三氯生(triclosan,TCS)和三氯卡班(triclocarban,TCC)作为两种高效的广谱杀菌剂被广泛使用,尤其是在新冠肺炎疫情期间,然而其二次污染造成的健康风险备受关注。TCS和TCC具有相似的母核结构和高亲脂性特点,其对环境生物的毒性效应和致毒机制的差异尚不明晰,尤其是二者的免疫毒性研究较少。本研究以脊椎动物斑马鱼为模型,比较二者在相同浓度暴露下(0.6µmol/L)的免疫毒性及其作用机制。结果发现,TCS和TCC均能导致受精后72 h (hours post fertilization,hpf)的斑马鱼受精卵孵化率低于60%,对120 hpf幼鱼的致死率分别达40%和50%,并伴有抑制体节生长、游囊关闭、心包水肿、卵黄囊肿淤积与吸收障碍等畸形,且TCC致畸程度显著高于TCS。TCS暴露刺激固有免疫细胞增殖率为20%,T细胞减少了35%,而TCC对固有免疫细胞和T细胞分化均呈抑制作用,抑制率分别为25%和60%。实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和ELISA的结果显示,TCS和TCC分别致il-1β、il-6和tnf-α炎症因子编码基因显著上调,而二者对il-10和IgM的表达呈相反趋势,且均导致C3的表达下降。皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析表明,发现TCS与TCC诱导的发育毒性与免疫细胞分化之间分别呈正相关和负相关,但二者均与促炎因子表达量呈正相关。GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析发现,TCS与TCC作用靶分子富集在不同的信号通路上,关键网络hub基因和富集的调控通路也有所不同。本研究为揭示TCS和TCC引发免疫毒性的不同机制提供了证据,并为二者所致健康风险的识别、预警和管理提供了理论参考。 相似文献
Capnodis tenebrionis causes damage in many species of Rosaceae. The present study investigates on the morphology of the female reproductive system of C. tenebrionis. The female reproductive system of C. tenebrionis has a pair of ovaries, lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, spermatheca, and bursa copulatrix. Each ovary in C. tenebrionis consists of approximately 24 telotrophic meroistic type ovarioles. The ovarioles of C. tenebrionis have four regions (terminal filament, tropharium, vitellarium, and pedicel). Tropharium have trophocytes, young oocytes, and prefollicular cells. Vitellarium consists of previtellogenic, vitellogenic, and choriogenic oocytes. Previtellogenic oocyte is surrounded by cylindrical epithelial cells. Its ooplasm is homogeneous and basophilic. In vitellogenic oocyte, there are intercellular spaces between monolayered follicle cells. Its ooplasm has yolk granules and lipid droplets. Choriogenic oocyte are surrounded by chorion and single-layered cylindrical cells. There are yolk granules and lipid droplets in its ooplasm which is asidophilic. In C. tenebrionis female, spermatheca and bursa copulatrix wall is surrounded by thin cuticular intima, monolayer epithelial, glandular cells, and muscle layer. Spermatheca lumen contains a large number of spermatozoa. Bursa copulatrix lumen is filled with secretory material. This study may be useful in terms of the morphology of mature female reproductive organs of Buprestidae and other coleopteran species. 相似文献
Through direct manipulation of yolk sac volume ( V y), in the zebrafish Danio rerio , V y and offspring size was positively correlated and the relationship was independent of geographical location, parental size or age and, most importantly, parental genetic factors. Larval survivorship, under a non-feeding regime and up until hatch, was not significantly affected by the manipulation. Decreased V y significantly decreased maximum standard length ( L S), maximum body surface area ( A B), time to yolk sac absorption, L S and A B at yolk sac absorption, and the L S and A B at starvation. The methodology of V y adjustment will be useful for the studies of the interaction between early life-history traits and offspring size, egg quality variables and early vertebrate development. 相似文献
The morphology of the female reproductive system in Cercopis vulnerata, an economically important species, was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The female reproductive system of C. vulnerata has two ovaries, each containing 14 telotrophic meroistic ovarioles joined by two lateral oviducts that open in a common oviduct. In this type of ovarioles, the trophocytes within the germarium are transferred to the developing oocytes in the vitellarium via the nutritive cords. The oocytes in the vitellarium have three different development stages: previtello, vitello and choriogenesis. The ovarioles open in the lateral oviduct with a thin canal-shaped pedicel. A pair of lateral oviducts opens distally into the common oviduct. The oviducts are surrounded by a monolayer cubical epithelium with deep folds toward the lumen and a thick muscle layer. A pair of spermatheca and a bursa copulatrix are seen near the common oviduct. Spermatheca has an elongated shape. The bursa copulatrix has an ovoid tube-like structure. No work has been done on the female reproductive system of Cercopidae to date. This study was conducted to fill this gap and forms part of the female reproductive system morphology of this economically important insect. 相似文献
The investigation of the physical properties of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is of great relevance, as they play a key role in regulating human body health. Here we report the possibility to characterize human PBMC in their physiological conditions in a microfluidic‐based measurement system. A viscoelastic polymer solution is adopted for 3D alignment of individual cells inflow. An optical signature (OS) acquisition of each flowing cell is performed using a wide angle light scattering apparatus. Besides, a quantitative phase imaging (QPI) holographic system is employed with the aim (i) to check the position in flow of individual cells using a holographic 3D cell tracking method; and (ii) to estimate their 3D morphometric features, such as their refractive index (RI). Results obtained by combining OS and QPI have been compared with literature values, showing good agreement. The results confirm the possibility to obtain sub‐micrometric details of physical cell properties in microfluidic flow, avoiding chemical staining or fluorescent labelling.
In zebrafish, like many other teleost species, the development and differentiation of many major organs continue unabated into the yolk-sac larval stage before culminating in a free-swimming larva capable of exogenous feeding. We investigated the role of thyroid hormone (TH) in this important embryonic to larval transitory phase. Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) alpha and beta mRNAs are expressed during the early stages of zebrafish embryonic development. Beginning from the midblastula stage, the level of TR beta mRNAs increases dramatically and is maintained until the end of the transitory phase. Excessive exogenous thyroxine (T4; 30 nM) is toxic and causes severe developmental defects. Cotreatment of embryos with amiodarone, an antagonist of TR, and goitrogen methimazole (MMI) lead to severe retardation in the maturation of the gastrointestinal system, swim bladder, and the lower jaw cartilages and the resorption of the yolk sac. The developmental arrest is lethal, and treated larvae do not survive beyond 7 day postfertilization (dpf), but can be completely rescued by the presence of 10 nM T4. We propose that the embryonic to larval transitory phase in many teleost species is characterized by its dependency on the timely synthesis of TH and the concomitant autoinductive increase in TR beta mRNA levels. 相似文献