages for the cranial nerves, was fewer than in primitive tetraodontiforms, the reduction being related to modifications in the posterior cranium. Some muscle homologies were reinterpreted based on nerve innervation patterns. The cutaneous branch innervation pattern in the claval fin rays was clearly identical with that in the dorsal and anal fin rays, but differed significantly from that in the caudal fin rays, providing strong support for the hypothesis that the clavus comprises highly modified components of the dorsal and anal fins.  相似文献   

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