绞股蓝营养器官各发育阶段结构与总皂甙含量相关性的研究

应用组织化学定位技术及植物化学方法,研究了不同发育阶段绞股蓝茎叶的结构与其中人参皂甙分布积累和总皂甙含量的关系。绞股蓝内的人参皂甙通过特定的显色剂能显示从紫红到浅红的颜色反应,颜色深浅与人参皂甙含量呈正相关。结果表明,叶内的皂甙主要分布在叶肉组织内,未分化的叶肉组织比成熟组织含量高,衰老的叶片不含皂甙。茎内的皂甙主要分布于维管束的外生韧皮部薄壁细胞中,表皮、同化组织、厚角组织及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织无皂甙积累;幼茎所含总皂甙高于发育成熟的茎和老茎,含量最高的则是具有贮藏功能的根状茎。在绞股蓝全草中,叶的总皂甙含量高于相应发育阶段的茎,而以当年生根状茎的含量最高。提出了皂甙在叶内积累、茎内运输和地下茎内贮藏的观点及科学采收绞股蓝的建议。     

莲的根状茎外部形态的观察

植物学教科书中,常把莲(Nelambo nucifera)的地下横走变态茎(藕)作为根状茎的一个典型例子。对于莲藕的外部形态几乎都有如下的描述:具有发达的气道,膨大的食用部分是节间(这无疑是正确的),而相邻两个膨大的节间之间的缢缩部分是节。但根据笔者的反复观察,认为缢缩部分实际上并非仅为一个节,而是包括三个节的一段,只是其节间极短、节极为密集不易区分。仔细观察这段缢缩部分(如图),可见到最前面(靠近根状茎顶端)的一节上生有正常的营养叶(图中     

茭白生育过程中地上各部位内源激素的含量变化

以两个茭白品种为试材,测定了植株茎蘖生育过程中地上各部位主要激素及肉质茎膨大过程中的干重变化。结果显示：茭白植株生育过程中各部位的激素以玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z ZR)的含量最高,生长素(IAA)其次,赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量很低;在各部位间总体以茎尖最高,叶鞘其次,叶片最低。其中Z ZR含量在肉质茎膨大前即已明显上升,膨大开始后显著下降;IAA含量在肉质茎膨大后期至末期才出现下降;叶片内ABA含量在肉质茎膨大前即开始上升,叶鞘内ABA．含量在肉质茎膨大后期上升,茎尖内则无明显变化;各部位GA2含量在整个生育期内无明显变化。肉质茎的干重增加也与其Z ZR含量下降密切相关。认为Z ZR是刺激肉质茎膨大的关键激素。品种间差异表现为各部位激素含量及其变化有一定差异,尤其是肉质茎膨大阶段差异比较明显。     

不同荷花品种出泥部分与根状茎生长性状和部分生理指标的比较及相关性分析

在盆栽条件下,对不同荷花(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)品种〔藕莲品种'大紫红'('Dazihong')、花莲品种'中国红·上海'('Zhongguohongshanghai')和花藕兼用莲品种'逸仙莲'('Yixianlian')〕出泥部分(叶和花)和泥下部分(根状茎)的生长性状和部分生理指标进行了比较研究,并对3个荷花品种出泥部分与根状茎间的生长性状和部分生理指标进行了相关性分析.结果表明:'大紫红'在整个生长发育期不开花;'中国红·上海'开花时间相对较早(6月上旬),花重瓣且色泽鲜艳;'逸仙莲'开花时间相对较晚(7月上中旬),花单瓣呈白色.3个荷花品种中,'大紫红'立叶数最少,立叶面积最大,根状茎膨大明显,根状茎中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量最高;'中国红·上海'立叶数最多,立叶中叶绿素含量最高,根状茎节间长度最长,但根状茎膨大不明显;'逸仙莲'立叶数居中,叶柄最长,根状茎膨大明显,根状茎中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉和维生素C含量介于其他2个荷花品种之间.相关性分析结果表明:荷花立叶面积与根状茎节间长度呈显著负相关,而与根状茎中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质及维生素C含量呈极显著或显著正相关;叶柄长度与根状茎直径和根状茎节间质量呈显著正相关;立叶中叶绿素含量与根状茎节间长度和根状茎中淀粉含量呈显著正相关,而与根状茎中可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关.研究结果显示:根据供试3个荷花品种的立叶面积、叶柄长度、立叶中叶绿素含量可间接判断根状茎的生长发育及营养品质状况,并可进一步应用于快速选育花藕兼用莲品种.     

接骨草的显微结构及其绿原酸组织化学定位研究

运用石蜡切片法和荧光显微镜观察法研究了3个不同接骨草(Sambucus chinensis Lindl.)居群营养器官的显微结构及其绿原酸的分布规律。结果表明:(1)接骨草地上茎厚角组织明显,髓部由大小不等的两类薄壁细胞组成,且有单宁细胞分布;地下根状茎厚角组织细胞小,髓部薄壁细胞大小差异不明显,皮层及髓中有油细胞分布。(2)叶片为异面叶,栅栏组织细胞为短柱状,油细胞不明显。(3)绿原酸分布在根状茎皮层部分细胞、茎厚角组织部分细胞及叶片的海绵组织中,以海绵组织中含量最高。研究认为,髓部薄壁细胞大小的差异可作为接骨草的一个鉴别特征;荧光显微镜观察法可迅速准确显示绿原酸的分布;在所研究的3个接骨草居群中,怀化居群的绿原酸含量最高,若以绿原酸为有效成分来采收接骨草,可以只采收叶。     

水淹胁迫诱导喜旱莲子草茎发生类环割效应

在水淹环境中,喜旱莲子草水面上未受淹的茎段常表现出增粗膨大的现象。遭受水淹的植物被淹没的组织和器官会面临氧气缺乏和能量供应不足的问题。植物体内碳水化合物的运输需要消耗能量,当因水淹而使植株被部分淹没（即地下部分全部和地上部分的一部分被淹没）时,由于水淹缺氧导致能量供应不足,碳水化合物在植物被淹组织内的运输可能受限从而在水面上的未淹茎段中积累并对未淹茎段的径向形态产生影响。为探究水淹环境中喜旱莲子草未受淹茎段增粗膨大是否与碳水化合物积累有关,对茎被水淹和茎不受水淹的喜旱莲子草进行对比研究,结果发现：（1）水淹的喜旱莲子草位于水面上的未淹茎段节间平均直径显著大于水面下受淹茎段节间平均直径,未淹茎段与受淹茎段相比发生显著的膨大现象;未水淹的喜旱莲子草其茎的上部茎段节间平均直径与下部茎段节间平均直径相比并无显著差异,上部茎段也无明显膨大现象。（2）水淹的喜旱莲子草位于水面上的未淹茎段碳水化合物含量显著高于未水淹的喜旱莲子草对应茎段的碳水化合物含量。本研究表明,水淹胁迫下喜旱莲子草位于水面上的未受淹茎段中碳水化合物发生积累,导致植株位于水面上的未受淹茎段发生与物理环割后类似的茎膨大现象。     

香梨的果表突起和落果裂果与果实中内源激素之间的关系（简报）

6月初香梨落果中GA3、IAA含量高于发育正常的果实,ABA含量几无变化。7月底、8月初果实迅速膨大期间,无论裂果与否的果实中均未检出IAA,但裂果中GA3和ABA含量均高于而GA3／ABA则低于发育正常果0实。萼端突起部位的内源激素含量高于梨身。     

绞股蓝营养器官中皂苷积累组织的超微结构观察

应用超薄切片和电镜技术观察了绞股蓝营养器官中积累皂苷的叶肉细胞、茎表皮细胞、茎皮层细胞和茎韧皮部细胞的超微结构.结果表明,幼叶叶肉细胞的液泡中具有蛋白体性质的电子致密物;随着叶的发育,叶绿体结构逐渐完善并积累淀粉粒;地上茎表皮细胞的外侧壁增厚,皮层细胞含叶绿体,液泡内有团块状结构;根状茎中的筛管细胞具有囊泡结构,其内的颗粒状内含物可释放至液泡和跨壁运输;韧皮薄壁细胞近细胞壁处具有丰富的细胞质和细胞器.但上述细胞中均未发现与皂苷积累相关的特殊电子致密物.     

绞股蓝龙须茶的人参皂甙组织定位及皂甙含量的季节变化

应用组织化学定位技术及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在商品绞股蓝龙须茶中的组织分布状态及绞股蓝总皂甙在不同季节中的含量变化。结果表明,绞股蓝内的人参皂甙遇特定的显色剂出现深浅不同的红色,色度与人参皂甙含量呈正相关。绞股蓝叶内的人参皂甙主要分布在叶肉组织,茎内的人参皂甙主要分布于维管束的韧皮部薄壁细胞中,同化组织、厚角组织和表皮也有少量分布．木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布。在4月至11月的龙须茶采收期中,总皂甙含量呈逐渐上升的势态,4月最低．9月最高,含量变化与月总降雨量呈显著的正相关。研究认为在8月后湿润凉爽气候条件下采摘绞股蓝芽尖加工而成的龙须茶品质最好。     

马铃薯气生块茎的诱导形成

马铃薯的块茎是茎的一种变态。通常由其地下匍匐茎的末端在适宜的内外环境条件下膨大而成。一般认为,块茎的形成是马铃。薯植株个体发育到一定阶段上接受了光周期诱导的结果。此时,匍匐茎末端几种内源激素的平衡关系发生改变,髓部、木质部和韧     

Development of the Stem Tuber in Kohlrabi

Stem swelling in kohlrabi (KR) normally occurred between thethird and fifth node and followed initiation of meristematicactivity in pith parenchyma cells; this usually began about7 weeks after germination and was associated with the deathof parenchyma cells in the centre of the pith lower down thestem. Cell division began just above this region, at about thethird node and zones of dividing cells extended upwards andlaterally, giving rise to more centres of active division. Carbohydrateanalyses showed that fructose, glucose, starch, and an unidentifiedsugar accumulated in the stem. Melezitose appeared in the stemand raffinose in the leaves only after visible bulbing had occurred.Sucrose content fluctuated in both leaves and stems and in thelatter was positively correlated with hours of sunshine on theday before sampling. The contents of gibberellin-like substancesin the leaves of KR were compared at two stages of developmentwith those of marrowstem kale (MSK). Gibberellins were presentin both acidic and neutral fractions in KR tissues and the amountswere similar to those in MSK. Stem swelling in KR could notbe attributed to a gross deficiency of gibberellins. Inter- and intra-varietal approach-grafts were made with KRand MSK plants. With KR as ‘scion’ partner, stemelongation of the scion was not greatly affected by the natureof the stock, but stem swelling was much reduced on MSK stocks.Stem swelling in MSK scions was greater on KR stocks than onMSK. Retention of stock leaves and buds above the union tendedto inhibit elongation of the scion partner and also inhibitedstem swelling in KR scions on MSK stocks. Application of gibberellicacid to leaves of MSK stocks from which the terminal bud hadbeen removed, increased both stem elongation and swelling inKR scions. KR scions top-grafted on defoliated MSK stocks showedvigorous stem elongation without swelling. MSK scions top-graftedon KR stocks showed reduced stem elongation with abnormal stemthickening. It is suggested that high auxin levels may preventbulbing in KR and that gibberellin-like substances may facilitateboth stem elongation and bulbing when auxin levels are low. Applying gibberellic acid (GA₃) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)alone or in combination, to young intact plants of KR increasedstem height and checked stem swelling. Application of benzyladenine(BA) at 10^–4 M accelerated swelling and checked stem elongation.GA₃ applied with BA (10^–4 M) increased both stem heightand girth, both with or without added IAA. It was concludedthat the requisite conditions for stem swelling included thepresence of a kinin² and a low level of auxin. High levels ofauxin prevented stem swelling, whether applied as IAA to youngintact plants or as natural auxins from leaves and buds of MSKplants grafted to KR scions. Although applied gibberellins usuallytended to prevent swelling, native gibbereltins appeard to playa minor role in controlling its initiation which probably occurswhen the auxin/kinin ratio in the plant reaches a critical lowlevel.     

CONTROL OF SHOOT-RHIZOME DIMORPHISM IN THE WOODY MONOCOTYLEDON,CORDYLINE (AGAVACEAE)

In Cordyline terminalis negatively geotropic leafy shoots and positively geotropic rhizomes develop from single axillary buds on either shoots or rhizomes. All axillary buds have similar morphogenetic potential when released from apical dominance. Experiments in which the orientation of the apex is changed, organs removed, or growth regulators applied indicate that after a rhizome is initiated, it is maintained as a rhizome by auxin originating in the leafy shoot. When auxin levels are lowered by changes in the orientation of the axis or shoot removal, the rhizome apex becomes a shoot apex, which appears to be the stable state of the actively growing apex. Benzyl adenine when applied exogenously to the apex or lateral buds has the same effect as lowering the auxin level. Gibberellic acid has no effect on the apex or lateral buds. High levels of exogenous naphthaleneacetic acid cause bud release and development of rhizomes from previously inhibited axillary buds of the shoot. However, it was not possible to convert a shoot apex into a rhizome apex by auxin treatment. It is suggested that the release of buds on the lower side of horizontal branches and of buds directly above a stem girdle is caused by high auxin levels on the lower side or distal to the girdle. The experimental results are discussed in relation to naturally occurring shoot-rhizome dimorphism.     

棉花花芽分化时期茎尖内源激素的变化

实验结果表明,从子叶展平后到肉眼可花芽（现蕾）,所测几种激素（ABA、IAA、GA3、iPA、ZR）的含量均表现出明显的动态变化,而且在花芽分化临界期表现出最显著的变化（出现高峰或出现低峰）。推测所测几种激素均与花芽分化有密切关系。其中ABA、GA3和CTK（iPA、ZR）在花芽分化临界期时,其含量变化均呈现出一个高峰;而IAA则在花芽分化临界期时出现一个低峰。经比较分析得知,随着花芽分化的进行,ABA/IAA、GA3／IAA、CTK／IAA均表现一个较明显的变化规律。即从子叶展平时起,其比值开始上升,到花芽开始分化时达到一个峰值,之后逐渐下降,并维持在一个较稳定的水平。显然,ABA／IAA、GA3／IAA、CTK／IAA在棉花的花芽分化过程中起着重要的调控作用。由此推测,增加植物体内的ABA、GA3、CTK的含量或降低IAA的含量,都可以促进棉花的花芽分化;反之则抑制棉花的花芽分化。     

The role of auxin in growth of the plumular hook section of etiolated pea seedling

Externally applied GA greatly promoted elongation of the plumularhook section of the etiolated Alaska pea seedling, but IAA hadno such effect when given either alone or with GA. PCIB inhibitedelongation of the plumular hook section both in the presenceand absence of applied GA. The PCIB effect in the absence ofGA was partially overcome by IAA, but not completely. On theother hand, the PCIB effect in the presence of GA was completelyovercome by IAA. No antagonic response was, however, obtainedbetween GA and PCIB. CCC also retarded elongation of the sectionand this inhibition was completely overcome by GA, but not byIAA. There was little difference in the amount of endogenous auxindetectable in GA treated and untreated sections. These resultssuggest that auxin is necessary for the growth of both GA treatedand untreated plumular hook sections and that auxin and gibberellinact differently on the growth of the section. (Received April 24, 1968; )     

Dynamic changes in carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormones during <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tulipa edulis</Emphasis> stolon development into a new bulb

The stolon is the main asexual reproductive organ of Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker. It has a special morphology and can develop into a new bulb for propagation. In the current greenhouse experiment, the dynamic changes in carbohydrates and related enzymes, protein and endogenous hormones during T. edulis stolon development were investigated. The results showed that soluble sugar levels were basically declining, whereas starch and protein content rose continuously during stolon development. The adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity peaked in the initial swelling stage and stayed a relative high level in the middle swelling stage; sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities followed the same law that showed rising trends during stolon development. SS activity was significantly inversely related to sucrose content but had significantly positive relations with starch content, SSS and GBSS activities. Gibberellin (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) peaked in the initial swelling stage and maintained high levels in the middle swelling stage; they then decreased significantly in the later swelling stage. A substantial increase was observed in abscisic acid (ABA) content until the middle swelling stage, followed by a significant reduction in the later swelling stage. The ratios of ABA to IAA, GA and ZR reached their lowest levels in the initial swelling stage. In conclusion, T. edulis stolon development is a process of new bulb morphogenesis along with the starch accumulation catalyzed by AGPase, SSS and GBSS, using the product of sucrose cleavage caused by SS. Initial low ABA content and low ratios of ABA to IAA, GA and ZR, together with the GA, IAA and ZR of high-content, soluble sugars worked more efficiently to induce new bulb formation.     

墨兰试管苗植株的发育解剖学研究

用石蜡切片和扫描电镜对墨兰试管苗植株的生长发育进行了研究。发现幼叶中脉附近的叶肉细胞类似栅栏组织,随着叶片的不断成熟,叶片基部中脉附近的叶肉细胞逐渐变为近圆形或椭圆形,而叶尖部和叶中部中脉附近的叶肉细胞仍似栅栏组织。茎的发育经历了原球茎、根状茎和假鳞茎3个阶段。原球茎的大部分细胞都含有淀粉粒,根状茎的皮层细胞含淀粉粒,而假鳞茎几乎不含淀粉粒。幼根没有髓,皮层细胞含淀粉粒：成熟根具含淀粉粒的髓。出瓶苗上即带有4个芽,一般只有最外侧叶腋的1个花芽和最内侧叶腋的1个叶芽发育。     

基于芽苗砧嫁接油茶砧穗创伤后内源激素动态变化分析

为研究油茶(Camellia oleifera A)嫁接时穗条和砧木创伤后内源激素动态变化规律,解析影响砧穗嫁接面愈合的生理机制,为油茶砧穗愈合生长机理提供理论支持。以树龄6年的长林18号和53号的穗条和实生砧木为材料,按照芽苗砧嫁接方法切割穗条S0(0 min)、S10(10 min)、S40(40 min)和砧木茎段Z0(0 min)、Z10(10 min)后,利用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、反式玉米素(TZR)、玉米素(Zeatin)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量,分析不同时间段内源激素变化及品种间差异的关系。结果显示:创伤后18号的TZR、Zeatin和SA含量总体高于53号;18号IAA、SA和JA逐渐下降;TZR和Zeatin分别在S10和S0达最高值后下降;ABA在S10达最高值。53号IAA和JA爱S10达最高值后下降;TZR、Zeatin和SA在S10达低值后逐渐上升;ABA在S0达高值后逐渐下降。砧木茎段创伤前后激素含量除JA外18号高于53号;两品种Z0时激素含量下降,Z10后上升,仅53号ABA和SA含量在Z0达高值后下降。砧木茎段和根部激素含量在品种间除JA外18号高于53号,茎段的IAA、ABA高于根部,其他激素为根部高于茎段。激素比值在品种间和部位间差异明显;IAA/ABA、IAA/TZR、IAA/Zeatin和IAA/JA、ABA/TZR、ABA/Zeatin和ABA/JA比值为53号高于18号;穗条内SA/IAA为18号高于53号,SA/JA和SA/ABA为53号高于18号;砧木茎段均为18号高于53号;TZR/SA、TZR/JA比值在穗条和砧木茎段为18号高于53号。两品种创伤后IAA与JA极显著正相关,而IAA与SA,SA与JA在18号极显著正相关,53号极显著或显著负相关;53号TZR、Zeatin、SA间极显著或显著正相关,JA与TZR、Zeatin和SA极显著负相关。砧木茎段创伤后18号激素间为极显著或显著正相关;53号TZR和Zeatin与IAA、JA极显著正相关,与SA存在显著负相关,SA与JA有显著负相关。砧木茎段和根部间品种间仅在SA与各激素间相关性存在差异,其他激素间存在极显著正相关或负相关。综上所述,砧穗创伤后激素水平上18号在创伤面易于愈伤组织发育,而53号抗逆激素水平较高且与细胞分裂增殖类激素负相关,可能影响53号嫁接后愈合生长;嫁接应在创伤后10 min内较为适宜;砧穗间激素含量及比值的差异可能会影响后期嫁接部位形态重建以及穗条生长。     

穗花牡荆花芽分化过程中形态和生理指标变化

以穗花牡荆为研究材料,通过探究其花芽分化进程和生理特性,为花期调控技术提供成花机理。采用物候期观察和石蜡切片相结合的方法并测定花芽分化过程中相关生理指标,研究花发育过程中的形态和生理变化。结果表明,穗花牡荆花芽分化为一年多次分化型,其进程可划分为七个时期：未分化期、总轴花序原基分化期、初级分轴花序原基分化期、次级分轴花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花器官分化前期和花器官分化后期。同一植株不同位置花芽及同一花序中不同单花分化的进程不同,第一季花期后各阶段的花芽分化形态常存在重叠。花芽分化过程中不同时期叶片和花芽的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均有上升下降的变化,总体上叶片中营养物质含量高于花芽保证营养供应。花芽分化过程中,IAA、ABA、CTK和GA3整体水平上先升后降有利于花芽分化进行。研究认为,花芽中大量的可溶性糖和蛋白质积累及较高的碳氮比,有利于穗花牡荆花芽形态分化顺利完成。低水平的GA3/ABA和IAA/CTK有利于花序的形成,ABA/CTK和ABA/IAA比值升高促进小花原基和小花萼片原基的分化, GA3/CTK、GA3/ABA和GA3/IAA比值升高促进花瓣原基、雄雌蕊原基发育。     

Changes in abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid in axillary buds of Elytrigia repens released from apical dominance

Growth of axillary buds on the rhizomes of Elytrigia repens (L) Nevski is strongly dominated by the rhizome apex, by mechanisms which may involve endogenous hormones. We determined the distribution of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in rhizomes and measured (by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry) their content in axillary buds after rhizomes were decapitated. The same measurements were also made in buds induced to sprout by removing their subtending scale leaves. The ABA content tended to be higher in the apical bud and in the axillary buds than in the adjacent internodes, and tended to decline basipetally in the internodes and scale leaves. IAA was similary distributed, except that there was less difference between the buds and other rhizome parts. After rhizomes were decapitated, the ABA content of the first axillary bud declined to 20% of that of control values within 24 h, while the IAA content showed no marked tendency to change. The ABA content also declined within 12 h in the first axillary bud after rhizomes were denuded, while the content of IAA tended to increase after 6 h. These changes occurred before the length of the first axillary bud increased 24–48 h after rhizomes were decapitated or denuded. We conclude that the release of axillary buds from apical dominance in E. repens does not require IAA content to be reduced, but is associated with reduced ABA content.     

Developmental Patterns of Phytohormone Content in the Cortex and Pith of Potato Tubers as Related to Their Growth and Starch Content

The contents of ABA, IAA, and cytokinins (zeatin + zeatin riboside) were determined in the cortex and pith of medium-sized (25 g) and large (120 g) tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Malakhit) at the end of the flowering phase (48 days after sprouting) and related to plant growth (cell division and enlargement) and starch biosynthesis and deposition. The patterns of phytohormone distribution were different in the cortex and pith. In the latter, with most cells at the enlargement phase, the IAA content increased, as well as the ratios IAA/ABA and IAA/cytokinins. In the cortex dominated by the dividing cells, the ABA content declined, and the ratio cytokinins/ABA exceeded that in the pith. The enhancement of starch synthesis and accumulation in the pith and the retardation of these processes in the cortex followed the changes in the ABA content providing indirect support to the previously made observation that the exogenous ABA promoted starch biosynthesis. The data obtained are discussed in the context of the hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism and starch deposition in growing tubers.