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1.
白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究 II. 环境因素的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Kraseh.)是中国西北部沙漠的流动及固定沙丘上广泛分布的优势种灌木。白沙蒿种子为需光种子,种子在光下萌发而在黑暗中受到抑制。种子萌发的适宜温度为25℃,在10℃和30℃萌发速率和萌发率都很低,萌发在5℃受到抑制。种子在沙中被埋越深,其萌发速率和萌发率就越低。在沙平面下2cm或更深层沙土下出苗率为零。但是,当将种子上层沙土移走,只保留0.5cm沙土覆盖种子,这些种子的萌发率达到原先就位于沙土下0.5cm的种子的萌发率,但是后者的萌发速率较高。土壤水分含量越高,从1.7%到14.7%,其萌发就越快。土壤水分含量从19.4%起,种子的萌发受到了延迟,苗的发育受到了抑制.  相似文献   

2.
濒危植物合柱金莲木种子萌发特性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
研究了合柱金莲木种子萌发的生物学特性,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因和机制。结果表明:合柱金莲木种子萌发的适宜温度为25℃,萌发率为56.67%,在20℃和30℃条件下,萌发速度和萌发率均较低,且在30℃条件下,幼苗不能正常生长,萌发在15℃受到抑制。土壤含水量在20%~30%,种子正常萌发,随着土壤含水量的升高,萌发开始时间缩短,萌发速度加快。种子萌发需要光照,为需光种子。种子在河沙、粘质壤土、沙土3种不同的基质中萌发率并无显著差异,但在粘质壤土和沙土中生长的幼苗长势较好。不同地理种源的种子,其种子质量存在差异,融水种群种子萌发率高,幼苗长势好。合柱金莲木种子萌发速度慢,萌发不整齐,幼苗生长缓慢,使得其在种间竞争中处于不利地位,且种子萌发对温度的适应范围狭窄,再加上林下光照不足限制种子萌发,这些因素是导致该物种自然更新困难的重要原因。  相似文献   

3.
浑善达克沙地黄柳种子发芽和幼苗生长特性的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
崔秀萍  刘果厚  贺晓 《西北植物学报》2006,26(11):2312-2317
在实验室通过模拟野外自然条件,研究了土壤水分、沙埋厚度和温度对黄柳种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)黄柳种子对水分条件很敏感,发芽的适宜土壤含水量为3%~20%,低于3%或高于20%发芽都会受到抑制;(2)种子萌发需要沙土覆盖,适宜覆沙厚度为0.1~0.4 cm,此条件下第5天种子发芽率达80%以上;但当沙埋厚度超过0.6 cm时,种子出苗就会受到抑制;当沙埋厚度超过1.2 cm时,将不能出苗;(3)种子发芽的适宜温度为15~35℃,当温度高于45℃时种子将不能萌发并最终死亡;(4)幼苗的耐热性较强,40℃处理下幼苗出现热害症状,并且热害症状发展缓慢,60℃处理下90 min后幼苗干枯死亡;(5)种子的寿命为120 d左右。  相似文献   

4.
温度及盐胁迫对地梢瓜种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以地梢瓜种子为试料,研究不同温度(5~45℃)及不同浓度NaCl胁迫(0~300mmol·L~(-1))对种子萌发及其抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着温度升高,种子各萌发指标呈先升高后降低的趋势,过高或过低均显著抑制种子正常萌发,萌发最适温度为25℃,在5℃和35℃条件下种子恢复萌发率均达95%以上。(2)随着NaCl浓度升高,种子萌发率、萌发势、活力指数呈显著下降趋势,而其相对盐害率呈增加趋势,且在300mmol·L~(-1)NaCl时萌发受到完全抑制;种子根系活力仅在高浓度NaCl(150mmol·L~(-1))下受到显著抑制;种子在解除盐胁迫后可一定程度恢复萌发,但最终依然受到盐胁迫的显著抑制,且盐浓度越高抑制越严重,其耐盐适宜浓度为65.25mmol·L~(-1)。(3)种子萌发率与盐胁迫下POD、APX活性呈显著正相关关系,而与相应O_2~生成速率、MDA含量呈显著负相关关系;种子活力指数与盐胁迫下CAT活性呈显著负相关关系。研究发现,地梢瓜种子萌发受到NaCl胁迫的显著抑制,保护酶POD与APX在盐胁迫种子萌发过程中发挥着主要抗氧化作用;地梢瓜适于在中度盐渍土中萌发生长。  相似文献   

5.
丛毛垂叶榕种子萌发的光敏感性及其生态意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以丛毛垂叶榕(Ficns benjamina L.var.nuda)种子为实验材料,研究了温度、光照、植物激素(GA3、6-BA、乙烯)和含氮化合物(硝普钠、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐)对种子萌发的影响,讨论了光在丛毛垂叶榕种子萌发中的生态意义。在交替光照下(14h光照,10h黑暗,12μmol m^-2s^-1),种子在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃和30℃,20℃下的最终萌发率分别为87.5%、100%、100%、100%、98%、89%和100%;种子的平均萌发时间分别为34.7d、16.3d、5.6d、4.8d、6.4d、9d和6.3d。黑暗条件下,种子在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃和30℃/20℃下萌发35d,种子的萌发率为零;添加交替光照后,种子迅速萌发。0.5~20μmol m^-2s^-1的光照强度显著地增加种子的最终萌发率,不同的光照强度对种子的最终萌发率没有明显的影响,但影响种子的萌发速率。在24h光暗周期下,种子的最终萌发率随着光期长度的增加而显著提高。在连续光照下处理24h、36h和48h后能够促进种子在随后的连续黑暗中萌发。不同浓度的GA3、6-BA、乙烯、硝普钠、NaNO3和NaNO2处理不能代替光照在黑暗条件下促进种子萌发,添加交替光照后,种子迅速获得萌发能力。丛毛垂叶榕种子的上述萌发行为与其长期适应热带雨林的生境密切相关。  相似文献   

6.
柠条种子萌发对不同光照强度和沙埋深度的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为揭示柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发对光照强度和沙埋深度的响应,在不同光强(55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS和2.2%NS)和沙埋深度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.5 cm)下,研究了柠条种子的萌发特征。结果表明:光强对柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均影响显著;沙埋深度显著影响萌发指数和活力指数;光强与沙埋深度的交互作用显著影响萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数。柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在除0 cm外的其他沙埋深度均随着光强的减弱逐渐减小;活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度随着光强的减弱表现为增大趋势,而在其他沙埋深度随着光强的减弱持续减小或波动性减小。在55.4%NS、18.9%NS和5.5%NS光强下,萌发率在1.0 cm沙埋深度最大(分别为45.0%、30.6%和27.5%),0 cm沙埋深度最小(分别为22.2%、22.1%和20.0%),萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均随着沙埋深度的增加先增大后减小,且均在0.5~2.0 cm沙埋深度最大;在2.2%NS光强下,所有萌发参数均随沙埋深度的增大逐渐减小,其中萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在1.0、2.0和4.5 cm沙埋深度均显著小于0 cm沙埋深度(P0.05),而活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度与其他沙埋深度间的差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。研究表明,光照和沙埋是影响柠条种子萌发的重要环境因子,沙埋可增大种子萌发对光照的依赖;适度沙埋在强光下促进柠条种子萌发,但在弱光下则抑制种子萌发。  相似文献   

7.
条叶百合种子萌发的研究   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
研究了不同光,温对条叶百合(Lilium callosum)种子萌发的影响。研究结果表明:(1)避光条件下温度对栽培堪年生条叶百合种子萌发影响最大,其种子萌发最适宜温度为25℃,4-5天开始萌动,1-2周萌发完全,随着温度的程升高或降低其种子萌发率下降。但在5℃时萌发率又有大幅升高,35℃种子萌发完全受到抑制。(2)同一果序歹同位置果实的种子萌发以最下部果实为好,中间果实次之,上部最差。(3)同一果实内中部种子萌发最好,下部种子次之,上部种子最差,上,中,下三部分种子萌发率与其千粒重呈正相关。(4)在相同实验条件下,野生条叶百合与栽培4年生条叶百合种子萌发率一致。但萌发完全时间比栽培条叶百合多14天。(5)贮藏一年后条叶百合种子萌发率没有下降。  相似文献   

8.
研究了青藏高原东缘3种灌木种子(山梅花Philadelphus incanus、高山绣线菊Spiraea alpina和南川绣线菊S.rosthornii)经过0、40、80和160 d 5℃冷藏后,在5℃/25℃、12h/12 h光/暗培养下的萌发特性以及室温干储120 d后在白光、黑暗、红光、蓝光和12 h/12 h白光/黑暗(变光)5个水平,10℃/25℃变温培养下的萌发特性。结果表明:冷藏时间对3种灌木种子的萌发率和萌发速率均有极显著的影响,冷藏能提高山梅花和南川绣线菊种子的萌发能力,而不利于高山绣线菊种子的萌发;光照对山梅花种子萌发率有极显著的影响,红光和白光/黑暗培养下的萌发率最高,萌发速率最快,黑暗和蓝光培养条件下的种子萌发率最低,萌发速率最慢;光照对南川绣线菊种子萌发率和萌发速率有显著影响,白光、红光、蓝光、白光/黑暗培养下种子的萌发率均在80%以上,明显高于黑暗条件下,但红光下种子的萌发速率最快,蓝光下的萌发速率最慢;不同光照下高山绣线菊种子萌发率没有差异,均在93%以上,但红光和黑暗条件下种子的萌发速率最快,蓝光下的萌发速率最慢。本实验结果表明,冷藏作为一种打破种子休眠的常用手段,其作用因种而异;红光作为萌发的促动因子,其对各物种作用较为一致。  相似文献   

9.
Ca^2+和CaM在莴苣种子萌发中的作用   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
莴苣种子萌发对温度敏感,22℃时光、暗下萌发率均达70%以上,25℃光、暗下都不能萌发。Ca~(2 )专一性螯合剂EGTA、Ca~(2 )通道抑制剂LaCl_3和CoCl_2、CaM拮抗剂CPZ和TFP均能抑制22℃下种子萌发。22℃光下浸泡种子10小时后加LaCl_3和CoCl_2,其对萌发抑制效应明显降低。增加培养介质中Ca~(2 )浓度可以逆转La~(3 )和Co~(2 )对萌发的抑制。  相似文献   

10.
青阳参种子的萌发   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
青阳参(Cynanchum otophyllum)种子在11月成熟时有休眠习性。收获后将其种子种植在自然温室内,到第二年的春天种子才会萌发,且大多数种子在3月28至4月4日间萌发,这期间的日平均最高和最低温度分别为19.0℃和9.9℃。层积能有效地打破青阳参种子的休眠,休眠种子通过大约1周的层积便能萌发。种子在有光的条件下层积1周后转移到25/15℃的黑暗条件下萌发率可达到75.4%。青阳参种子不论在有光的条件下还是在黑暗环境中层积2~3周后转入30/20和25/15℃进行变温处理,其萌发率最低能达到66.4%,而转入20/10℃变温处理其萌发率最多只能达到20.1%,但若层积6周,即便在20/10℃变温处理的情况下其萌发率也可以达到65.3%以上。  相似文献   

11.
种子萌发和幼苗生长对沙丘环境的适应机制   总被引:13,自引:2,他引:11  
综述了植物沙生适应机制的研究及其进展.一些植物的种子在刚成熟时具有休眠特性.种子需要适度沙埋促进萌发并实现幼苗定居,但过度沙埋则会抑制种子萌发和出苗.在沙层深处,没有萌发的种子会进入休眠状态,形成土壤种子库.幼苗通过增加节数和延长节间来适应沙埋.沙埋深度超过植物的忍耐限度会抑制幼苗生长,甚至导致幼苗死亡.沙生植物必须适应其他环境因子,如盐风与土壤盐分、昆虫采食、土壤养分亏缺等,才能在沙丘上成功生长.沙蚀可导致幼苗根系暴露并干燥脱水.一些沙漠植物的幼苗在萌发后可忍耐一段时期的干燥,水分条件得到满足之后,幼苗能够恢复生长.  相似文献   

12.
Fat, oil and grease in wastewater can be difficult to treat because of their slow decomposition. Traditional pretreatment facilities to remove fat, oil and grease from wastewater are increasingly costly. The hypothesis in this study was that pretreatment of animal fat-containing wastewater in sand and sand/gravel filters facilitates the conversion of slowly degradable organic matter measured as the difference between chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) for subsequent biological treatment. The pretreatment was evaluated using simulated turkey-processing wastewater and coarse sand and sand/gravel filters at a constant hydraulic loading rate of 132 L/m2/day. Two types of fixed media reactors were employed: (i) one set with a varying depth of coarse sand, and (ii) the second was similar but with an additional pea gravel cap. The results indicated that the relative removal of COD was slightly improved in the sand bioreactors with a pea gravel cap irrespective of the depth of coarse sand, but partial conversion to BOD5 was not consistently demonstrated. Pea gravel may act as a sieve to entrap organic matter including fat globules from the wastewater. Multiple dosing at the same daily loading rate slightly improved the treatment efficiency of the sand bioreactors. The ratios of influent-COD/effluent-COD were always greater than 1.0 following a change in the dosing frequency after a rest period, suggesting that organic matter, specifically fat globules in this case, was retained by the column matrix.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract. The delta section of the Mediterranean coast of Egypt canbe divided ecologically into four main habitats: salt marsh, sand formation, reed swamp and fertile non-cultivated land. In each habitat vegetation types can be distinguished based on the dominance of single species. The salt marsh habitat comprises five such communities dominatedby: Zygophyllumaegyptium, inula crithmoides, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Juncus acutus and Ha-locnemum strobilaceum. The vegetation of the sand formation includes 11 communities dominatedby: Elymus farctus ssp.farctus, Alhagigraecorum, Cynodon dactylon, Heliotropium curassavicum, Stipagrostis lanata, Thyme-laea hirsuta, Moltkiopsis ciliata, Asparagus stipularis and Pancratium maritimum (sand dunes), Cressa crética and Phragmites australis (sand flats). The reed swamp habitat is dominated by Typha domingensis. In the fertile non-cultivatedlandAlhagigraecorum, Cynodon dactylon and Heliotropium curassavicum are the dominants. Quantitative cluster analysis revealed a lower number of clusters than there are dominance types, but on the whole the two systems are similar. Ordination and subsequent analysis of correlation between vegetation gradients and soilfactors showed that the decisive soil factors for the variation in salt marsh vegetation are moisture availability and CaC03 content, and for the sand formation soil moisture, - fertility and - salinity.  相似文献   

14.
15.
李宣民 《人类学学报》1992,11(2):126-133
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16.
雅鲁藏布江中游沙地植物区系特征   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
从雅鲁藏布江中游沙地植物区系的地理成分来看,其特有种非常丰富。在82个主要建群种和常见伴生种中,有31种为特有种,而且这些特有种大都是新近从邻近植物区系中分化出来的,但特有属很少或几乎没有。这说明,本区沙地植物区系是一个年轻的区系。本区沙地植物区系成分还表明,它既不完全是一个衍生的区系,也不完全是就地起源的,而是以东亚区系为主,在青藏高原的隆升过程中,发生了其邻近植物区系成分的迁移和渗透。  相似文献   

17.
We demonstrate the action of the dental promoter muscles in advancing the continuously growing teeth of sand dollars and sea urchins. Teeth wear at the occlusal end, while new calcite is added to the opposite end. Dental ligaments rigidly hold teeth during chewing, but soften and reform during advancement. The source of forces that advance the teeth was unknown until our discovery of the dental promoter muscles. The muscles, which underly the tooth, attach centrally to the stereom of the pyramid of the Aristotle''s lantern (jaw) and peripherally to a membrane that covers the distal end of the tooth. The muscles shorten along an axis nearly parallel to the long axis of the tooth. We stimulated contraction by addition of acetylcholine, with increasing concentrations of acetylcholine generating higher forces. Forces exerted by this muscle are appropriate for its size and are 1000 times lower than forces exerted by interpyramidal muscles that generate chewing forces. In sand dollars, a single muscle contraction of the dental promoter muscle can account for half the mean daily advancement of the teeth.  相似文献   

18.
This study investigates lightning density in relation to burning frequency in five South African biomes. Data from automatic lightning flash counters distributed throughout South Africa are used to estimate the range and mean values of annual lightning ground-strike density in each biome. The lowest average lightning frequencies were recorded in the karoo and fynbos biomes, while the highest values were obtained in the sour and inland mountain divisions of the grassland biome, with intermediate values computed for the savanna-woodland and forest biomes. These results were compared with published findings on the effects of different burning frequencies on plant communities in each biome. In general, plant communities occurring in areas experiencing the highest annual lightning densities (e.g., sour and mixed grassland, and moist savanna-woodland) tolerate and require more frequent burning than those typical of areas subject to lower lightning densities (e.g., fynbos, forest, sweet grassland, and arid savanna-woodland). These findings suggest that the constituent plant populations in each biome have adapted to burning frequency according to the local probability of ignition by lightning in the areas they inhabit, and that present day responses of plant communities to burning reflect their ancestral exposure to fire in the course of their evolutionary development under pre-existing, natural fire regimes.Research sponsered by the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. We thank the Director, National Electrical Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Pretoria, South Africa, and H. Kröninger, Lightning Research Division, NEERI, for providing data on lightning ground-strike densities and coordinates and elevations for counters in South Africa. We thank Drs J. H. Bock and M. T. Mentis for commenting on an early draft of this paper.  相似文献   

19.
In this study we investigated in laboratory conditions the presence of alternative reproductive tactics in the sand goby and describe proximate factors affecting their expression and success. We describe the reciprocal interactions of resident males, females, and sneaking males. The pre-spawning phase proved to be important for successful nest intrusions by sneakers. The number of sneakers had no effect on the frequency of successful intrusions. When small males had exclusive access to nest sites, they built a nest and courted females, showing a full behavioural repertoire. The intensity of courtship was, however, strongly positively correlated with body size. Using microsatellite DNA markers we assessed paternity shares of territorial and sneaker males in a subset of all replicates. Following successful nest intrusion sneaker males fertilised 5–10% of the eggs. Our interpretation of the results is that sneaking in the sand goby is a conditional tactic, one that is less successful than the normal nest guarding behaviour, at least for one spawning event. Received in revised form: 9 March 2001 Electronic Publication  相似文献   

20.
Parasites with indirect life cycles require trophic transmission from intermediate hosts to definitive (vertebrate) hosts. Transmission may be facilitated if parasite infection alters the behavior of intermediate hosts such that they are more vulnerable to predation. Vulnerability to predation may also be influenced by abiotic factors; however, rarely are the effects of parasites and abiotic factors examined simultaneously. The swash zone of sandy beaches is a particularly harsh environment. Sand crabs (Emerita analoga) burrow rapidly in the swash zone to avoid predators and dislodgment. We examined prevalence and abundance of the acanthocephalan parasite Profilicollis altmani in sand crabs, and investigated the synergistic effects of sand grain size (an important abiotic factor), parasite infection, body size and reproductive condition on burrowing speed in females, from three California sites. More heavily parasitized crabs burrowed more slowly, making them potentially more vulnerable to predation by marine bird definitive hosts. Ovigerous females harbored more parasites than non-ovigerous females, but burrowed more quickly. All crabs burrowed slowest in the coarsest sand, and burrowing times increased with repeated testing, suggesting that it is energetically costly. Abiotic and biotic factors influence burrowing, and behavioral variation across sites may reflect the response to natural variation in these factors.  相似文献   

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