养之于斯——滇金丝猴的食物

在白马雪山,滇金丝猴栖息在3500米—4200米的冷杉林中,以长在冷杉树上的树挂地衣——松萝,当地人称“树胡子”为主要食物,这在非人灵长类中是非常罕见的。     

云南拉沙山滇金丝猴的种子传播

灵长类是森林中重要的种子传播者,其行为对于森林植物的更新具有重要的生态意义.虽然大量国外科学家关注了灵长类的种子传播行为,但我国的灵长类种子传播研究依然处于起步阶段,这不利于厘清我国灵长类的种子传播行为特点.本研究以云南拉沙山为研究地,关注滇金丝猴对果实性植物的取食及其对种子的传播作用,通过在夜栖地和午休地收集粪便分析灵长类的种子传播特点.结果表明:滇金丝猴共取食9科14种果实性植物,其中蔷薇科植物相对较多,共有6种,占所有植物种类的42.86%.果实特征影响着滇金丝猴的食物选择,滇金丝猴偏好选择肉质果植物和红色果实植物,分别有12种和8种,各占总数的85.71%和57.14%.不同类型的栖息地中,滇金丝猴粪便排放的种子有所差异,75%的种子被排放至夜栖地,仅有25%被排放至午休地.在夜栖地中,大量完整的蔷薇科植物种子被滇金丝猴排放至冷杉林中,这对于某些阔叶树种子在冷杉林中更新至关重要.本研究初步证实了滇金丝猴作为种子传播者在生态系统植物更新中的重要作用.     

白马雪山自然保护区南部塔城地区滇金丝猴食性及食物资源调查

自滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)在野外重新被发现以来,国内外学者就对其食性进行研究,因受到各种因素的制约,目前尚未形成一个完整的食谱.本研究以对白马雪山自然保护区响古箐和格化箐两个滇金丝猴猴群进行7～8年的食性观察为基础,形成滇金丝猴在研究地区的一个比较完整的食谱.同时通过实地采集、辨认滇金丝猴采食物种及其在不同的海拔、不同植被类型中的分布状况,汇总了滇金丝猴的食物资源分布情况.在调查地区猴群采食的种类有113种,其中菌类1种,地衣2种,种子植物110种,其采食的种类数远多于以往的记录.这种差异可能源于这两个猴群因长期与人接触,降低了对人的警惕性,下到低海拔杂木林以及频繁下地活动所致,并非是它们的食性发生了改变.滇金丝猴的食物组成表现出明显的季节性,提示该物种的食物供应的波动性很强.猴群周边社区居民对滇金丝猴食物有不同程度的利用,主要表现为伐薪烧柴、择木建房、采集食用和入药等.     

云南老君山金丝厂滇金丝猴群栖息地的环境特征

通过在云南省西北部老君山金丝厂滇金丝猴栖息地设置标准样方,调查该滇金丝猴群栖息地的环境特点,研究表明,金丝厂滇金丝猴群栖息地是以长苞冷杉和毛柱红棕杜鹃为主的亚高山寒温性针叶林,该群落发育较好,高大树木占有较大的比例,林下箭竹密度大.这些特征对该滇金丝猴群的安全和生存起着重要的作用.     

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月-2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究.采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分.研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%.木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%.冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05).     

滇金丝猴现状及研究进展

野外滇金丝猴目前仅存于金沙江和澜沧江间云岭山脉的一个狭小区域,种群大小约1 700只左右.面临着栖息地高度破碎化、较为猖狂的盗猎活动和日益严重的放牧干扰等问题.分子遗传学和形态学数据都充分证明,滇金丝猴是独立的种.生态学研究表明,滇金丝猴的食性存在季节性差异,其某种程度上的海拔迁移是食物的空间分布和温度相互作用的结果.种群遗传学研究进一步表明,滇金丝猴的遗传多样性比较贫乏,个体间的遗传距离P平均仅为 0.052.建议保护区管理部门根据实际情况尽快建立生态走廊,以促进滇金丝猴的遗传稳定性和多样性.     

滇金丝猴迁移习性的初步观察

1985年4—12月在白马雪山自然保护区观察了滇金丝猴Rhionpithecus bieti猴群的迁移习性,现报道如下。一、寻找猴群:据观察滇金丝猴栖息于海拔3200—4200米的暗针叶林中。过群居游走觅食的生活方式,所以在猴群活动过的森林中,枝叶、粪便散落很多,特别是云杉、冷杉、大杜鹃等枝叶显而易见。可以根据散落物的新鲜程度及粪便(呈算盘子形状,墨绿色)的干湿程度粗略判断猴群过往时间,猴群在迁移过程中喜欢在林间攀缘纵跳前进,由于体形大(成年雄猴体重约30—40公斤),跳跃时紧缩身躯,突发跃出,伸展四肢向前跳去,往往造成树枝断折,故一般以断落下来的…     

金丝猴分类及系统发育关系

本文对金丝猴的99项形态学特征的研究结果表明:川、滇、黔金丝猴应为三个独立的种;根据我国的地质变迁推测,川、滇金丝猴间分离最早,其次是川、黔金丝猴,最后是滇、黔金丝猴;由于特殊的生态环境,滇金丝猴是属中进化较完善者,而黔金丝猴是最原始者;至于分布在阿萨姆和上缅甸的金丝猴,如果存在,很可能是一个新种或属于滇金丝猴的一个新亚种。     

滇金丝猴——世界珍稀灵长类动物

滇金丝猴是我国特有的三种金丝猴之一。仅分布于云南省西北部及西藏东部。栖息于海拔3200—4200米的针阔混交林及暗高山针叶林带,过群居游走觅食的生活方式。数量稀少,也是很少为人所知的珍稀濒危物种。 经近几年的野外考察,已初步掌握了滇金丝猴的数量分布、种群结构、日活动及迁移习性、野生食性、生殖季节及栖息环境等。现已转入驯养繁殖及有关起源、分类进化地位、行为学,细胞遗传学等方面的研究工作。     

青木川自然保护区川金丝猴食性的季节性变化

2005～2008年于陕西省青木川自然保护区使用瞬时扫描法观察了川金丝猴的食性.结果表明,川金丝猴冬季和夏季共取食42种植物,可鉴定植物归属23科34属.川金丝猴食物类型包括果实、花、树叶、树皮、树芽.夏季取食21种植物的果实或树叶;冬季取食25种植物.树叶是其冬季主要食物,取食频次占总取食频次的73.0％;夏季取食果实的频次占总取食频次的72.2％,灯台树果实是其主要食物.啃食树皮行为主要发生在落叶阔叶林、针叶林与落叶阔叶混交林;在常绿和落叶阔叶混交林中,树皮啃食强度则相对较小.与其它地区金丝猴的食性比较,该地区川金丝猴食物谱较宽.蔷薇科和壳斗科植物在川金丝猴食物组成中最多,杨柳科、桦木科、山茱萸科、槭树科和忍冬科植物也取食较多.     

大小兴安岭泥炭的孢粉记录及演变过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析,揭示大注兴安岭分别于５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．、２７００ａＢ。．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。小兴安岭北部山地森林疲宣传早分为２个时期,５０００－３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．桦为主落叶阔叶林;３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．－－现今为红松、云冷杉为主,混有少量桦寒温必殖阔叶混交林。气候由温凉偏干向冷偏湿方向发展大兴安岭北部山地,２７００～１８００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来,已构成针叶林为主（樟子松     

First evidence of prey capture and meat eating by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan,China

Most extant nonhuman primates occasionally prey on fast-moving, warm-blooded animals; however, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae, and Colobinae either scavenged for meat or did not eat meat at all. Here we report six cases of animal consumption by the snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in a wild, habituated group between 2004 and 2009 in Yunnun, China. At present,only males in an all-male unit within the study group were involved in active hunting. Such a male-biased activity may be related to the group structure and spatial spread of R. bieti. Two females were observed eating freshly killed birds. The findings confirmed that R. bieti engaged in scavenging and, when hunting, employed a cranio-cervical bite to kill their prey. Meat eating is likely a nutrient maximization feeding strategy in R. bieti, especially in males. A begging behavior occurred after successful prey capture. Although begging was observed, no sharing of the meat was seen. The present findings illuminate the dietary diversity of R. bieti and their ability to expand their dietary spectrum.     

Habitat selection of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Tibet: implications for species conservation

As anthropogenic habitat changes are often considered a threat to natural ecosystems and wildlife, a sound understanding of the effects of habitat alteration on endangered species is crucial when designing management strategies or performing conservation activities. Black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) are categorized as endangered on the IUCN Red List and are endemic to the trans-Himalayas in China. At present, there are only 15 groups and 2,500 individuals remaining in the wild, and they are facing intense habitat degradation with selective logging for house building and firewood. Habitat deterioration through wood extraction is occurring at Xiaochangdu, Tibet, where one stable group of R. bieti lives in a marginal habitat in the northernmost part of the species' distribution. To understand the species' response to selective logging in an extremely marginal habitat, data on habitat preference and diet composition of a group of R. bieti were collected at Xiaochangdu from 2003 to 2005. The monkeys used different habitats nonrandomly during the year. The selection index for secondary conifer forest (SC), where selective logging has occurred, was the highest of all habitat types (>1), suggesting that the groups strongly preferred SC. The monkeys fed more on buds/leaves, more on flowers/fruit/seeds, and less on lichen in SC than in primary conifer forest (PC). Dietary diversity was significantly higher in SC than in PC. These results indicate that over the short term, low-intensity disturbances may result in increased foliage diversity that enable groups of R. bieti to survive in this marginal habitat.     

传统文化和社会经济活动对生物保护的正面影响: 来自西藏黑白仰鼻猴的实例研究(英文)

黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)是仅存于滇西北和藏东南的横断山脉的濒危灵长类动物,目前仅有野外15群约2500只个体,并且西藏红拉雪山自然保护区的小昌都群也许是自1988年调查以来唯一数量保持稳定的种群。通过调查访问、以及分析社会经济数据中隐含的保护信息,该文通过实例研究探讨了传统文化和社会经济发展模式对红拉雪山自然保护区小昌都猴群的影响,试图探讨传统文化和人类活动对该猴群种群保持稳定的正面影响:1)研究结果表明传统的生产方式对黑白仰鼻猴的生境保护有益,例如主要依靠畜牧业和非木材的林产品而不是毁林开荒种植青稞;2)受印度教和佛教影响的藏传佛教对生灵的敬畏,避免当地村民对黑白仰鼻猴的猎杀;3)一妻多夫的大家庭,其人均资源消耗(特别是薪柴,建房木材等)明显比一夫一妻的小家庭少,这种婚俗也许可以缓解人类索取相应自然资源时对黑白仰鼻猴的生境破坏。因此,考虑到小昌都是唯一种群稳定的群,我们认为是当地的社会生产方式、宗教文化以及婚俗习惯让小昌都群长期维持在该生境的最大容纳量。     

金丝猴的牙齿

牙齿对古生物、古人类研究是十分重要的。牙齿也是动物分类学所依据的重要特征之一,它所提供的亲缘证据和来自其他方面的材料多是相吻合的。在讨论和评价现生灵长类时,牙齿同样是不可缺少的材料之一。就目前所知,已发表的金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)牙齿的研究资料较少。Hooiier(1952)和Swindler(1976)对川金丝猴的牙齿只作了一个简单的记录和扼要的形态描述。至于滇金丝猴和黔金丝猴牙齿的研究纯属空白。为此,有必要对这三个类群牙齿的形态结构作一个简要的比较观察,试图找出它们之间和属间的异同点,为今后的综合性探讨提供基本材料。     

Phylogeography and population structure of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) inferred from mitochondrial control region DNA sequence analysis

Rhinopithecus bieti, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, is the nonhuman primate with the highest altitudinal distribution and is also one of the 25 most globally endangered primate species. Currently, R. bieti is found in forests between 3000 and 4500 m above sea level, within a narrow area on the Tibetan Plateau between the Yangtze and Mekong rivers, where it is suffering from loss of habitat and shrinking population size (approximately 1500). To assess the genetic diversity within this species, its population structure and to infer its evolutionary history, we sequenced 401 bp of the hypervariable I (HVI) segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) for 157 individuals from 11 remnant patches throughout the fragmented distribution area. Fifty-two variable sites were observed and 30 haplotypes were defined. Compared with other primate species, R. bieti cannot be regarded as a taxon with low genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis partitioned haplotypes into two divergent haplogroups (A and B). Haplotypes from the two mitochondrial clades were found to be mixed in some patches although the distribution of haplotypes displayed local homogeneity, implying a strong population structure within R. bieti. Analysis of molecular variance detected significant differences among the different geographical regions, suggesting that R. bieti should be separated into three management units (MUs) for conservation. Based on our results, it can be hypothesized that the genetic history of R. bieti includes an initial, presumably allopatric divergence between clades A and B 1.0-0.7 million years ago (Ma), which might have been caused by the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, secondary contact after this divergence as a result of a population expansion 0.16-0.05 Ma, and population reduction and habitat fragmentation in the very recent past.     

Micronutrient intakes of wild primates: are humans different?

Low micronutrient intake is implicated in a diversity of human health problems, ranging from problems associated with food insufficiency to those associated with food over-consumption. Humans are members of the order primates, suborder anthropoidea, and are most closely related to the great apes. Humans and apes are remarkably similar biologically. In the wild, apes and monkeys consume diets composed largely of plant foods, primarily the fruits and leaves of tropical forest trees and vines. Considerable evidence indicates that the ancestral line giving rise to humans (Homo spp.) was likewise strongly herbivorous (plant-eating). The wild plant parts consumed by apes and monkeys show moderate to high levels of many minerals and vitamins. The estimated daily intake of specific minerals, vitamin C and some other vitamins by wild primates is often quite high in comparison to intake levels of these same micronutrients recommended for humans. Are the high micronutrient intakes of wild primates simply a non-functional, unavoidable by-product of their strongly plant-based diets or might they actually be serving important as yet undetermined immunological or other beneficial functions? A better understanding of the basis for this apparent difference between humans and wild primates could help to clarify the range and proportions of micronutrients best suited for optimal human development, health and longevity.     

罗霄山脉种子植物区系及其南北分化特征

本文基于野外调查和文献资料整理, 对罗霄山脉种子植物区系及其自北向南5条中型山脉之间的区系过渡性特征进行了系统分析。结果表明: (1)该区域内野生种子植物有179科1,107属4,314种; 区系表征科主要以亚热带山地为现代分布中心。科的区系组成为: 单型科25科, 寡种科61科, 单型属465属, 寡种属432属, 呈现出区系特征上的孑遗性, 也显示出本地区系成分与典型热带成分及典型温带成分间存在密切交流。(2)科的地理成分共分为10个类型, 以热带性成分占明显优势, 热带性科83科及温带性科40科分别占非世界性科总数的67.48%和32.52%; 属的地理成分包括15个分布区类型, 以温带成分占优势, 温带性属534属及热带性属484属分别占非世界性属总数的52.46%和47.54%。属分布区类型以泛热带分布、热带亚洲分布、北温带分布、东亚分布为主, 体现出本地区与古热带植物区系及温带第三纪植物区系的紧密联系。(3)罗霄山脉5条山脉间区系组成呈现出明显的南北分异特征, 自北向南热带属与温带属比值逐渐增大, 北段幕阜山脉温带性成分明显占优势, 与华中区系关联密切, 而南段万洋山脉、诸广山脉热带性属较占优势, 分布有丰富的华南区系成分。罗霄山脉地区是重要的区系交流通道, 历史时期的气候波动是本地区现代区系分布格局形成的主要原因。