粉螨危害储藏中药材的实验研究

随机选取１０种中药材分别进行直接孵育（自然组）、高压灭菌后直接孵育（对照组）、高压灭菌并接种腐良酪螨后孵育（试验组）、高压灭菌并接种粉尘螨后孵育（试验组）,探讨粉螨对储藏中药材的危害。结果从自然缓和 药材中分离出螨的种数、虫口密度及真菌污染程度均较高于试验组和对照组,药材质量及重量显著下降,与其它各组相比,差异均有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。人为接种腐食酪螨、粉尘螨的２实验组,粉螨孳生密度高,药材重量     

猎物对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

在(25±1)℃、90%RH以上、无光照实验条件下,以腐食酪螨和刺足根螨为猎物,研究了巴氏钝绥螨的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明,以腐食酪螨幼螨为猎物,巴氏钝绥螨可正常发育和繁殖,雌、雄成螨寿命分别为(34.250±1.361)和(23.950±1.606)d;以刺足根螨为猎物时,无法发育到成螨;成螨寿命明显缩短,雌、雄分别为(7.300±0.619)和(6.567±0.609)d,显著短于捕食腐食酪螨的巴氏钝绥螨,而且雌螨不能产卵。     

黄瓜钝绥螨对茶黄螨雌成螨和腐食酪卵的功能反应

研究黄瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris 对茶黄螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)雌成螨和腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae卵的功能反应。结果表明,黄瓜钝绥螨的第1若螨,第2若螨,雌成螨捕食茶黄螨雌成螨和腐食酪螨卵的功能反应均属于Holling II型,其中,雌成螨的捕食能力最强,对腐食酪螨卵和对茶黄螨雌成螨的攻击系数a大,处理时间th短,第2若螨也具有较强的捕食能力,对静态的腐食酪螨卵比对动态的茶黄螨捕食能力强,黄瓜钝绥螨对茶黄螨雌成螨具有很强的捕食能力。     

腐食酪螨螨体正己烷提取物的生物活性及成分分析

【目的】确定腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae报警信息素的存在及其成分。【方法】采取正己烷溶剂浸提法提取获得腐食酪螨螨体提取物, 通过观察腐食酪螨对提取物的行为反应确定其生物活性, 最后用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatograph-mass spectrum, GC-MS)对提取物的成分进行分析。【结果】腐食酪螨正己烷提取物对该螨有明显的报警作用。GC-MS分析显示, 提取物中含有橙花醇甲酸酯、Z-柠檬醛、E-柠檬醛等成分。【结论】该实验证明了腐食酪螨报警信息素的存在, 为进一步明确各成分及其作用奠定了基础。     

粉螨污染储藏干果的调查研究

目的调查粉螨污染储藏干果状况及其孳生种类、密度、物种多样性和种群动态。方法从安徽某些城市干果商店(仓库)和中药店(仓库)采集食用干果和药用干果,分离其中的孳生粉螨。结果从60种干果样本中共分离出粉螨18种,隶属于6科16属,其中以甜果螨、家食甜螨、害嗜鳞螨和腐食酪螨为主。结论贮藏干果孳生粉螨种类较多,虫口密度较高,因此,应采取措施控制粉螨孳生以降低粉螨对人类健康的危害。     

肺螨病病原学的研究

在流行病学的基础上,我们对肺螨病的病原学进行了研究,痰检共发现10种螨:包括粗脚粉螨、腐食酪螨、椭圆食粉螨、粉尘螨、屋尘螨、伯氏嗜木螨、食菌嗜木螨、梅氏嗜霉螨、谷跗线螨、和普通肉食螨。其中粉尘螨和跗线螨是主要致病原,其次为肉食螨。同时对肺螨病患者工作环境中滋生的螨类作了调查,共分离出28种螨,隶属10科,19属。把痰螨与环境中的螨相比较,二者有一致性,说明了患者的致病原来于工作环境。     

温湿度对腐食酪螨存活和繁殖的影响

研究了33种不同温湿度处理对腐食酪螨卵发育、孵化,成螨存活和繁殖的影响。结果表明：在15±1℃、20±1℃、25±1℃、30±1℃、35±1℃5种恒温下,相对湿度低于60％腐食酪螨几乎不能存活,高湿环境条件才有利于该种群正常繁衍。在适宜相对湿度范围,湿度与腐食酪螨成螨存活率关系显著,温度与腐食酪螨卵的发育历期、成螨日均产卵量关系极显著。     

腐食酪螨成螨形态观察

利用光学显微镜观察腐食酪螨成螨外部形态特征。通过观察发现,腐食酪螨雄性成螨体长约300～440μm,表皮光滑,附肢4对呈淡棕色,各足均着生有刚毛和感器;胛内毛（sci）较胛外毛（sce）长;基节上毛（ps）膨大且有刺状侧突;背毛（d）4对,d1最短,d4最长;腹面可见圆形的肛吸盘和前肛毛（pra）各1对。雌螨体型较雄螨大,长约486～492μm,生殖区位于腹面第Ⅲ、Ⅳ基节之间,生殖毛3对;肛门达躯体末端,周围着生有肛毛（a）5对,肛后毛（pa）3对。通过对腐食酪螨成螨外部形态结构的观察为其科学分类提供了实验依据。     

由逻辑质方法判断粉螨传播霉菌的特性

用逻辑质的方法分析在仓贮与实验环境中粉螨传播霉菌的逻辑特征。方法 :分别作实验和自然环境的粉螨传播霉菌的研究 ,用逻辑质方法对实验结果作逻辑判断 ;结果 :表明“2粉螨在 2种环境均传播霉菌”为真 ( T 1 - 1 ≤ 2 .4887,P>0 .0 5 ;T 1 - 1 ≥ 4.65 3 7;P<0 .0 5 ) ,并从 α与 β统计误解释了第 3类错误 ;结论 :从逻辑上肯定“粉螨在仓贮环境下传播霉菌”为真     

腐食酪螨有效积温的研究

腐食酪螨 Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank) ,是世界性仓储物品和食用菌重要害螨 ,也是人体皮炎、体内螨病及螨性过敏的主要病原。本文研究了该螨的有效积温。经测定 ,腐食酪螨全世代的发育始点为 8.38± 1.5 1℃ ,有效积温为 2 2 1.72日度 ;卵、幼螨、第一若螨和第二若螨的发育始点分别为 10 .4 7± 2 .31℃、8.0 9± 2 .36℃、9.0 9± 1.16℃和 10 .5 9± 1.73℃ ,有效积温分别为 4 1.79日度、5 8.0 6日度、36 .2 7日度和 39.5 3日度。     

Detection and identification of species-specific bacteria associated with synanthropic mites

Internal bacterial communities of synanthropic mites Acarus siro, Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Astigmata) were analyzed by culturing and culture-independent approaches from specimens obtained from laboratory colonies. Homogenates of surface-sterilized mites were used for cultivation on non-selective agar and DNA extraction. Isolated bacteria were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) and cloning sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using universal bacterial probes was used for direct bacterial localization. T-RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed distinct species-specific bacterial communities. The results were further confirmed by cloning and sequencing (284 clones). L. destructor and D. farinae showed more diverse communities then A. siro and T. putrescentiae. In the cultivated part of the community, the mean CFUs from four mite species ranged from 5.2?×?10(2) to 1.4?×?10(3) per mite. D. farinae had significantly higher CFUs than the other species. Bacteria were located in the digestive and reproductive tract, parenchymatical tissue, and in bacteriocytes. Among the clones, Bartonella-like bacteria occurring in A. siro and T. putresecentiae represented a distinct group related to Bartonellaceae and to Bartonella-like symbionts of ants. The clones of high similarity to Xenorhabdus cabanillasii were found in L. destructor and D. farinae, and one clone related to Photorhabdus temperata in A. siro. Members of Sphingobacteriales cloned from D. farinae and A. siro clustered with the sequences of "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" and as a separate novel cluster.     

Temperature preference and respiration of acaridid mites

The thermal preferences in a grain mass and respiration at various temperatures in mites (Acari: Acarididae) of medical and economical importance [Acarus siro (L. 1758), Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes 1961, Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank 1871), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank 1781)] were studied under laboratory conditions. Based on the distribution of mites in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., grain along a thermal gradient from 10 to 40 degrees C, L. destructor, D. farinae, and A. siro were classified as eurythermic and T. putrescentiae as stenothermic. The lowest preferred temperature was found for D. farinae (28 degrees C), followed by A. siro (28.5 degrees C), L. destructor (29.5 degrees C), and T. putrescentiae (31.5 degrees C). The relationship between the respiration rate and the temperature was similar for all four mite species. The highest respiration was found in the range from 31 to 33 degrees C. This is approximately 2 degrees C higher than the preferred temperature of these species. The lower temperature threshold of respiration ranged from 1 to 5 degrees C and the upper threshold ranged from 45 to 48 degrees C. Acclimatization of A. siro to temperature regimes of 5, 15, and 35 degrees C resulted in thermal preferences between 9 and 12 degrees C, 9 and 20 degrees C, and 28 and 35 degrees C, respectively. The respiration rate of acclimatized specimens increased with the temperature, reaching a maximum at 29.0 degrees C for mites acclimatized at 5 and 15 degrees C and a maximum at 33.7 degrees C for those acclimatized at 30 degrees C.     

New trifluoromethanesulfonanilide compounds having high miticidal activity against house dust mites

Several 2-alkoxycarbonyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilides were prepared to examine their miticidal activity. 4-Halo-2-alkoxycarbonyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilides in particular showed good miticidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Tp), Dermatophagoides farinae (Dp) and Chelacaropsis moorei (Cm). Amidoflumet (methyl 5-chloro-2-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]aminobenzoate) was selected and has been developed as a new miticide for house dust mites.     

Freeze mortality characteristics of the mold mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae, a significant pest of stored products

The mold mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank) is a common pest of stored food products. Until recently, commodity and facility treatments have relied on acaricides and fumigants to control this mite. However, T. putrescentiae will cause infestations in areas where acaricide or fumigant use may be restricted, prohibited, or highly impractical. Because temperature is an essential factor that limits the survival of arthropod species, extreme temperatures can be exploited as an effective method of control. Making low-temperature treatments reliable requires better temperature-time mortality estimates for different stages of this mite. This was accomplished by exposing a representative culture (eggs, nymphs, and adults) of noncold-acclimated T. putrescentiae to subfreezing temperatures to determine their supercooling points (SCPs), lower lethal temperatures (LLTs) and lethal times (LTimes) at set temperatures. The results indicate that the adult and nymphal stages of T. putrescentiae are freeze intolerant; based on 95% CIs, the adult LLT90 of -22.5 degrees C is not significantly different from the SCP of -24.2 degrees C and the nymphal LLT90 of -28.7 degrees C is not significantly different from the SCP of -26.5 degrees C. The egg stage seems to be freeze tolerant, with an LLT90 of -48.1 degrees C, significantly colder by approximately 13.5 degrees C than its SCP of -35.6 degrees C. The LTime demonstrates that 90% of all mite stages of T. putrescentiae can be controlled within commodity or packaged product by freezing to -18 degrees C for 5 h. By achieving the recommended time and temperature exposures, freezing conditions can be an effective way of controlling mites and reducing chronic infestations.     

Efforts to control mites on Iberian ham by physical methods

This study is aimed at the development of a method for integrated mite control in the industrial production of Iberian and Alentejan ham. The investigations were carried out on the premises of five factories in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Tyrophagus longior was predominant on hams in the drying rooms, Tyrophagus putrescentiae in cellars, while Tyrolichus casei was observed only in one factory, together with Melichares dendriticus (Acari: Ascidae), a predator of tyroglyphids. Relative humidity levels below 60% reduced the growth of mites on the ham surface, but these conditions forced the mites to seek refuge: T. putrescentiae and T. casei were found in cavities inside the ham. At the end of the experimental curing period, 11% of the hams were totally disintegrated by mite damage inside. Mites survived high-temperature treatments which are detrimental to the hams: 71 degrees C, 11 min; 57 degrees C, 30 min and 40 degrees C, 96 h. They also survived a long low-humidity period: 1 month at 18 degrees C and 32% R.H.     

Molecular cloning and the allergenic characterization of tropomyosin from Tyrophagus putrescentiae

Storage mites have been recognized as a cause of asthma and rhinitis. Studies from several countries have shown that the IgE-mediated allergy to storage mites is of considerable importance, especially in rural populations. This study aimed to identify and characterize new allergens from Tyrophagus putrescentiae. A partial cDNA sequence encoding tropomyosin was isolated from the cDNA library by immunoscreening using anti-mouse IgG1 sera raised against T. putrescentiae whole body extract. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 64-94% identity with previously known allergenic tropomyosins. Its recombinant protein was produced by using a pET 28b expression system and purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose. The IgE reactivities of tropomyosins from T. putrescentiae and Dermatophagoides farinae were compared by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Recombinant Tyr p 10 showed 12.5% (5/40) IgE-binding reactivity, whereas recombinant Der f 10 showed 25% (10/40) IgE-binding reactivity against the same sera from storage mite-sensitized and house dust mite-sensitized subjects. Both recombinant Tyr p 10 and Der f 10 showed little inhibition of IgE binding to T. putrescentiae crude extract by ELISA. Tropomyosin seems to contribute only a small portion of the cross-reactivity with house dust mites.     

Comparative analyses of proteolytic activities in seven species of synanthropic acaridid mites

Microplate assays with 96 wells were optimized to screen proteolytic activities in mite homogenates. Whole-mite extracts of Acarus siro, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyroborus lini, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Dermatophagoides farinae exhibited non-specific proteolytic activity in buffers from pH 2 to 12, and three peaks of highest activity at pH 3, 5-6, and 10 were distinguished. The reducing agent Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride decreased general proteolytic activity on azocasein at pH 5 and 6. The results obtained on two non-specific substrates, azocasein and azoalbumin, showed highly different ranks of the species at pH 5 and 6. Proteolytic activities toward N(α)-Benzoyl-D,L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride, N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide, N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine 4-nitroanilide, Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginine-L-arginyl 4-nitroanilide, and N-Methoxysuccinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-methionine 4-nitroanilide (MAAPMpNA) were highest at alkaline pH, but the activity toward MAAPMpNA was also high at pH 5 and 6. In contrast, N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide (AAPpNA) and L-arginyl 4-nitroanilide (ArgpNA) had the highest activity recorded at pH 6. The high activities observed on AAPpNA, ArgpNA, and MAAPMpNA at digestive pH suggest that enzymes present in these extracts could have the majority of proteolysis in the mite gut. Evidence of the presence of proteolytic activities on all tested substrates and in all the tested mite homogenates suggests that the proteolytic activities may contribute to allergenicity. Poor or undetected hydrolytic activities of mite extracts toward substrates for keratin and collagen at digestive pH underline the importance of ecological interactions between mites and microorganisms in the utilization of such substrates.     

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) in the in vitro cultures of slime molds (Mycetozoa): accident,contamination, or interaction?

Experimental and Applied Acarology - Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), commonly known as the cereal mite, cheese mite, or ham mite, is a cosmopolitan species reported from various environments in...     

叶螨及两种替代食物对尼氏真绥螨发育和繁殖的影响

在温度25 ℃、相对湿度80％条件下,以油茶花粉、二斑叶螨和腐食酪螨3种食物饲喂尼氏真绥螨,研究不同食物对尼氏真绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明：尼氏真绥螨虽能取食腐食酪螨的卵,但因摄食量不足导致不能完成正常发育;而取食油茶花粉和二斑叶螨能正常完成发育,并进行繁殖.取食油茶花粉的尼氏真绥螨全世代发育历期、雌螨寿命、产卵历期、平均每雌总产卵量分别为6.18 d、24.97 d、16.72 d和23.03粒,取食二斑叶螨的尼氏真绥螨分别为5.67 d、25.72 d、18.17 d和25.38粒;以二斑叶螨为食的尼氏真绥螨发育快,寿命和产卵历期长,平均每雌产卵量高.以油茶花粉和二斑叶螨为食的尼氏真绥螨实验种群数量动态均呈上升趋势,其中以油茶花粉饲养的种群趋势指数最高（I=14.28）,以二斑叶螨饲养的种群加倍时间最短（t=3.5201 d）.