长突小蟋螽(直翅目：蟋螽科)雌性新发现

文章首次记述了采自云南省临沧市沧源县勐角镇翁丁村南滚河自然保护区的蟋螽科Gryllacrididae小蟋螽属Microlarnaca长突小蟋螽M.dicrana的雌性,其与M.fansipan雌性较相似:下生殖板横宽,突起表面具不规则的骨化横褶,腹瓣基部具1对小圆叶;主要区别:前者下生殖板突起端部钝圆,后者突起的端部角形凹入。检视标本保存于大理大学昆虫生物医药研究院。     

彩丽金龟属新种记述(金龟子科,丽金龟亚科)

本篇记述了国内金龟子科丽金龟亚科彩丽金龟属的新种9种,模式标本分别存于下列单位:Mimela bidentala,M.flexuosa,M.bimaculata,M.hirtipyga,M.bifoveolata 5新种存中国科学院动物研究所;M.laevicollis,M.flavocincta 2新种存中国科学院中南昆虫研究所;M.parva新种存中国科学院华东昆虫研究所;M.rugicollis新种存中山大学生物系昆虫标本室。     

In vitro plant regeneration of Aristolochia indica through axillary shoot multiplication and organogenesis

Protocols for in vitro plant regeneration via axillary and adventitious shoot regeneration were established in an important medicinal plant, Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae). Basal Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 0.54 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 13.31 μM benzyladenine (BA) induced the maximum number of shoots (45-50) from shoot tip and nodal segment cultures. Phenolic accumulation in leaf and internodal stem derived callus cultured in MS medium containing NAA or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and BA or kinetin was controlled by the addition of 1.0 mg l^-1 phloroglucinol (PG) to the callus induction medium. Basal medium supplemented with 2.69 μM NAA, 13.31 μM BA and 1.0 mg l^-1 PG induced the best results in terms of shoot bud regeneration from leaf derived callus. Direct de novo development of shoots from leaf segments was achieved using 13.31 μM BA along with 50 mg l^-1 activated charcoal. The microshoots were rooted in White's medium supplemented with 2.46 μM indolebutyric acid. More than 85% of rooted plants survived in the soil. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein changes associated with plant regeneration in embryogenic calli of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.).

Plant regeneration from cultured immature inflorescence segments (3–5 mm) of sugarcane (Saccharum sp) var. CP 5243 was obtained via somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic callus culture was initiated on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (13.5 μM) over 30 days. The callus was subcultured every 15–20 days on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (4.5 μM), arginine (50 mg l^-1) and proline (500 mg l^-1). The callus was subjected to five treatments: 2,4-D (4.5 μM), Picloram (8.2 μM) and Dicamba (22.6 μM). SPC was determined at the beginning, after 20 days in culture, and every 24 hours thereafter up to 72 hours. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed based on soluble protein content. Some differences were found between SPC and bands (intensity and number) for all treatments associated with shoot formation. The results point out the association of soluble protein content and callus regenerative ability of sugarcane cv. CP5243 and suggest the presence of a marker protein (between 55–70 kDa) for embryogenic callus regeneration ability in this cultivar. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

MicroRNA对不完全变态昆虫变态及生殖调控作用的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在真核生物中由内源基因编码的小分子RNA,参与昆虫变态、生殖发育、细胞分化等多种重要生物学过程,在转录水平上发挥重要作用.在完全变态昆虫中,大量调控其变态及生殖的miRNA被广泛报道且进行了深入的研究,但miRNA调控不完全变态昆虫的变态及生殖发育的研究仍比较少,对其具体的调控机制也需要进一步阐明.为此,本文综述了近年来miRNA在调控不完全变态昆虫(以直翅目飞蝗Locusta migratoria、半翅目褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和蚜虫以及部分蜚蠊目昆虫为代表)的变态及生殖方面的研究进展,以期深化理解miRNA对不完全变态昆虫变态和生殖发育方面的机制,为害虫生态治理和综合防控提供科学依据.     

昆虫生殖与激素的关系

昆虫生殖一般是通过两性来完成的。在生殖过程中,从精子、卵子发生、交配到产卵,除了受外界环境因素(光、温度、湿度、食物等)影响以外;还受内分泌器官的激素来调节控制。昆虫怎样通过外界环境因素诱导内分泌器官的激素来调节控制自身的生殖,这是昆虫生殖生理的一个重要问题。对这个问题的了解不仅在昆虫生殖方面有理论意义,而且在指导如何抑制害虫生殖和大量繁育益虫具有实际意义。     

昆虫生理学进展第二册

本书是接着 第一册出版后 (1963年,见昆虫知识第9卷第1期64页)在1964年出版的,其中包括6篇论文,按次为:1.Andersen,S.O.和T.Weis-Fogh:节肢弹性硬朊(Resilin);2.Beament,J.W.L.:昆由体内水分的主动运输和被动移动;3.Burkhardt,D.:昆虫对于颜色的辨识;4.Cottrell,C.B.:昆虫的蜕皮,特别有关表皮的硬化和暗化;5.Davey,K.G.:昆虫内脏肌的控制;6.Wiglesworth,V.B.:昆虫生长和生殖的激素调节。今将这几篇论文的内容扼要介绍如下。 节肢弹性硬朊是昆虫表皮中的一种橡皮状的结构蛋白质,1960年被发现后数年来在蝗虫蜻蜓等昆虫中被详细研究过。第一篇论文综述了这些研究的结果。此成分组成昆虫和甲壳类动物表皮的其些部分,其机能是给予表皮的这些部分以较大的变形能力,可以暂贮和释放机械能。在蝗虫和蜻蜓等昆虫中它是某些弹     

YC-1-like potentiation of NO-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by derivatives of protoporphyrin IX

The influence of protoporphyrin IX derivatives—2,4-di(1-methoxyethyl)-deuteroporphyrin IX disodium salt (dimegin) and hematoporphyrin IX (HP)—on the activation of human platelet soluble guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside was investigated. Dimegin and HP, like 1-benzyl-3-(hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)indazole (YC-1), produce synergistic effects on the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside. The synergistic activation of the enzyme by the combination of 10 μM sodium nitroprusside and 5 μM dimegin (or 5 μM HP) was 190 ± 19 and 134 ± 10%, respectively. The synergistic activation of guanylate cyclase by 3 μM YC-1 and 10 μM sodium nitroprusside was 255 ± 19%. Dimegin and HP had no effect on the activation of guanylate cyclase by YC-1; they did not change the synergistic effect of YC-1 (3 μM) and sodium nitroprusside (10 μM) on guanylate cyclase activity. The synergistic activation of NO-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity by dimegin and HP represents a new biochemical effect of these compounds that may have important pharmacotherapeutic and physiological significance. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 426–431.     

五羟色胺对昆虫取食、生殖和非遗传多型的调控

5-羟色胺广泛分布于昆虫神经系统和外围组织,调控多种生理过程和行为。研究表明,5-羟色胺可以降低昆虫取食量,促进嗉囊的收缩;5-羟色胺可以和多巴胺协同调控昆虫唾液的分泌,分别形成唾液的蛋白质和非蛋白质成分。5-羟色胺与多巴胺、保幼激素协同作用可以促进中华马蜂、美洲大蠊的卵成熟发育,还可与章鱼胺、直肠肽等协同调控多种昆虫输卵管的收缩。在昆虫生殖行为方面,5-羟色胺的调控主要表现为增强对性信息素的反应、抑制交尾后行为和维持生殖滞育。5-羟色胺通过诱导聚集行为调控蝗虫的型变,还与章鱼胺等信号分子协同调节蜜蜂、蚂蚁等社会性昆虫胚后发育和行为多型。5-羟色胺对昆虫取食、生殖及非遗传多型的调控机理还需深入研究。     

吸血昆虫生殖调控的分子机制

吸血昆虫是可以传播病原微生物的一类节肢动物,包括蚊虫、白蛉、蠓、猎蝽、跳蚤等。由于其特殊的吸血习性,它们成为了疟疾、登革热、丝虫病、锥虫病等急性传染性疾病的媒介载体。虫媒疾病具有传播速度快、扩散面积广和危害重等特点,不仅严重危害人类健康,还容易造成巨大的经济损失。由于针对虫媒传染病的药物匮乏以及虫媒病原对化学药物抗性的不断增加,阻断吸血昆虫的生殖成为控制虫媒疾病传播的有效措施。保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)和20-羟基蜕皮激素(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)在昆虫生殖过程中扮演着重要的角色。JH与胞内受体复合物Met/Tai结合后调控JH/Met靶基因表达,进而促进卵黄发生过程,为昆虫之后的吸血及产卵提供了必要条件;20E胞内受体为EcR/USP组成的异源二聚体,两者结合后激活下游基因表达,诱导卵黄原蛋白(vitellogenin, Vg)合成,为发育的卵巢提供营养。营养信号通路(胰岛素信号通路以及氨基酸介导的雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路)同样可以激活Vg合成,促进昆虫生殖;此外,营养信号通路与JH和20E之间可以相互作用共同调控吸血昆虫发育和繁殖。碳水化合物代谢以及脂代谢等能量代谢过程是昆虫生殖过程中主要能量来源,可以满足吸血昆虫生殖发育不同阶段极高的能量需求。研究表明,JH和20E信号通路在能量代谢过程中起着重要的调控作用;微小RNA在蚊虫这一类吸血昆虫中被证明与肠道微生物稳态、血液消化以及脂代谢等生理学过程密切相关,进一步影响了蚊虫卵巢发育。近年来,随着分子生物学及测序技术的革新,吸血昆虫生殖调控机制的研究不断取得新的进展。本文主要阐述了吸血昆虫生殖调控的分子机制研究进展,以期为通过调控吸血昆虫生殖的方法以阻断病原传播提供重要线索。     

In vitro construction of effective M1GS ribozymes targeting HCMV UL54 RNA segments

Seven sequence-specific ribozymes (M1GS RNAs) derived in vitro from the catalytic RNA subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P and targeting the mRNAs transcribed by the UL54 gene encoding the DNA polymerase of human cytomegalovirus were screened from 11 ribozymes that were designed based on four rules: (1) the NCCA-3′ terminal must be unpaired with the substrate; (2) the guide sequence (GS) must be at least 12 nt in length; (3) the eighth nucleotide must be U, counting from the site-1; and (4) around the cleavage site, the sites -1/ 1/ 2 must be U/G/C or C/G/C. Further investigation of the factors affecting the cleavage effect and the optimal ratio for M1GS/substrate was carried out. It was determined that the optimal ratio for M1GS/substrate was 2:1 and too much M1GS led to substrate degrading. As indicated above, several M1GS that cleaved HCMV UL54 RNA segments in vitro were successfully designed and constructed.Our studies support the use of ribozyme M1GS as antisense molecules to silence HCMV mRNA in vitro, and using the selection procedure as a general approach for the engineering of RNase P ribozymes.     

Organogenesis of Phaseolus angularis L.: high efficiency of adventitious shoot regeneration from etiolated seedlings in the presence of N6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron

A step-wise procedure for the regeneration of fertile plants by organogenesis from cultures of the economically important Phaseolus angularis L., cultivars: KS-6, KS-7 and KS-8 using etiolated seedlings was established. Pre-culture of 5-day old seedling explants with MS (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol Plant 15:473–493) + B₅-vitamins (Gamborg et al. (1968) Exp Cell Res 50:151–158) liquid medium containing either 5.0 μM TDZ or 5.0 μM BAP under dark condition was essential for organogenesis. Bud growth and shoot multiplication were stimulated by reducing the BAP concentrations from 5.0 to 2.5 μM after 3 weeks. The maximum frequency of shoot induction was 65.2% (33.8 ± 2.54 shoots/explant) in cultivar KS-8 followed by KS-7 34.6% (23.4 ± 1.91 shoots/explant) and KS-6 30.6% (21.2 ± 2.28 shoots/explant). The multiplied buds elongated after transferring to solid MSB₅ medium supplemented with 4.0 μM GA₃, 12.5 μM AgNO₃ and 0.4 μM IBA. Up to 98% rooting efficiency of was obtained when the shoots were pulse-treated with liquid medium containing 4.5 μM IBA for 10 min. The rooted plantlets were transferred to pots in the greenhouse, where they grew, mature, flowered and bared pod normally. The efficient shoot bud induction capability was found to be cultivar dependent. All the three cultivars tested formed multiple shoots. This efficient and rapid regeneration system may also be helpful for Agrobacterium- or particle gun-mediated transformation for this important legume crop.     

中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所图书馆原版新书目录(英文)

Anderson. John M. & Anderson, Heidi M., 1989: Palacoflora of Southern Africa: Molteno Formation (Triassic), v. 2 Gymosperms. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkcma.Boucot, A. J., 1990: Evolutionary paleobiology of behavior and convolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Allen. Keith & Briggs, Derek (ed.), 1989:Evolution and the fossil record. London: Belhaven Press.     

中国隆菌蚊属三新种记述(双翅目:菌蚊科)

本文记述中国隆菌蚊属Rondaniella Johannsen3新种,模式标本保存在浙江林学院昆虫标本室。1.古田山隆菌蚊Rondaniella gutianshanana Yu et Wu,新种(图1~2)雄:翅长2.0mm。新种与盾形隆菌蚊R.aspidoida Yu et Wu,2004相似,但新种生殖刺腹突上支近棱柱形,生殖突基肢节叶突具叶状附属物。正模:♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-Ⅶ-25,吴鸿采,编号931984。2.简单隆菌蚊Rondaniella simplex Yu et Wu,新种(图3~4)雄:翅长2.2~2.5mm。新种与盾形隆菌蚊R.aspidoida Yu et Wu,2004相似,但新种生殖刺腹突结构简单,少分支,生殖刺腹突上支具柱状棘,且其下方多粗长毛。正模:♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅳ-21,吴鸿采,编号940348。副模:1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅳ-22,吴鸿采,编号940296。3.爪突隆菌蚊Rondaniella unguiculata Yu et Wu,新种(图5~6)雄:翅长1.99~2.21mm。新种与欧洲种R.dimidiata Meigen,1804相似,但新种的生殖刺腹突具爪状分支。正模:♂,浙江临安天目山,500m,1998-Ⅶ-14,吴鸿采,编号981977。副模:1♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-Ⅹ-29,吴鸿采,编号931545;1♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-Ⅹ-29,邓一飞采,编号931785;1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅴ-10,吴鸿采,编号940790;1♂,福建武夷山,1989-Ⅷ,汪家社采,编号910298。     

昆虫脂肪体的代谢作用

<正> 昆虫体内蕴藏着大量的脂肪体。这些脂肪体从表面上看似乎只是类脂物的贮存,但实际上是昆虫生长、发育、变态和生殖等代谢活动的中心组织。由于脂肪体能贮存营养、解毒及为昆虫生命的周期活动提供各种生物合成的代谢产物,因此,人们将昆虫的脂肪体比拟为脊椎动物的肝脏。昆虫脂肪体的代谢作用是受激素调节控制的,本文介绍这方面研究结果的概况。 1.脂肪体的结构 昆虫的脂肪体有不同的形态,不同目的昆虫脂肪体的结构不同:有纸片状(半翅目)、绳子状(直翅目)、带状(鳞翅目)和球状(鞘翅目)     

早熟素Ⅱ对德国小蠊生殖的影响

早熟素即昆虫的抗保幼激素,是从菊科熊耳草中分离出的氧杂萘衍生物(2,2-二甲基-6,7-二甲氧杂萘).对某些昆虫具有提前变态、成虫不育等生理效应.人们期望它能成为第四代杀虫剂. 本文以德国小蠊(Blattella germanica)为对象,观察早熟素对其生殖的影响,并对作用机理进行探索,结果如下.     

Micropropagation for fraser photinia (Photinia × fraseri)

Embryo suspensor masses were induced by culture of isolated mature zygotic embryos of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.). Maximum induction frequencies were observed after 10 weeks culture on one-half strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing 10 μM thidiazuron and on one-half strength Verhagen and Wann medium containing 10 μM cytokinin [6-(dimethylallylamino)purine, 6-benzyladenine, or thidiazuron). Proliferation of embryo suspensor masses occurred on one-half strength Verhagen and Wann medium supplemented with 10 μM cytokinin. When embryo suspensor masses were transferred to media containing 5-80 μM abscisic acid, cotyledonary-stage embryos were formed. Somatic embryos germinated on medium lacking plant growth regulators, but abnormal cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos with stunted cotyledons and reduced embryo axes were also observed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Micropropagation of Sego Lily

The Sego lily (Calochortus nuttallii T. & G.) produces showy flowers and is a wild species indigenous to the western United States. A 3- to 5-fold increase in shoots per month was achieved when basal sections of bulbs were cultured on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium containing 88 mM sucrose and 8.9 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and subcultured every 28 d on the same medium but containing 88 mM sucrose, 2.2 μM BA, and 1.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid. Roots formed from 94% of shoots cultured at 13 °C on medium containing 88 mM sucrose and 2.7 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid. Bulbs formed at the base of shoots cultured on medium containing 263 mM sucrose. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

昆虫保幼激素类似物的合成与生物活性的研究

<正> 昆虫保幼激素类似物是一类昆虫生长调节剂,它能影响昆虫的生长、发育、变态和生殖等。这类药剂在国内外用于害虫防治和蚕丝增产方面的应用已有许多报道。为了寻找控制昆虫生长发育活性更高的化合物,我们合成了系列萜烯醚类昆虫保幼激素类似物,并对黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor L.蛹和舍蝇Musca domesticavicina Macq.初蛹进行了生物活性试验,化合物通式为:     

Interactive effects of cadmium and aluminum on growth and antioxidative enzymes in soybean

The effects of Al, Cd and pH on growth, photosynthesis, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and some antioxidant enzyme activities of the two soybean cultivars with different Al tolerance were determined using a hydroponic culture. There were six treatments as follows: pH 6.5; pH 4.0; pH 6.5 + 1.0 μM Cd; pH 4.0 + 1.0 μM Cd; pH 4.0 + 150 μM Al; pH 4.0 + 1.0 μM Cd + 150 μM Al. The results showed that the low pH (4.0) and Al treatments caused marked reduction in the growth (root and shoot length and dry mass), chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and net photosynthetic rate. Higher malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities were detected in the plants exposed to both Al and Cd than in those exposed to Al treatment alone. An expressive enhancement of SOD and POD was observed in the plants exposed to 150 μM Al in the comparison with the control plants, especially in Al-sensitive cv. Zhechun 2 which had also significantly higher Al and Cd content than Al tolerant cv. Liao-1. Cd addition increased Al content in the plants exposed to Al + Cd stress, and cv. Zhechun 2 had relatively lower Al content. The present research indicated that Al and Cd are synergistic in their effects on plant growth and some physiological traits.