热带季节雨林与人工橡胶林土壤碳氮比较

选取我国西南部西双版纳地区的热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林为对象,比较了2006—2007年两种土地利用方式下凋落物输入、土壤总碳氮含量及活性碳、氮的季节性变化.结果表明:与热带季节雨林相比,橡胶林的地上年凋落物量较低,而地面凋落物残留量较高,反映了橡胶林凋落物分解速率(凋落物消失率常数值,K )较低;橡胶林凋落物和土壤的C/N比值较高,暗示了其林内有机物的可降解性较热带季节雨林弱;橡胶林表层土壤总有机碳、生物活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量只有热带季节雨林土壤的60%～70%,硝态氮含量较少,pH 值则比热带季节雨林土壤低1.1.说明热带季节雨林转变为橡胶林后,林内地上凋落物向土壤输入的碳、氮量减少,土壤碳、氮含量和有效性降低,并且土壤呈现酸化倾向.应制定合理的橡胶林土壤管理措施,阻止土壤质量的下降趋势,以维持橡胶林的生产可持续性.     

艾比湖荒漠-湿地生态系统非生长季碳通量数据特征

选取新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区非生长季(2012年1月15日—3月15日、11月1日—12月14日、2013年11月1日—11月16日)通量观测数据,参考中国通量数据处理标准开展荒漠-湿地生态系统非生长季碳通量数据特征研究。结果表明:研究区非生长季碳通量观测数据存在大量"野点",占数据总量的37.39%,有效通量变化范围为-0.197—0.283 mg m-2s-1;平面拟合旋转(PF)校正具有较好的结果(R2=0.9349,P0.01),频率响应校正引起的碳通量增量为7.55%,水热校正影响较小;碳通量数据在不同质量等级分布较平均,大气湍流发展的充分性处于中等水平,夜间摩擦风速可划分为3级,在0 m/su*0.30 m/s内进行选择性剔除;传感器状态异常、检验分析和阈值分析剔除数据比例分别为26.34%、2.48%和8.57%;碳通量与5 cm土壤温度和太阳辐射不存在显著相关,采用线性内插和平均每日变异法可实现缺失数据的插补。     

张掖湿地甲烷通量动态特征及其影响因子

于2012年7月—2014年6月对地处干旱区的张掖湿地甲烷(CH_4)通量进行观测,分析其CH_4通量的变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明:CH_4通量的日变化趋势总体表现为白天大于夜间;不同季节CH_4通量排放特征差异明显,夏季最大,春秋次之,冬季最小;CH_4通量日总量与空气温度、土壤温度之间指数相关关系显著,其中4 cm处土壤温度与之相关性最强;1—6月摩擦风速(U*)与CH_4通量显著正相关;结合CO_2通量观测数据,研究时段张掖湿地净碳吸收量为495.92 g C m~(-2)a~(-1),为明显碳汇。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林地温特征

地温是森林气候重要的环境因素之一,与植物生长密切相关,且是影响土壤呼吸的关键因素,适宜的地温能够促进土壤微生物活动,加速凋落物分解,提高土壤肥力,对地温的深入研究有利于正确把握森林碳通量的变化规律.本文利用西双版纳热带季节雨林2003-2006年的地温数据,分析不同深度地温的日变化、季节变化及年际变化规律.结果表明:近地层地温呈现正弦变化趋势;深层地温相对稳定,随深度增加地温日变幅减小;地温峰值出现时刻随深度增加而呈现滞后现象,相位变化明显;地温季节差异明显,平均地温在雨季(5-10月)较高,雾凉季(11月-翌年2月)较低,干热季(3-4月)居中,地温垂直变化季节差异显著;地温年变化呈现单峰分布,最低值在1月,最高值出现在7月;总体来看,热带季节雨林的地温变化强度为地温年较差>地温年间变幅>不同深度间地温变幅>地温日较差.     

西双版纳热带季雨林通量分配及能量平衡问题北大核心CSCD

为了探讨我国西双版纳热带季雨林的能量分配和平衡问题,利用涡度相关系统和常规气象仪器的连续监测结果,分析了不同季节的能量通量特征和闭合特点。结果表明,西双版纳热带季雨林全年的净辐射、潜热通量、显热通量、土壤热通量和热储存量分别是4546.07、2453.24、492.22、-10.47和45.93 MJ/m^(2),土壤为热源,潜热年总值占净辐射的54.0%,显热占10.8%,能量以蒸发散为主要的耗损形式。辐射和能量有明显的日变化和季节动态,各能量分量的日变化几乎都呈白天高夜间低的单峰趋势,反照率整体为0.10~0.12,波动不大;波文比季节差异明显,为0~0.8。热带季雨林的全年闭合度为0.67,未考虑热储量时,闭合度为0.51~0.79,考虑热储量为0.53~0.80。可见,在林冠茂密的热带季雨林中,热储量对能量闭合度的贡献不大,忽略热储量并不是导致能量不闭合的主要原因。     

热带季节雨林林窗辐射特征研究

利用不同季节热带季节雨林林窗、林内及旷地不同波长太阳辐射的实测资料,探讨了热带季节雨林林窗不同波长辐射特征。结果表明,热带季节雨林林窗中央和北侧林冠下的不同波长太阳辐射存在“突跃现象”,中午前后各辐射量值迅速达到最大后又急速下降;林窗内不同波长太阳辐射日总量值均大于林内,却小于旷地;林窗中央和北侧林冠下比较可见,在干热季、雨季和雨季后期,林窗中央的各辐射要素总量值高于北侧林冠下,但雾凉季时受浓雾和太阳高度以及方位的影响,各辐射要素总量值较北侧林冠下低;林窗中央的总辐射日总量在雨季太阳高度角最大时最高,雨季后期和干热季其次,雾凉季时最小;林窗中央和北侧林冠下的红外辐射及可见光在总辐射中所占份额随季节的变化而不同,充分显示了林窗辐射环境的异质性;与旷地和林内相比,林窗内各测点的红外辐射在总辐射中所占份额介于旷地和林内之间．高于旷地却低于林内;而可见光占总辐射的比值情况正好相反．另外,林窗可见光分配率的季节变化都大于红外辐射;热带季节雨林林窗育增加红外辐射、减少可见光的特征．     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林土壤呼吸的季节变化

采用挖壕沟法与红外气体分析法,研究了西双版纳热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林内土壤呼吸包括根系呼吸、异养呼吸的干湿季动态变化.结果表明：季节雨林内土壤呼吸和异养呼吸速率均显著大于橡胶林(P＜0.01),但根系呼吸差异不显著;土壤温湿度是呼吸速率变化的主要影响因子,季节雨林和橡胶林内土壤呼吸和异养呼吸速率均为雨季＞干热季＞雾凉季,但季节雨林内根系呼吸为雨季＞雾凉季＞干热季,而橡胶林内为雾凉季＞雨季＞干热季;季节雨林内根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率(29%)小于橡胶林(42%,P＜0.01),而季节雨林内异养呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率为71%、橡胶林为58%;当5 cm土壤温度在12 ℃～32 ℃范围内变化时,季节雨林内土壤呼吸及根系呼吸、异养呼吸的Q₁₀值均大于橡胶林,且异养呼吸的Q₁₀值最大而根系呼吸的Q₁₀值最小.     

内蒙古克氏针茅草原生态系统碳通量数据质量评价及日和季节变化特征

利用内蒙古锡林浩特国家气候观象台2010年3月至2011年2月全年的大气湍流观测资料,在数据质量控制的基础上,对内蒙古克氏针茅草原生态系统碳通量数据进行质量评价,并分析了日变化和季节变化特征。结果表明:在惯性副区,湍流通量的功率谱和协谱基本呈-2/3和-4/3的斜率变化。经过质量控制后的通量数据中,可用于基础研究的高质量数据约为74%,约有8%的低质量数据需要剔除。克氏针茅草原生长季中碳通量的日变化分为单峰和双峰两种类型,均有明显的不对称性,上午碳吸收强于下午。克氏针茅草原在冬季由于低温碳通量值很小,春季气温缓慢回升,草原处于早期发展阶段,表现为弱的碳汇,夏季的6月碳吸收达全年最强,7月和8月受干旱胁迫影响,碳通量逐渐减小,秋季草原开始枯黄,表现为弱的碳汇。内蒙古克氏针茅草原CO2年总量达-348 g CO2·m-2·a-1。克氏针茅草原7月夜间碳排放达最大值,6月白天碳吸收全年最强。本研究加深了对草原生态系统生长季和非生长季碳通量交换特征的理解,为陆面过程模型及相关碳模型参数修正提供了参考。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠上方湍流谱特征

利用中国陆地生态系统通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)西双版纳热带森林通量观测站涡度相关方法测定的热带季节雨林林冠上方三维方向风速(u,v,w)以及CO2浓度、H2O浓度、气温等变量的10 Hz观测资料,选取1、4、7和10月4个代表性月份晴好天气,在全天5个不同时段内(8:00-11:30,12:00-15:00,15:30-19:00,19:30-23:30,0:00-7:30)求算了各要素的功率谱和与垂直风速的协谱,探讨了热带季节雨林林冠上方数据的高低频响应问题.结果表明:在热带季节雨林林冠上方,晴好天气且湍流条件良好状况下,6个变量的功率谱点阵曲线斜率在惯性副区内均满足-2/3定律;并且各要素与垂直风速的协谱点阵曲线斜率在惯性副区内满足-4/3定律.说明大尺度运动对物质和能量传输的贡献在高频率和中等强度频率信号范围内的响应能力能够满足观测所需要求,可以认为在复杂地形条件下西双版纳热带季节雨林进行通量测定的采样频率合理,所获得数据可以用来作为实际通量的结果加以使用.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林晴天CO2交换的日变化和季节变化特征

应用2003年11月-2004年10月晴好天气涡度相关通量观测资料,对西双版纳热带季节雨林CO2交换的日变化和季节变化进行分析。结果表明：雾凉季、干热季和雨季的净生态系统CO2交换（NEE）均呈现出单峰型曲线的日变化趋势,昼间其变化规律较强,夜间呈波动状态。昼间NEE（取绝对值）雾凉季和雨季均显著大于干热季;夜间NEE雨季显著大于干热季,而干热季显著大于雾凉季。光合有效辐射是影响NEE日变化的主要因素,但不是造成季节差异的主要因素;饱和水汽压差和气温对NEE的季节差异有较大贡献。另外,应用Michaelis-Menten模型对昼间不同饱和水汽压差和气温下NEE对光合有效辐射的响应进行分析,结果表明：各季节较高饱和水汽压差下的表观最大光合速率（Pmax）、表观暗呼吸速率（Re）比较低饱和水汽压差下的Pmax、Re大,而表观光量子产额（α）则相反。各季节较高气温下的Re比较低气温下的Re大;雾凉季气温的差异对Pmax和α的影响较小;干热季和雨季较高气温下的α较小。     

Biotechnical Characteristics of Root Systems of Typical Mediterranean Species

Quantifying patterns of fine root dynamics is crucial to the understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and in predicting how ecosystems respond to disturbance. Part of this understanding involves consideration of the carbon lost through root turnover. In the context of the rainfall pattern in the tropics, it was hypothesised that rainfall would strongly influence fine root biomass and longevity. A field study was conducted to determine root biomass, elemental composition and the influence of rainfall on longevity of fine roots in a tropical lowland evergreen rainforest at Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. A combination of root coring, elemental analysis and rhizotron observation methods were used. Fine (less than 2 mm diameter) root biomass was relatively low (1700 kg ha −1) compared with previously described rainforest data. Standing root biomass was positively correlated with preceding rainfall, and the low fine root biomass in the dry season contained higher concentrations of N and lower concentrations of P and K than at other times. Observations on rhizotrons demonstrated that the decrease in fine root biomass in the dry season was a product of both a decrease in fine root length appearance and an increase in fine root length disappearance. Fitting an overall model to root survival time showed significant effects of rainfall preceding root disappearance, with the hazard of root disappearance decreasing by 8 for each 1 mm increase in the average daily (30 day) rainfall preceding root disappearance. While it is acknowledged that other factors have a part to play, this work demonstrates the importance of rainfall and soil moisture in influencing root biomass and root disappearance in this tropical rainforest.     

A reassessment of carbon content in tropical trees

Accurate knowledge of carbon (C) content in live wood is essential for quantifying tropical forest C stocks, yet generic assumptions (such as biomass consisting of 50% carbon on a weight/weight basis) remain widely used despite being supported by little chemical analysis. Empirical data from stem cores of 59 Panamanian rainforest tree species demonstrate that wood C content is highly variable among co-occurring species, with an average (47.4±2.51% S.D.) significantly lower than widely assumed values. Prior published values have neglected to account for volatile C content of tropical woods. By comparing freeze- and oven-dried wood samples, we show that volatile C is non-negligible, and excluding the volatile fraction underestimates wood C content by 2.48±1.28% (S.D.) on average. Wood C content varied substantially among species (from 41.9-51.6%), but was neither strongly phylogenetically conserved, nor correlated to ecological (i.e. wood density, maximum tree height) or demographic traits (i.e. relative growth rate, mortality rate). Overall, assuming generic C fractions in tropical wood overestimates forest C stocks by ～3.3-5.3%, a non-trivial margin of error leading to overestimates of 4.1-6.8 Mg C ha(-1) in a 50-ha forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. In addition to addressing other sources of error in tropical forest C accounting, such as uncertainties in allometric models and belowground biomass, compilation and use of species-specific C fractions for tropical tree species would substantially improve both local and global estimates of terrestrial C stocks and fluxes.     

Simulation of forest carbon dynamics based on a dry-matter production model

A microcomputer model for forest carbon dynamics with five functional comparments (atmosphere, foliage, woody-parts, roots and dead biomass in the soil) is constructed which incorporates dry-matter production processes of trees such as photosynthesis, respiration and allocation of photosynthate. The effect of photosynthesis rate at saturated light and dark respiration rate of a single leaf upon surplus production (P _s) is three-dimensionally illustrated as a function of cumulative leaf area index (LAI) and extinction coefficient of light. Probable values of the physiological parameters in this model are determined by repeated simulation experiments. The successional pattern during a period of 100 years is simulated, demonstrating stable and perpetual occurrence of a tropical rainforest ecosystem composed of three strata. The model is also analyzed in terms of response of relative initial density of trees, thereby displaying the law of constant final yield in a forest ecosystem. The model outputs of carbon fluxes and phytomasses at the steady state agree quite well with field data already obtained from a tropical rainforest at Pasoh.     

Soil nematode biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems

A review of the literature on nematode diversity (=number of species identified) of soil inhabiting nematodes was undertaken and analysed with regard to distance from the equator, vegetation type and sampling effort. After applying a correction factor for sampling effort the results indicated that species richness was greatest in temperate broadleaf forest (61.7 species per sample) followed by cultivated soil, grassland, tropical rainforest, temperate coniferous forests and polar vegetation. The maintenance of high biodiversity in cultivated soils is unexpected but may reflect the impact of dominance in calculating many indices. Species richness was greatest between latitudes 30–40° (93.9 species per sample) and least above 70°, the mean richness near the equator (i.e. 0–10°) was 80.6 species per sample. While these data would suggest that nematode diversity is not necessarily greatest at the equator, and evidence to support a 'humped back' theory of species richness is not conclusive, they contradict the suggestion that nematode diversity increases with increased latitude.     

Eddy-correlation system for long-term monitoring of fluxes of heat, water vapour and CO2

An eddy-correlation system is presented that was designed with special focus on long-term measurements of turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer. It consists of a SOLENT sonic anemometer, a fast temperature sensor, and a LI-COR LI 6262 closed-path infrared gas analyser. The use of a fast temperature sensor turned out to be necessary because of errors in the sound virtual temperature measured by the sonic anemometer at high wind speeds. The components are combined with special attention paid to protection against lightning and other environmental stresses. The data acquisition program SOLCOM runs on standalone systems or in a network environment and performs ‘quasi on-line’ data processing, on-line graphical display of single data and fluxes, and on-line correction of the raw data. Raw data can be stored continuously on DAT tapes. All data handling can be done by remote access, thus only a minimum amount of m situ maintenance is required. Power spectra of vertical and longitudinal wind speed, air temperature, air humidity and carbon dioxide concentration showed to follow the -2/3 law quite well. There was some noise in the high frequency range of the carbon dioxide spectrum. However, the corresponding cross spectra with the vertical wind component showed less deviation from a straight line in the high frequency range. The sum of convective heat fluxes and soil heat flux showed good agreement with the measured net radiation for several months and it was concluded that the system described here constitute a good platform for long-term flux measurements over forest.     

Environmental Control of Root Exudation of Low-Molecular Weight Organic Acids in Tropical Rainforests

The availability of phosphorus (P) can limit net primary production (NPP) in tropical rainforests growing on highly weathered soils. Although it is well known that plant roots release organic acids to acquire P from P-deficient soils, the importance of organic acid exudation in P-limited tropical rainforests has rarely been verified. Study sites were located in two tropical montane rainforests (a P-deficient older soil and a P-rich younger soil) and a tropical lowland rainforest on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo to analyze environmental control of organic acid exudation with respect to soil P availability, tree genus, and NPP. We quantified root exudation of oxalic, citric, and malic acids using in situ methods in which live fine roots were placed in syringes containing nutrient solution. Exudation rates of organic acids were greatest in the P-deficient soil in the tropical montane rainforest. The carbon (C) fluxes of organic acid exudation in the P-deficient soil (0.7?mol?C?m^?2?month^?1) represented 16.6% of the aboveground NPP, which was greater than those in the P-rich soil (3.1%) and in the lowland rainforest (4.7%), which exhibited higher NPP. The exudation rates of organic acids increased with increasing root surface area and tip number. A shift in vegetation composition toward dominance by tree species exhibiting a larger root surface area might contribute to the higher organic acid exudation observed in P-deficient soil. Our results quantitatively showed that tree roots can release greater quantities of organic acids in response to P deficiency in tropical rainforests.     

Distinct Microbial Limitations in Litter and Underlying Soil Revealed by Carbon and Nutrient Fertilization in a Tropical Rainforest

Human-caused alterations of the carbon and nutrient cycles are expected to impact tropical ecosystems in the near future. Here we evaluated how a combined change in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability affects soil and litter microbial respiration and litter decomposition in an undisturbed Amazonian rainforest in French Guiana. In a fully factorial C (as cellulose), N (as urea), and P (as phosphate) fertilization experiment we analyzed a total of 540 litterbag-soil pairs after a 158-day exposure in the field. Rates of substrate-induced respiration (SIR) measured in litter and litter mass loss were similarly affected by fertilization showing the strongest stimulation when N and P were added simultaneously. The stimulating NP effect on litter SIR increased considerably with increasing initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in litter, suggesting that the combined availability of N, P, and a labile C source has a particularly strong effect on microbial activity. Cellulose fertilization, however, did not further stimulate the NP effect. In contrast to litter SIR and litter mass loss, soil SIR was reduced with N fertilization and showed only a positive effect in response to P fertilization that was further enhanced with additional C fertilization. Our data suggest that increased nutrient enrichment in the studied Amazonian rainforest can considerably change microbial activity and litter decomposition, and that these effects differ between the litter layer and the underlying soil. Any resulting change in relative C and nutrient fluxes between the litter layer and the soil can have important consequences for biogeochemical cycles in tropical forest ecosystems.     

基于FORCCHN模型的中国典型森林生态系统碳通量模拟

森林生态系统是陆地碳循环的重要组成部分,其固碳能力显著高于其他陆地生态系统,研究森林生态系统碳通量是认识和理解全球变化对碳循环影响的关键。碳循环模型是研究森林生态系统碳通量有效工具。以长白山温带落叶阔叶林、千烟洲亚热带常绿针叶林、鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林和西双版纳热带雨林等4种中国典型森林生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关2003-2012年观测数据,评估FORCCHN模型对生态系统呼吸（ER）,总初级生产力（GPP）,净生态系统生产力（NEP）的模型效果。结果表明：（1） FORCCHN模型能够较好的模拟中国4种典型森林生态系统不同时间尺度的碳通量。落叶阔叶林和常绿针叶林ER和GPP的逐日变化模拟效果较好（ER的相关系数分别为0.94和0.92,GPP的相关系数分别为0.86和0.74）;（2）4种森林生态系统碳通量季节动态模拟值和观测值显著相关（P<0.01）,ER、GPP、NEP的观测值和模拟值的R²分别为0.77-0.93、0.54-0.88和0.15-0.38;模型可以很好地模拟森林生态系统不同季节碳汇（NEP>0）,碳源（NEP<0）的变化规律;（3）4种森林生态系统碳通量模拟值与观测值的年际变化有很好的吻合度,但在数值大小上存在差异,模型高估了常绿阔叶林的ER和GPP,略微低估了其他3种森林生态系统ER和GPP。     

Evidence for strong seasonality in the carbon storage and carbon use efficiency of an Amazonian forest

The relative contribution of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration to seasonal changes in the net carbon flux of tropical forests remains poorly quantified by both modelling and field studies. We use data assimilation to combine nine ecological time series from an eastern Amazonian forest, with mass balance constraints from an ecosystem carbon cycle model. The resulting analysis quantifies, with uncertainty estimates, the seasonal changes in the net carbon flux of a tropical rainforest which experiences a pronounced dry season. We show that the carbon accumulation in this forest was four times greater in the dry season than in the wet season and that this was accompanied by a 5% increase in the carbon use efficiency. This seasonal response was caused by a dry season increase in gross primary productivity, in response to radiation and a similar magnitude decrease in heterotrophic respiration, in response to drying soils. The analysis also predicts increased carbon allocation to leaves and wood in the wet season, and greater allocation to fine roots in the dry season. This study demonstrates implementation of seasonal variations in parameters better enables models to simulate observed patterns in data. In particular, we highlight the necessity to simulate the seasonal patterns of heterotrophic respiration to accurately simulate the net carbon flux seasonal tropical forest.