高CO2浓度对红掌的生长和光合作用的影响

以开顶式塑料薄膜温室为设施,研究了红掌叶片光合速率、植株生长和光合酶活性对高CO2浓度的响应.结果表明处理30d时,处理组T1(700±100 μmol CO2 mol-1)的株高、单叶面积、株鲜重分别比对照组(大气CO2浓度360±30 μmol CO2 mol-1)增加了12.8%、2.39%、29.2%,而处理组T2(1 000±100 μmol CO2 mol-1)的株高、单叶面积、株鲜重分别比对照增加了8.7%、1.81%、27.2%.在各自处理条件下测定的T1和T2的净光合速率分别比对照增加27.0%和33.8%,且在对照条件下测定的各处理组的净光合速率也均高于对照.处理组的气孔导度与蒸腾速率下降,但却促进了叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉积累,而叶绿素含量并没有明显变化.高浓度CO2能促进Rubisco活性增加,而乙醇酸氧化酶活性则明显下降.     

红松幼苗对CO_2浓度升高的生理生态反应

研究了用开顶箱控制CO2 浓度在 5 0 0和 70 0 μmol·mol-1左右时红松幼苗的生理生态反应 .结果表明 ,高浓度CO2 (5 0 0、70 0 μmol·mol-1CO2 )和对照 (对照开顶箱、裸地 )条件下 ,红松幼苗的净光合速率与气孔导度之间的变化不同 .红松幼苗在 5 0 0 μmol·mol-1CO2 条件下 ,RuBPcase活性最高 ,呈现光合上调反应 ,日平均净光合速率最大 ,叶绿素及可溶性糖含量最高 ;而生长在 70 0 μmol·mol-1CO2 的红松幼苗呈现光合下调反应 ,光合作用明显低于对照植株 ,其酶活性及物质含量均最低     

高CO2浓度对温带三种针叶树光合光响应特性的影响

将长白山地区阔叶红松林中主要针叶树种红松、红皮云杉和长白落叶松的幼苗 ,盆栽于模拟自然光照和人工调节CO2 浓度为 70 0和 40 0 μmol·mol-1的气室内两个生长季 ,在各自的生长环境条件下 ,利用CI 30 1PS便携式CO2 分析系统测定针叶的光合光响应曲线 .结果表明 ,不同树种及同一树种的不同CO2浓度处理间差异明显 .比较饱和净光合速率、暗呼吸、光补偿点、光饱和点、及光能利用率 (QUE)的变化可见 ,长白落叶松为阳性树种 ,其光合作用对高CO2 浓度的适应能力较好 ,红松树种次之 ,阴性树种红皮云杉光合作用对高CO2 浓度适应能力最差 .并初步探讨了供试树种光合生理特性及其演替状况间的联系     

不同CO2浓度下长白山3种树木幼苗的光合特性

选取长白山针叶树红松 (Pinuskoraiensis)、长白赤松 (Pinussylvestriformis)和阔叶树水曲柳(Fraxinusmandshurica)幼苗为研究对象 ,以开顶箱的方式控制CO2 浓度为 5 0 0和 70 0 μmol·mol-1,经过 3个生长季CO2 处理后 ,分别测定了 3个树种的 3年生幼苗在高浓度CO2 和大气CO2 浓度下的光合特性 .结果表明 ,前两个生长季高浓度CO2 处理增强了 3个树种幼苗的光合能力 ;不同树种在相同CO2 浓度下 ,最大净光合速率及光响应参数值不同 ;第 3个生长季 ,除 5 0 0 μmol·mol-1CO2 下生长的长白赤松外 ,各树种的幼苗在高浓度CO2 下并未发生“光合驯化”现象 ;最大净光合速率及光响应参数值随CO2 处理时间的延长有不同幅度的增减 ;高浓度CO2 改变了树木幼苗对强光和弱光的利用能力 .     

施氮和大气CO2浓度升高对小麦旗叶光合电子传递和分配的影响

采用开顶式气室盆栽培养小麦,设计2个大气CO2浓度(正常:400 μmol.mol-1;高:760 μmol·mol-1)、2个氮素水平(0和200 mg·kg-1土)的组合处理,通过测定小麦抽穗期旗叶氮素和叶绿素浓度、光合速率(Pn)-胞间CO2浓度(C1)响应曲线及荧光动力学参数,来测算小麦叶片光合电子传递速率等,研究了高大气CO2浓度下施氮对小麦旗叶光合能量分配的影响.结果表明:与正常大气CO2浓度相比,高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,高氮处理的小麦叶片叶绿素a/b升高.施氮后小麦叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ反应中心最大量子产额(Fv'/Fm')、PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例(qr)和PSⅡ反应中心实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)在大气CO2浓度升高后无明显变化,虽然叶片非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著降低,但PSⅡ总电子传递速率(JF)无明显增加;不施氮处理的Fv'/Fm'、φPSⅡ和NPQ在高大气CO2浓度下显著降低,尽管Fv/Fm和qp无明显变化,JF仍显著下降.施氮后小麦叶片JF增加,参与光化学反应的非环式电子流传递速率(Jc)明显升高.大气CO2浓度升高使参与光呼吸的非环式电子流传递速率(J0)、Rubisco氧化速率(V0)、光合电子的光呼吸/光化学传递速率比(J0/Jc)和Rubisco氧化/羧化比(V0/Vc)降低,但使Jc和Rubisco羧化速率(Vc)增加.因此,高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,而增施氮素使通过PSⅡ反应中心的电子流速率显著增加,促进了光合电子流向光化学方向的传递,使更多的电子进入Rubisco羧化过程,Pn显著升高.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO2浓度升高[CO2浓度平均为(550+60) μmol·mo1-1]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:与对照[ CO2浓度平均为(389+40) μmol·mol-1左右]相比,大气CO2浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)分别升高11.7％和9.8％,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别下降32.0％和24.6％,水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5％;在蕾期,CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO2浓度升高使绿豆叶片Fo增加19.1％,Fm和Fv分别下降9.0％和14.3％,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm分别下降25.8％和6.2％.表明大气CO2浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

温州蜜柑叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光对低温的响应

研究了低温对温州蜜柑叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光的影响 ,结果表明 :(1) 8℃低温处理 18h对气体交换和叶绿素荧光影响不大。 (2 ) 2℃低温处理 15h后 ,净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs)、羧化效率 (CE)下降 ,胞间CO2 浓度 (Ci)升高 ,表观量子效率 (AQY)和叶绿素荧光参数F0 及Fv/Fm没有显著变化。 (3)室外自然低温处理 2和 7d ,Pn、Gs、CE、饱和CO2 光合速率、AQY及Fv/Fm显著下降 ,Ci及F0 显著升高 ;在 2 0℃室内 ,Fv/Fm、F0 和AQY比CE和Pn恢复快。 (4 )低温胁迫使Jf(依据叶绿素荧光参数计算所得的电子传递速率 )和Jc(依据CO2 同化测定所得的电子传递速率 )下降 ,Jf/Jc 值升高。 (5 )低温处理降低了Pn和光呼吸速率 (Pr) ,但Pr下降的速率小于Pn下降的速率     

遮荫对月季光合特性及生长发育的影响

采用人工遮荫法研究不同程度遮荫(75%、50%和25%全光照,以全光照为对照)处理对月季的生长发育、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)随着遮荫程度的增加,月季的叶片厚度、花径、成花率均呈降低趋势,叶绿素含量呈增加趋势;净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,气孔限制值(Ls)升高,Pn下降的主要原因可能为气孔限制。(2)月季在遮荫条件下的光饱和点和光补偿点、暗呼吸速率下降,表现出其对光照降低的生理适应机制;其光饱和点在600~1 200μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点在29.89~62.95μmol·m-2·s-1,CO2补偿点在78.16~89.41μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点在1 100μmol·mol-1左右,潜在光合能力13.06~25.63μmol·m-2·s-1,其对光的适应范围较宽,光照和CO2浓度对其光合能力的影响较大。(3)各处理条件下叶绿素荧光参数显示,月季在自然光和低光下(50%和25%全光照)叶片PSⅡ受到了明显伤害,光合作用原初反应过程受到抑制,光合电子传递受到影响。研究发现,月季虽是阳生植物,但光照生态幅较宽,轻度遮荫(75%全光照)能促进其光合作用效率,减少光抑制,植株长势好,成花率高。     

光照强度对烤烟光合特性及其生长和品质的影响

以NC89烟草品种为材料,用白纱布遮荫研究了100%、80%、50%和20%全光照处理对烤烟生长发育、光合特性及化学成分的影响.结果表明:(1)随光照强度的减弱,植株茎杆变细,叶片的长宽比增加,叶片数减少,出叶速度变慢,干物质重逐渐减少,并以80%的全光照条件下的株高、叶面积最大.(2)净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素a/b值均随光照减弱而逐渐下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素含量逐渐升高;叶绿素荧光参数Fm、ФPSⅡ、Fv/Fm、QP值逐渐增加.(3)烟碱、淀粉、还原糖、水溶性总糖、总酚含量随光照减弱而降低,而总氮和钾含量升高.综合分析各项测定指标发现,在大于或等于80%全光照(光照强度为770~1 125μmol?m-2?s-1)条件下,烤烟的生长指标变化不大,品质指标符合不同卷烟工业需要,适合优质烟叶的生产.     

CO_2增长对杉木中龄林针叶光合生理生态的影响

通过对 1 7a生杉木人工林小枝的活体测定 ,研究了大气 CO2 增长对杉木中龄林净光合、呼吸、气孔导度和水分利用效率等生理生态特性的影响。结果表明 ,在 CO2 浓度为 4 5μmol/ L左右时 ,杉木针叶净光合速率比正常大气 CO2 下提高 1倍以上 ,气孔导度和蒸腾速率有不同程度的降低 ,水分利用效率提高约 1～ 2倍 ;同时使光补偿点降低 ,饱和点和光抑制点提高 ,光量子效率提高 4 0 %～ 2 95%且阳枝大于阴枝 ,针叶暗呼吸降低 2 0 %～ 72 %。随着 CO2 浓度的增加 ,针叶净光合速率和水分利用效率呈线性上升 ,约到 4 5μmol/ L以后 ,增加速率减慢 ,但 CO2 饱和点可达 1 1 6μmol/ L以上。杉木针叶对CO2 增长的这种反应 ,对大气 CO2 不断增长的条件下杉木生长是有利的 ,但对其长期反应还有待进一步研究。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.