一种毛翅目昆虫的生态治理研究

针对生活在水流速度较快的湖南省柘溪水电站一带河床大量发生的原双栖纹石蛾(Amphipsyche proluta)来说采用一般的防治措施都很难付诸实施,或者只能是治标,不能治本。经1997年至2000年的调查研究和试验分析得知人为去掉河底大型石块,加深河水深度,减缓流速,以破坏适宜于该石蛾幼虫生存的生态环境,引进生态致死因子,是从根本上杜绝该石蛾发生的较为理想的办法。     

兼长角纹石蛾的生物学特征

湖南省拓溪水库大坝之下沿河几公里范围,每年于夏秋季节大量发生一种称之为“兼长角纹石蛾（Ａｍｐｈｉｐｓｙｃｈｅ ｐｒｏｌｕｔａ ＭａｃＬａｃｈｌａｎ）”的毛翅目昆虫,近年来越发严重。由于该石蛾在夜间具有较强的趋光性,因此每当晚上开灯照明时,大量石蛾聚集在灯光下飞舞栖息,或集附在窗户的纱网和玻璃之上,继而招来蜘蛛结网等,严重影响电站及附近居家的生产和生活环境,甚至可能成为输变电线路短路的隐患。为此,特对该石蛾进行综合治理研究［１］。通观国内外文献资料,此前还没有专门关于兼长角纹石蛾的生物学、生态学以及…     

侧枝纹石蛾亚属中国种类记述(毛翅目:纹石蛾科:纹石蛾属)

H.H.Ross和John D.Unzicker于1977年将纹石蛾属Branta组的种类建立一个新亚属——侧枝纹石蛾亚属Ceratopsyche,并移入Symphitopsyche属。A.Nielsen(1981)进一步将其提升为属。而P.W.Schefter等(1986)认为仍作为纹石蛾属的亚属较为适当。此亚属均分布于北半球,其中新北区30种,印度——马来区3种,古北区35种。中国目前已知9种,本文又发现9新种和3新记录种。中国种类的雄成虫检索表和新种、新记录种的描述如后。新种模式标本保存于南京农业大学植保系。     

石蛾科褐纹石蛾属二新种记述(昆虫纲,毛翅目)

研究了中国毛翅目石蛾科种类,并报道2新种,即莫氏褐纹石蛾Eubasisissa morsei sp.nov.和丽褐纹石蛾Eubasilissa splendida sp.nov..新种模式标本保存在南京农业大学昆虫标本馆.     

中国弓石蛾科四新种和两新纪录种(昆虫纲:毛翅目)

本文报道我国弓石蛾科Ａｒｃｔｏｐｓｙｃｈｉｄｅ ４新种２新纪录种,则二叉弓石蛾Ａｒｃｔｏｐｓｙｃｈｅ ｂｉｃｒｕｒｉｓ Ｇｕｉ ｅｔ Ｙａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,石棉弓石蛾Ａｒｃｔｏｐｓｙｃｈｅ ｓｈｉｍｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｇｕｉ ｅｔ Ｙａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,带刺弓石蛾Ａｒｃｔｏｐｓｙｃｈｅ ｓｐｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｇｕｉ ｅｔ Ｙａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,端凹绒弓石蛾Ｐａｒａｐｓｙｃｈｅ ｅｘｃｉｓ     

中国弓石蛾属两新种记述(毛翅目,纹石蛾科,弓石蛾亚科)

记述了弓石蛾属2新种,分别是采自云南的三突茎弓石蛾Arctopsyche triacanthophora sp.nov.及采自四川的黄氏弓石蛾Arctopsyche huangi sp.nov..模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆.     

中国沼石蛾科五新种记述(昆虫纲,毛翅目)

记述沼石蛾科5新种:挪氏长须沼石蛾Nothopsyche nozakii Yang et Leng,sp.nov.、史氏弧缘沼石蛾Anabolia schmidi Leng et Yang,sp.nov.、云南弧缘沼石蛾Anabolia yunnanensis Leng et Yang,sp.nov.、中华多斑沼石蛾Lenarchus sinensis Yang et Leng,sp.nov.和浙江沼石蛾Limnephilus zhejiangensis Leng et Yang,sp.nov..新种模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室.     

中国裸齿角石蛾属三新种(毛翅目,齿角石蛾科)

描述了裸齿角石蛾属3新种,即脊状裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta vertebrata sp.nov.(广东)、方背裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta cuboides sp.nov.(云南)和凹入裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta excavata sp.nov.(江西)。模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

三角新小卷蛾生物学特性及防治

三角新小卷蛾ＯｌｅｔｈｒｅｕｔｅｓｌｅｕｃａｓｐｉｓＭｅｙｒｉｃｋ ,别名黄三角黑卷蛾 ,属鳞翅目 ,小卷蛾亚科。该虫幼虫主要危害荔枝、龙眼嫩叶 ,分布于我国华南、日本、印度等地[1] ,但其卵、幼虫、蛹的形态特征、生物学特性及防治方法等尚未见报道。由于此虫对广西荔枝、龙眼的危害日趋严重 ,已成为主要害虫之一 ,为此 ,作者于 1 991年开始对此虫进行观察 ,1 997～ 1 999年列为广西农业外资项目的子课题进行系统考察研究 ,现将结果报道如下。图 1　三角新小卷蛾形态特征1 成虫　 2 卵 (放大 )　 3 ,4 幼虫　 5 蛹1　形态特征 (图…     

中国伪突沼石蛾属五新种记述（毛翅目：沼石蛾科）

记述伪突沼石蛾属5新种：钩肢伪突沼石蛾Pseudostenophylax uncatus,sp.nov.,河北伪突沼石蛾P.hebeiensis,sp.nov.,青海伪突沼石蛾P.qinghaiensis,sp.nov.,侧凸伪突沼石蛾P.latiproceris和莫氏伪突沼石蛾P.morsei,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

Feeding habits ofForficula Senegalensis (Derm.: Forficulidae) on millet in the sudanese-sahelian zone of niger: Crop content analysis

Crop contents from 443 adults and 291 larvae ofForficula senegalensis Serv. living on millet in 1995 and 1996 were analyzed. During its pre-reproductive phase, throughout its larval development, and during its post-teneral phase, the insect eats animal prey and pollen, but no chlorophyllous tissues.F. senegalensis is therefore not phyllophagous, but rather a pollen consumer and a predator of the insect fauna living on millet. The status of this earwig as a pest of millet must be reconsidered.     

Water balance across the cuticle of a soil insect.

1. The water regime in soil commonly approaches equilibrium of water potential with the insects living there. 2. Even under these conditions, non-equilibrium processes have a significant effect on water movement through the cuticle of soil insects. 3. Measurements of water potential on either side of the cuticle of Costelytra zealandica larvae showed that equilibrium is not reached while the insect is alive. There is an active outward flow of water by thermoosmosis associated with the flow of heat from the insect.     

Ecological characteristics of insects that affect symbiotic relationships with mites

Parasites and pathogens that begin as symbionts, i.e., organisms living together in the same habitat, are some of the most promising drivers of species evolution. Because insects are highly diverse and important as ecosystem service agents and because mites can exert large effects on insect populations (capable of killing at least juveniles), insect–mite interactions have been analyzed from various perspectives, including evolutionary, ecological and pest‐management perspectives. Here, I review and examine insect–mite symbiotic associations to develop hypotheses concerning the factors that maintain and develop their relationships. Previous studies have hypothesized that insect sociality and mite richness and specificity affect insect–mite interactions. I found that both solitary and social insects, including parasocial and subsocial insects, harbor numbers of symbionts including species‐specific ones but few dangerous mite symbionts in their nests or habitats under natural conditions. Nest size or the amount of food resources in a nest may affect mite richness. On the basis of this review, I hypothesize that the insect characteristics relevant for mite symbiotic hosting are sharing the same habitat with mites and living in a nutrient‐rich habitat. I also suggest that many cases of species‐specific symbiosis began with phoresy. To test these hypotheses, phylogenetic information on mites living with insect groups and quantitative analysis to characterize each insect–mite relationship are necessary.     

中国白蜡窄吉丁研究进展

白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire是近年来发生和影响比较严重的国际性检疫害虫,主要危害白蜡属(Fraxinus spp.)树木。它以幼虫在树木的韧皮部、形成层和木质部浅层蛀食,从而切断树木的营养输导组织,导致树木衰弱死亡。为了深入了解该害虫,探索合理的治理策略,本文对国内外有关白蜡窄吉丁的生物学特性,包括生活习性、生活史、分布与危害、寄主范围等方面以及防治技术的研究进展进行了系统总结,并讨论了白蜡窄吉丁今后的研究方向和研究趋势。     

Water balance and adaptation strategy in insects of Central Yakutia to extreme climatic conditions

Original experimental data describing the strategy for cold adaptation of the winter form of blackveined white Aporia crataegi L. living in Central Yakutia, a region with a harsh continental climate and long and very cold winters, are presented in comparison with other insects of Yakutia. Open wintering insects were shown to develop an efficient water-saving mechanism in a frozen state. This can be significant for their survival in post-diapause. Certain relationships between water balance, wintering mode, and strategy for cold adaptation have been revealed by the example of several insect species of this region in comparison with insects living in less severe climatic conditions.     

Basic types of respiratory system structure in insect egg envelopes, and genes controlling their formation

Insects is a taxon surprisingly rich with species and varieties, and its representatives are considered as the most fitted and "evolutionary successful" living things. Insects are distinguished by diversity and abundance of adaptations to environmental conditions, representatives of this class inhabit different ecological niches, they can be found practically in every corner of the Earth and, in particular, in close adjacency to man. Among them are those who man benefits from and those who man struggles against. This determines man's interest in studying peculiarities of their development as well as adaptations formed by them in the course of evolution to become more viable. In the paper, data are presented on morphological structure of respiratory systems in insect egg envelopes that ensure respiration process of developing embryo. Variability of these systems and their dependence on environmental conditions are demonstrated for different insect species. The information about genes controlling development of respiratory systems in fruit fly eggs is brought together, and occurrence of evolutionary conservative genes participating in development of such systems in other insect species is ascertained.     

Nutritional ecology of insect–plant interactions: persistent handicaps and the need for innovative approaches

Quantifying the flow of matter and energy in food webs is indispensable when assessing the effects of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, ozone level and temperature as a result of global climate change. In insect nutritional ecology, quantification of digestive and metabolic efficiency is performed using gravimetric methods in all published cases. A few cases combined these methods with calorimetric and respirometric techniques. Since 1986, methodological pitfalls and sources of error inherent to applying gravimetry as the only method to construct nutrient budgets have been addressed in a number of papers without noticeable impact on subsequent research. Especially for insects feeding on living plant tissues, the gravimetric method has inherent handicaps as it can only be used with excised plant tissues and does not allow for the dynamics of plant metabolism. We discuss the major constraints of the gravimetric method as it pertains to the physiological processes of both the insect and plant. We apply a relationship between relative metabolic rate and relative growth rate of the insect for an analysis of the gravimetric literature. The analysis reveals that gravimetry has given rise to physiologically unlikely results for poikilothermic insects. This points to serious constraints on progress in this field. We identify plant respiration as the major source of error in gravimetric studies. We establish that no single study has, thus far, determined the metabolic efficiency of a herbivore feeding on a photosynthetically active plant with its phyllosphere microclimate. We argue that a quantitative understanding of the ecophysiology and nutritional ecology of insect–plant interactions must rely on the adoption of a combination of existing and complementary methods such as the double labelled water method and infrared gas analysis.     

Drought effects on damage by forest insects and pathogens: a meta‐analysis

In the context of climate change, the effects of prolonged or more severe droughts on pest and pathogen damage are a major concern for forest ecosystems. To date, there is great uncertainty about the direction, magnitude and sources of variation in responses to drought by insects and fungi. We report the outcomes of a meta‐analysis of 100 pairwise comparisons of insect pest or pathogen damage to water‐stressed and control trees from 40 publications. The type of feeding substrate for insects and fungi and the water stress severity emerged as the main factors influencing the level of damage in water‐stressed trees. Overall, primary damaging agents living in wood caused significantly lower damage to the water‐stressed trees compared with the control, whereas primary pests and pathogens living on foliage caused more damage to water‐stressed trees, in all cases irrespective of stress severity. In contrast, damage by secondary agents increased with stress severity, which was best estimated by the ratio between the predawn leaf water potential in stressed trees and the xylem pressure inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductance due to cavitation, a species‐specific index of drought tolerance. Insect and fungus feeding behaviour, affected tree part, and water stress severity are therefore proposed as three important predictors of forest damage in drought conditions.     

Physiological variation in insects: large-scale patterns and their implications

In this paper we demonstrate how broad scale comparative physiology has an important role to play in informing a variety of assumptions made in macroecology. We do so by examining large-scale geographic variation in insect development, thermal tolerance and metabolic rate. From these studies, and those from the literature on insect water loss and thermoregulation, we show that there is often a bias to the geographic extent of available empirical data. Studies of cold hardiness are most usually undertaken at high latitudes, while investigations of upper thermal tolerances and water loss are most common in warm arid regions. Likewise, we demonstrate that much variation in insect physiological tolerances is partitioned at higher taxonomic levels, which has important implications for comparative physiology. Intriguingly, data on the full range of variables we review are available for only three species. We also show that, despite its importance, body size is regularly reported in only some kinds of investigations (metabolic rate, water loss rate), whereas in others (upper lethal temperature, cold hardiness, development) this variable is often ignored. In short, although large-scale comparative physiology can contribute considerable understanding to both physiology and ecology, there is much that remains to be done.     

Beyond aerodynamics: The critical roles of the circulatory and tracheal systems in maintaining insect wing functionality

Insect wings consist almost entirely of lifeless cuticle; yet their veins host a complex multimodal sensory apparatus and other tissues that require a continuous supply of water, nutrients and oxygen. This review provides a survey of the various living components in insect wings, as well as the specific contribution of the circulatory and tracheal systems to provide all essential substances. In most insects, hemolymph circulates through the veinal network in a loop flow caused by the contraction of accessory pulsatile organs in the thorax. In other insects, hemolymph oscillates into and out of the wings due to the complex interaction of several factors, such as heartbeat reversal, intermittent pumping of the accessory pulsatile organs in the thorax, and the elasticity of the wall of a special type of tracheae. A practically unexplored subject is the need for continuous hydration of the wing cuticle to retain its flexibility and toughness, including the associated problem of water loss due to evaporation. Also, widely neglected is the influence of the hemolymph mass and the circulating flow in the veins on the aerodynamic properties of insect wings during flight. Ventilation of the extraordinarily long wing tracheae is probably accomplished by intricate interactions with the circulatory system, and by the exchange of oxygen via cutaneous respiration.