松毛虫卵期几种寄生蜂的共寄生现象及其对寄生率的影响

松毛虫赤跟蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura 白跗平腹Pseudanastatusalbitarsis Ashmead松毛虫宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron olitarium(Harig), 松毛虫黑卵蜂 Telenomus dendrolimusi Chu和大蛾卵跳小蜂Ooenvyrtus Kuwanae(Howard)是松毛虫卵期几种主要寄生蜂。通过对上述几种寄生蜂寄生习性的研究表明：赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂不但能寄生新鲜害虫卵,还可以寄生对方已寄生并巳发育1-3天的寄生卵,但羽化串均不高;松毛虫宽缘金小蜂不寄生新鲜害虫卵,专门寄生赤眼蜂寄生后巳发育1-7,天的寄生卵,其中又以赤眼蜂发育3-5天的卵寄生串和羽化率为最高。除赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂可以混合使用外,其它蜂种混用都不同程度地存在相互排挤的现象。如果先让平腹小蜂寄生尔后再让赤眼蜂寄生或先让赤眼蜂寄生,尔后再让跳小蜂或黑卵蜂寄生,能够提高卵块寄生串和充分发挥各自天敌的作用。     

寄生天敌对东安马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus Walk.)数量消长作用的初步考查

1.据1954年考查,东安马尾松毛虫的天敌很多,尤其是寄生天敌,它是限制或抑制松毛虫大发生的决定性因素。 2.卵期的寄生天敌有:松毛虫黑卵蜂,赤眼蜂,平腹小蜂,白角小蜂,名和小蜂及金小蜂等六种,其中以前三种较为重要。 3.第一代松毛虫的卵寄生率为12.76％,其中黑卵峰的寄生率达5.83％,第二代松毛虫的卵寄生率为40.61％,其中黑卵蜂的寄生率达33.45％。 4.松毛虫各种卵蜂羽化时期及数量的观察,使我们初步了解卵蜂的一些生物学特性,对于今后饲放卵寄生蜂防治松毛虫的措施提供了重要依据。 5.幼虫期的寄生天敌有:两色瘦姬蜂,黑胸姬蜂,红头小茧蜂,黄甲腹小茧蜂,毒蛾绒茧蜂,寄生蝇类及白僵病菌等,其中以白僵病菌及寄生蝇类较为重要。 6.三次幼虫期寄生天敌的考查可以看出:越冬代老熟幼虫的死亡率(包括寄生率)达56.62％,第一代幼虫的死亡率(包括寄生率)达82.83％,第二代幼龄幼虫的死亡率(包括寄生率)达40.83％,幼虫期的死亡率(主要是寄生率)相当高。 7.蛹期的寄生天敌有:日本黑点姬蜂,大腿蜂,花胸姬蜂,黑瘤姬蜂,松毛虫瘤姬蜂,寄生蝇类及白僵病菌等,其中以日本黑点姬蜂、寄生蝇类及白僵病菌等较为重要,但需指出,可能是因为病菌寄生的原因,未羽化蛹的比例很大,如在越冬代占36.68％,第一代占40.11％,这是值得今后深     

我国马尾松毛虫寄生性天敌的研究进展

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus(Walker)的寄生性天敌主要包括寄生蜂和寄生蝇类两大类。文章列出我国马尾松毛虫主要寄生蜂58种和寄生蝇类20种的名录与寄生的虫态,着重综述了松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimiMatsumura、松毛虫黑卵蜂Telenomus dendrolumusiChu、白跗平腹小蜂Anastatus albitarsis(Ashmead)、黑足凹眼姬蜂Casinaria nigripes(Gravenhorst)、松毛虫脊茧蜂Aleiodes dendrolimi(Matsumura)等5种优势种寄生蜂的研究和应用进展,同时还介绍马尾松毛虫寄蝇在野外寄生状况、室内饲养繁殖等方面的研究概况,以期为马尾松毛虫寄生性天敌的进一步研究提供借鉴。     

竹类害虫的六种寄生蜂及二新种记述（膜翅目：跳小峰科）

本文报导与竹类害虫有关的６种跳小蜂。长缘刷盾跳小蜂Ｃｈｅｉｌｏｎｅｕｒｕｓｃｌａｖｉｇｅｒ及优赛跳小蜂Ｅｕｓｅｍｉｏｎｃｏｒｎｉｇｅｒｕｍ,寄生竹巢粉蚧Ｎｅｓｔｉｃｏｃｃｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ的初寄生者花翅跳小蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｅｒｙｓｓｐｐ．;瓢虫隐尾跳小蜂Ｈｏｍａｌｏｔｙｌｕｓｆｌａｍｉｎｉｕｓ,寄生黑缘光瓢虫Ｅｘｏｃｈｏｍｕｓ（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｃｏｒｎｓ）ｎｉｇｒｏｍａｒｇｉｎａｔｕｓ;白胫短缘跳小蜂Ｚａｏｍｍａｅｒｉｏｃｏｃｉ（Ｔａｃｈｉｋａｗａ）中国新记录,寄生竹巢粉蚧的初寄生者花翅跳小蜂;四斑长索跳小蜂ＡｎａｇｙｒｕｓｑｕａｄｒｉｍａｃｕｌａｔｕｓＸｕｅｔＨｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,寄生竹绒粉蚧Ｅｒｉｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｔｒａｎｓｖｅｒｓｕｓ;长脉卵跳小蜂ＯｏｅｎｃｙｒｔｕｓｌｏｎｇｉｖｅｎｏｓｕｓＸｕｅｔＨｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,寄生竹卵圆蝽Ｈｉｐｐｏｔｉｓｃｕｓｄｏｒｓａｌｉｓ。标本及模式标本保存在浙江农业大学寄生蜂标本室。     

米蛾对三种赤眼蜂的适合性及被寄生后卵内游离氨基酸含量的变化

寄生发生前寄生蜂的寄生行为及寄生发生后寄生蜂的生长发育情况能够反映出寄主对寄生蜂的适合性,而寄生蜂对寄主营养物质的吸收和利用是寄生蜂完成发育的生理基础。为了从寄生蜂利用寄主营养能力的角度探讨寄主对不同种赤眼蜂适合性变化的原因,本文观察了以米蛾Corcyra cephalonica Stainton卵为寄主时拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusumViggiani、松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi Matsumura和玉米螟赤眼蜂T. ostriniae Pang et Chen的寄生行为及发育和存活情况,测定了被寄生米蛾卵内游离氨基酸的含量 。结果发现,玉米螟赤眼蜂的产卵时间为84.9 s,显著长于拟澳洲赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂的产卵时间。拟澳洲赤眼蜂检测寄主所需时间为30.8 s,显著长于玉米螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂所需时间,但从每寄主卵中羽化出的拟澳洲赤眼蜂数量显著高于松毛虫赤眼蜂及玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生的结果。3种赤眼蜂卵+幼虫的发育历期间不存在显著差异,但卵成虫的发育历期间存在显著差异。玉米螟赤眼蜂幼虫期和预蛹期的死亡率均显著高于拟澳洲赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂相应虫期的死亡率。这些结果表明：米蛾卵对松毛虫赤眼蜂及拟澳洲赤眼蜂的适合性高于对玉米螟赤眼蜂的适合性。未被寄生的米蛾卵内游离氨基酸的总量在24～96 h时间段内从开始的2.194 mg/mL逐渐下降到1.565 mg/mL,而被寄生的米蛾卵内游离氨基酸总量均出现先升高后下降的现象。被松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生的米蛾卵内游离氨基酸总量在48 h达到最高值,分别为4.239 mg/mL和3.222 mg/mL,被玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生的米蛾在72 h达到最高值,为4 .323 mg/mL,显示同玉米螟赤眼蜂相比,松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂能够更快地分解利用寄主营养。这些结果提示,3种赤眼蜂利用米蛾卵内营养物质能力的不同导致了米蛾卵对3种蜂适合性的不同。     

关于两种赤眼蜂寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的首次报道

本文首次报道了在室内从18个赤眼蜂蜂种中筛选出食胚赤眼蜂Thichogramma embryophagum Hartig、安荔赤眼蜂Thichogramma oleae Voegele et Pointel对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生能力.结果表明,食胚赤眼蜂与安荔赤眼蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生率分别为21.67%和29.00%,寄生蜂的羽化率分别为81.76%和80.49%,显示出这两种蜂在生物防治上具有一定的应用前景.     

东北地区四种本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾寄生能力及适应性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是新入侵我国的重大危险性入侵害虫,赤眼蜂是我国生物防治的优势卵寄生蜂,可用于防治多种农林作物上的鳞翅目害虫。为检测东北地区本地赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的生防潜能,筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的有效蜂种,本研究比较研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、黏虫赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和发育适合度。结果表明,4种赤眼蜂均能寄生草地贪夜蛾卵,并完成发育,但其寄生能力和发育适合度存在显著差异。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵块寄生率均高于80%,但仅松毛虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵表现出较高的卵粒寄生量。松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂子代羽化率和雌性比无显著差异,但松毛虫赤眼蜂比其它3种赤眼蜂的发育历期更短,而稻螟赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力和适合度均最差。研究结果将为应用本地赤眼蜂生物防治潜在入侵东北地区的草地贪夜蛾提供技术支撑。     

繁育寄主对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生行为及寄生能力的影响

【目的】繁育寄主影响赤眼蜂的生物学特性,为明确米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead是否和二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)卵繁育稻螟赤眼蜂在防治二化螟上有差别,及田间用米蛾卵作为稻螟赤眼蜂续代寄主的可行性,本实验观察了羽化自不同寄主的稻螟赤眼蜂的寄主选择和寄生行为,研究了两种繁育寄主对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生能力的影响,为田间防治水稻螟虫提供参考信息。【方法】室内利用选择试验观察了由米蛾卵和二化螟卵繁育出的稻螟赤眼蜂对两种寄主的选择趋性及在两种寄主上的寄生行为和寄生能力,统计了羽化子代蜂的寿命。【结果】由二化螟卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂表现出了对二化螟卵的选择偏好,而米蛾卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵和二化螟卵间没有表现出寄主选择偏好。寄主搜寻时间不受繁育寄主及供试寄主的影响,卵表探测时间和穿刺及产卵时间不受繁育寄主的影响,但同一寄主繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的卵表探测时间显著长于在二化螟卵上的卵表检测时间。除二化螟卵繁育蜂寄生二化螟卵时的寄生率（36.95%）和羽化率（45.68%）较低外,米蛾卵繁育蜂寄生米蛾卵或二化螟卵以及二化螟卵繁育蜂寄生米蛾卵等3组处理间的寄生率、羽化率均无显著差异,各处理组间子代蜂寿命也无显著差异。【结论】繁育寄主影响稻螟赤眼蜂的寄主选择和寄生能力,但不影响寄生蜂搜寻寄主的能力和寄生行为。     

平腹小蜂Anastatus sp.个体发育与马尾松毛虫胚胎发育的相互影响

在28℃恒温下,松毛虫的胚胎发育期为7—8天;平腹小蜂的个体发育周期为19天左右,其中胚胎期约2天。如果松毛虫在产卵后12小时,胚胎发育到盘形成期以后,被平腹小蜂寄生,则胚盘在半小时内解体离散成匀质;产卵后约36小时,胚带形成后被寄生,经约5—12小时,胚带开始破坏而逐渐解体离散成为小颗粒;松毛虫胚胎发育到胚动以后,甚至将近孵化时,仍可被平腹小蜂寄生,并将离散后的寄主胚胎组织吞食殆尽,发育成蜂,破卵壳出来。在松毛虫胚胎发育早期被寄生,卵粒寄生率高,蜂的成活率也高,反之则低。 同一寄主卵可被一头或多头平腹小蜂复寄生。一粒寄主卵内的寄生蜂卵可达9粒,但最后只羽化一头蜂。     

松毛虫卵跳小蜂生活习性的初步观察

<正> 松毛虫卵跳小蜂Ooencyrtus sp.是落叶松毛虫卵期主要寄生蜂之一,自然寄生率24.1—30.3％,对控制松毛虫为害起重要作用。现将六年来观察的情况整理如下。 一、生活史 松毛虫卵跳小蜂,在海林林区一年发生三代。第一代蜂于6月份出现;第二代蜂7月中旬羽化,下旬达到羽化盛期;第三代蜂于8月中旬     

Parasitism and predation of stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) eggs in Georgia corn fields

Nezara viridula L. and Euschistus servus (Say) are the predominant species of phytophagous stink bugs on corn, Zea mays L., in Georgia. Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.) occurs in relatively low numbers, and the predatory stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) is commonly found. Limited information is available on natural biological control of these four stink bug species in Georgia corn fields; therefore, a 6-yr study of parasitism and predation of their eggs was initiated in 2003. Naturally occurring stink bug eggs were parasitized by six scelionid species, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), T. thyantae Ashmead, T. brochymenae (Ashmead), T. euschisti (Ashmead), Telenomus podisi Ashmead, Telenomus calvus Johnson, and one encyrtid species, Ooencyrtus sp. T. basalis was the most prevalent parasitoid of N. viridula, parasitizing E. servus and P. maculiventris eggs at low levels. T. podisi, the predominant parasitoid species emerging from eggs of E. servus and P. maculiventris, also parasitized O. p. pugnax eggs exclusively and parasitized N. viridula eggs at low levels. T. euschisti and T. thyantae parasitized E. servus egg masses. T. brochymenae parasitized eggs of both E. servus and P. maculiventris. T. calvus parasitized only P. maculiventris eggs. The same species of egg parasitoids that parasitized naturally occurring eggs of N. viridula and E. servus parasitized sentinel eggs of these bugs, except that no T. calvus and Ooencyrtus sp. were obtained from sentinel eggs, and T. thyantae and T. brochymenae emerged from sentinel eggs of N. viridula. Generally, parasitization of an egg mass was either greater than or equal to predation of sentinel eggs of N. viridula and E. servus. However, on some dates in late June and July, predation of sentinel egg masses was numerically approximately twice as high as parasitism. Results indicate stink bug egg parasitoids and predators are significant factors in the natural biological control of stink bugs in corn fields.     

两种赤眼蜂在半自然条件下对灰白蚕蛾卵的搜索寄生能力

灰白蚕蛾Ocinara varians Walker是近几年来我国南方发生比较严重的园林害虫之一,赤眼蜂是其卵期的一种重要天敌,为寻找灰白蚕蛾有效的生物防治措施,本实验研究了半自然条件下松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura和短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum Riley对灰白蚕蛾卵的搜索寄生能力。实验结果表明,在挂卵量相同的情况下,3种不同经历的松毛虫赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的搜索能力都随蜂卵比的减小而降低。在各蜂卵比下,3种不同处理的松毛虫赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的寄生率明显高于相应地3种不同处理的短管赤眼蜂。在蜂卵比为1∶1时,具有羽化后学习经历的松毛虫赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的搜索能力最强,其寄生率达50.66%,显著高于幼期学习蜂和无经验蜂,而幼期学习经历对其搜索效果无明显地影响。短管赤眼蜂无论是羽化后学习经历还是幼期学习经历对其搜索行为均无明显影响。     

In Vitro Development of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Long-term Stored, Freeze-dried Artificial Media

Freeze-dried media were successfully used to facilitate the rearing of oophagous parasitoids of the Trichogramma genus under artificial conditions. These media can be prepared when biological material, such as insect haemolymph, is available, and then stored for later use for several months. The development of two Trichogramma dendrolimi strains from China (TdC) and Italy (TdI) and Trichogramma brassicae (Tb) in rehydrated freeze-dried media was tested with artificial host egg cards. About 5560 artificial host eggs were used in the experiments. The percentages of parasitism, pupation and emergence were similar in rehydrated freeze-dried media stored for 8 months and in fresh media. For TdI, the freeze-dried media centrifuged after rehydration induced a higher percentage parasitism, and media that were not centrifuged induced a higher percentage pupation. This could be due to minor modifications in the balance between free and total amino acids. The development parameters observed varied slightly according to the species or strain of Trichogramma tested (TdC, TdI or Tb). Polyvinyl alcohol smeared on the artificial eggs strongly improved egg laying and reduced the variability of the development parameters. Freeze-drying, which does not alter the performance of the media, is a process suited for the long-term storage of artificial media for parasitoids.     

Effect of fertilized,unfertilized, and UV‐irradiated hosts on parasitism and suitability for Trichogramma parasitoids

Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids have been commonly used as biological control agents in insect pest management. Host quality is believed to influence parasitism, host preference, and suitability for parasitoids. To date, limited studies have compared the parasitism of Trichogramma parasitoids on fertilized, unfertilized, and sterilized host eggs. Hence, we studied the performance of three Trichogramma egg parasitoids, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, and Trichogramma leucaniae Pang & Chen, on fertilized, unfertilized, and ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiated fertilized (UVF) eggs of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). In a no‐choice test, T. japonicum and T. leucaniae parasitized significantly more fertilized or UVF than unfertilized hosts, and T. chilonis parasitized significantly more UVF than either fertilized or unfertilized hosts. In a choice test, all three Trichogramma parasitoids parasitized UVF hosts the most, and unfertilized hosts the least. There were similar percentages of adult emergence and female progeny among fertilized, unfertilized, and UVF hosts for all three Trichogramma parasitoids, except that T. japonicum had significantly lower adult emergence on fertilized hosts. We also found that all three Trichogramma parasitoids developed slower on unfertilized hosts. Regardless of host treatments, T. leucaniae had the longest developmental time and T. chilonis had the shortest. We conclude that Trichogramma parasitoids prefer parasitizing UVF eggs of C. cephalonica without negative effects on their emergence and sex allocation.     

Host age and host selection byTrichogramma nubilale

Selection byTrichogramma nubilale (Ertle & Davis) for different aged egg masses ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) was examined by separating components of parasitism. FemaleT. nubilale were exposed to egg masses of 2 different ages (freshly laid egg masses versus 1, 2, 3 or 4 day old egg masses), and the age of the initial egg mass inspected, number and percent of eggs and egg masses parasitized, and the emergence rate of pharate parasitoids was recorded. When there was a large difference in age between young and old egg masses, ♀♀ inspected initially more young egg masses (>2 days difference), parasitized a greater percent of young egg masses (>2 days difference), and parasitized more eggs/parasitized egg mass in young egg masses (>3 days difference) than old egg masses. Females did not discriminate between host age when hosts were similar in age. Successful emergence of parasitoids was greater from younger eggs than older eggs, although emergence was better from one-day-old eggs than from fresh eggs. These results imply that when the hosts were sufficiently different in age, ♀♀ were attracted to younger egg masses more than older egg masses, and they tended to remain ovipositing for longer periods of time on younger egg masses than older egg masses. Moreover, ♀♀ appeared to prefer to oviposit in hosts in which their young are more likely to complete development.      

Structure of egg-batches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. and Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae), egg parasitoids and rate of egg parasitism on the Iberian Peninsula

In four regions of the Iberian Peninsula 273 egg-batches of the pine processionary moth were collected after hatching of the caterpillars in 1991 and 1992. After collection, the batches were stored singly in test tubes closed with foam stoppers under laboratory conditions at 20–25°C. The number of eggs in each egg-batch varied between 37 and 312 and the length of the batches between 0.6 and 4.2 cm. Independently of the pine species infested, seven to nine rows of eggs were counted, wrapped around one pair of needles. A correlation was found between number of eggs and the product of number of egg rows and length of egg-batches (82% <  r ²  < 97%). Oviposition almost always started from the base towards the tip of the needles. The egg parasitoids that emerged were counted daily, removed and identified. Later in the year of oviposition, after the end of the period of emergence of the parasitoids, the scale cover of the egg-batches were removed. One year later, all eggs were opened and the contents, such as parasitoid meconia and remains of caterpillars, were determined. The hatching rate of the caterpillars varied from 47.2 to 79.7%. The rate of parasitism fluctuated between 11.3 and 31.7%, but 44% of parasitoids died before successful emergence. Four species of Chalcidoidea were identified: Baryscapus servadeii (Dom.), Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet), Anastatus bifasciatus (Fonsc.) and Trichogramma sp. Baryscapus servadeii and O. pityocampae were the most abundant species, followed by Trichogramma sp. Baryscapus servadeii emerged mainly in June and O. pityocampae in April or June, depending on the region. For A. bifasciatus only males, and for B. servadeii females emerged except one male. In O. pityocampae , a relatively high percentage of males (5.4–10.4%) was found.     

Natural egg parasitism of Tibraca limbativentris Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice crop in the State of Maranhão, Brazil

The rice stem bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stal, is an important pest of rice in Brazil. This work evaluated the occurrence of parasitoids in eggs of T.limbativentris egg parasitism in rice crops in the Maranh?o State. The eggs collected exhibited an average parasitism of 32%. The parasitoids collected were Telenomus podisi (Ashmead), Trissolcus urichi (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Oencyrtus submetallicus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).