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1.
为了提高转基因克隆效率和获得转人溶菌酶基因克隆猪,研究了不同电激活参数和化学辅助激活方法对猪克隆胚胎和孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响.结果发现:电场强度会显著影响克隆胚胎的融合率和体外发育能力(P<0.05),电脉冲次数对克隆胚胎体外发育促进作用不显著(P>0.05),而相同电激活条件下克隆胚胎和孤雌胚胎的体外发育能力变化趋势不同;电激活后再利用放线菌酮+细胞松弛素B(CHX+CB)处理4 h能显著提高克隆胚胎的囊胚率(P<0.05),而用二甲基氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)处理没有提高克隆胚胎囊胚率(P>0.05),但6-DMAP或CHX+CB处理均可显著提高孤雌胚胎的囊胚率(P<0.05).上述结果表明,最佳的孤雌激活条件并不一定是克隆胚胎的最佳激活条件.本研究中猪克隆胚胎的最佳激活方法为1.6 kV/cm、100μs、2次直流电脉冲间隔100μs,再辅以CHX+CB处理4 h.利用优化的激活条件成功获得了乳腺特异表达人溶菌酶的转基因猪,为猪转基因育种奠定了基础.  相似文献   

2.
首先用不同的激活剂孤雌激活体外成熟培养的牛卵母细胞,经试验获得:离子霉素、A23187和7%乙醇联合6-DMAP可有效地激活牛卵母细胞,并支持其发育到囊胚,但离子霉素激活效率显著优于其他两种(P<0.05);以10?S SOFaa 颗粒细胞为发育体系培养激活的成熟牛卵母细胞可得到较高的卵裂率和囊胚率(72.30%,14.91%)。其次,通过体外培养成年马皮肤成纤维细胞,将获得的成纤维细胞经血清饥饿培养后,作为核供体移入去核牛卵母细胞透明带下,电融合后,能得到融合的马牛重构胚,在交流电脉冲起始电压20V,持续时间10s,频率0.2MHz,结束电压15V,2次脉冲和融合间隔为0.125s的条件下,当融合电压为2.0kV/cm,脉冲时程为40μs时,重组胚的融合率和卵裂率最高(52.27%,71.74%)。  相似文献   

3.
电刺激家兔卵母细胞孤雌活化的研究   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
采用电刺激使家兔卵母细胞孤雌活化,并对电刺激参数和电刺激介质进行选择,发现在电刺激电压为1.5kV/cm,脉冲持续时间为80us,电刺激3次,电刺激介质为M16的条件下,兔卵母细胞孤雌活化效果最好,可使95%的兔卵母细胞激活,体外培养有89.5%的激活卵发育到正常的8—16细胞期,12%的激活卵发育到囊胚,在体内培养的条件下,26%的激活卵发育到囊胚。采用不同的电刺激介质,卵母细胞最佳激活条件和发育情况不同,表明电刺激介质中Ca~(++)和Mg~(++)浓度似乎与卵母细胞的孤雌活化和维持早期发育有关。家兔在注射LH后17—19小时取卵,电刺激效果最好,激活卵在含细胞松弛素B的培养基中培养3小时,电镜观察已有原核形成,细胞膜附近的细胞器向中央移动。光镜检查表明:约有85%的激活卵具有二个原核,约15%的激活卵有四个原核。  相似文献   

4.
为了探索孤雌胚胎和正常体外受精胚胎线粒体基因表达的差异,本研究用ICR小鼠孤雌和正常受精胚胎为研究对象。孤雌和正常受精的胚胎分别发育至2-细胞期和囊胚期的比率,用q PCR方法检测囊胚线粒体基因Cox2、tom40、tim23和cytochrome C,以及多能性囊胚质量相关基因Oct4、Sox2和nanog的表达水平。结果发现孤雌激活不影响小鼠卵母细胞的卵裂(95%vs 97.6%,p0.05),但影响胚胎发育到囊胚(39.4%vs 75%,p0.05),孤雌囊胚细胞线粒体Cyto C和Cox2显著高于体外受精组(p0.05);正常受精囊胚多能性基因Oct4和nanog表达水平显著高于孤雌组(p0.05),但Sox2表达水平显著低于孤雌组(p0.05)。本研究表明孤雌激活可影响胚胎线粒体和细胞基因表达水平。  相似文献   

5.
为探讨一种高效的小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活的方案,进一步提高孤雌囊胚发育率。用不同浓度的氯化锶及不同作用时间的乙醇,并分别联合6-DMAP对不同卵龄小鼠卵母细胞进行活化,统计小鼠卵母细胞卵裂率和体外发育状况。结果显示,15~16h、18~19h和20~21h卵龄组卵母细胞经6mmol/LSrCl2联合6-DMAP处理后,三组的激活率随卵龄增长而升高,其中20~21h卵龄组显著高于15~16h、18~19h组(P<0.05),激活胚胎的发育率以18~19h时最高;6mmol/L和10mmol/L的SrCl2联合6-DMAP均能有效地激活小鼠卵母细胞,激活率分别为76.4%和83.6%,桑葚胚率分别为50.0%和56.3%;70ml/L乙醇联合6-DMAP以处理7min组获得了较好的激活率和囊胚发育率,分别为77.1%和42.4%,囊胚率均显著高于4min和10min处理组(P<0.05)。6-DMAP与SrCl2或乙醇联合应用可以有效抑制第二极体的排出,提高激活胚的二倍体比率;孤雌囊胚的平均细胞数显著低于正常受精囊胚(P<0.05)。不同激活方案对孤雌活化胚的核型和发育能力的作用差异较大,小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活率与卵龄...  相似文献   

6.
目的考察小鼠孤雌胚胎H3K27乙酰化模式与体内胚胎的差异,探究表观遗传模式对孤雌胚发育的影响。方法利用SrCl2激活卵母细胞,获得植入前各时期孤雌胚胎,并统计胚胎发育率;小鼠注射孕马血清激素(Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin,PMSG)和人绒毛膜促性腺激素(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin,hCG)超排后合笼,在不同发育时间采用体内冲胚的方法获得体内各时期胚胎;将获得的各期各类胚胎用H3K27乙酰化抗体与特异性位点结合,与连接有FITC荧光基团的二抗共同孵育,利用激光共聚焦显微镜检测荧光强度,获得小鼠植入前各时期孤雌胚和体内胚组蛋白H3K27乙酰化模式。结果用SrCl2激活成熟卵母细胞得到的孤雌胚的激活率和囊胚率分别为96.39%和69.54%,处于正常发育水平;孤雌胚H3K27乙酰化荧光强度从原核期相对较高的水平逐渐降低,2-细胞、4-细胞和8-细胞时期荧光强度都处于较低水平,到桑葚胚时期又突然升高,总体变化趋势和体内组先降低后升高的整体趋势一样,且原核期至8-细胞时期的荧光值孤雌胚高于体内胚,桑囊胚时期则相反;两组的H3K27乙酰化荧光强度值在原核期和桑葚胚时期差异不显著(P>0.05),在2-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞和囊胚期差异显著(P<0.01)。结论本研究表明小鼠孤雌胚H3K27乙酰化模式与体内胚的模式存在差异,可能是影响孤雌胚发育能力的重要原因之一。进一步的深入研究将对纠正小鼠孤雌胚乙酰化模式和提高孤雌胚发育能力具有重要意义。  相似文献   

7.
目的探讨卵巢大小对卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。方法根据质量将卵巢分为3组,Ⅰ组质量小于0.95 g,Ⅱ组质量介于0.95~1.7 g,Ⅲ组质量大于1.7 g,并统计了不同组卵母细胞的体外成熟率、孤雌激活胚的卵裂率和囊胚率,以及克隆胚的卵裂率和囊胚率。结果 3组卵母细胞体外成熟率分别为62.25%、43.58%和40.7%;3组孤雌激活胚卵裂率分别为83.77%、82.92%和79.73%;孤雌激活胚囊胚发育率分别为19.51%、18.9%和18.78%;3组克隆胚的卵裂率分别为67.36%、65.97%和66.33%;克隆胚囊胚发育率分别为11.63%、13.41%和12.29%。Ⅰ组卵母细胞体外成熟率显著高于其余2组,3组之间孤雌激活胚卵裂率、孤雌激活胚囊胚率、克隆胚卵裂率和克隆胚囊胚发育率差异无统计学意义。结论上述结果表明来源于小卵巢的卵母细胞体外成熟率最高。卵巢大小仅影响卵母细胞的体外成熟率,对发育能力无影响。  相似文献   

8.
为了探讨猪无透明带卵母细胞孤雌激活培养体系,为手工克隆法生产小猪奠定理论和实验基础,本研究比较了不同浓度链霉蛋白酶对猪卵母细胞透明带的消化率及后期发育的卵裂率;比较了不同电激活参数对无透明带卵母细胞激活效率的影响,并探索了最适宜容纳孤雌激活胚胎的微穴大小。结果表明:2 mg/m L链霉蛋白酶能得到最高的消化率及后期发育的卵裂率;最佳电激活参数为:70 V/mm电压,80滋s脉冲时间,2次脉冲;较适宜容纳孤雌激活胚胎的微穴大小为:底部直径约为l20μm,深度约为150μm。  相似文献   

9.
不同人工处理方法激活哺乳动物卵母细胞的机理相似,但其激活效率存在差异。本研究以昆明(KM)、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1雌鼠来源的卵母细胞为对象,利用氯化锶(SrCl2,Sr2+)联合细胞松弛素B(cytochalasin B,CB)(Sr2++CB)和离子霉素(ionomycin,Ion)联合6-二甲胺基嘌呤(6-dimethylaminopurine,6-DMAP)(Ion+6-DMAP)两种激活方法处理下对比分析不同品系小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率,并以卵母细胞原核形成率、原核数量和孤雌胚胎体外发育来评价两种激活剂的激活效率。研究结果表明,Ion+6-DMAP激活卵的1原核比率显著高于2原核(p0.05),Sr2++CB激活卵的2原核比率显著高于1原核(p0.05);KM、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1各组孤雌胚胎卵裂率和激活率没有显著差异(P0.05),但129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1囊胚发育率显著高于KM组(p0.05)。3种小鼠品系的卵母细胞用Sr2++CB处理的孤雌胚胎发育率显著高于Ion+6-DMAP。结果证明,Sr2++CB处理小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率明显优于Ion+6-DMAP;129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1的孤雌胚胎体外发育率显著高于KM小鼠,为研究小鼠遗传背景影响孤雌胚胎发育的机理提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)条件培养液对小鼠MII卵母细胞的孤雌激活作用及胚胎发育能力。方法分离、培养小鼠MSC,获取MSC条件培养液(conditioned medium of MSC,CM)。通过促排技术获取小鼠MII卵母细胞,分别采用CM、7%乙醇、IVF方法激活,体视显微镜下观察原核形成及囊胚形成率。在CM激活后不同时间点,利用α/β-tubulin抗体标记纺锤体,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察有/无细胞松弛素B(CB)存在时纺锤体的运动变化。结果 CM可以激活小鼠MII卵母细胞,最佳刺激时间为40min,激活率达到95.4%,囊胚形成率为62%,与7%乙醇组比较无显著差异,但明显低于IVF组(95.4%vs.100%;62%vs.88%,P0.01)。CB可以抑制纺锤体的旋转,阻止第二极体的排出,促进二倍体孤雌胚形成,提高囊胚形成率(62%vs.9%,P0.01)。结论 CM能有效激活小鼠MII卵母细胞并促进孤雌发育。  相似文献   

11.
The influence of vital staining with trypan blue or fluorescein diacetate on the fertilization of mouse oocytes and the developmental potential of mouse embryos was assessed. Neither stain induced spontaneous activation in mouse oocytes, nor did they impair the in vitro development and implantation of mouse zygotes, two-cell embryos, stressed morulae or blastocysts. However, fertilization and subsequent development of mouse oocytes have been shown to be reduced by vital staining.  相似文献   

12.
为考察体外受精、操作及培养环境对体外受精的小鼠植入前胚胎全基因组DNA甲基化模式的影响,本研究以体内受精的植入前胚胎作为对照,采用间接免疫荧光法检测小鼠体内外受精植入前胚胎基因组DNA甲基化模式.实验结果表明,体外受精各期植入前胚胎呈现出与之相应时期的体内受精植入前胚胎不同的DNA甲基化模式和水平,原核期甲基化水平较高,2-4-、8-细胞期明显降低,而桑葚胚和囊胚期又略有升高.各期体外受精植入前胚胎的基因组DNA甲基化水平都比同时期体内受精胚胎的甲基化水平低.本实验结果部分显示了体外受精、操作及培养环境可能对正常的DNA甲基化模式产生影响,造成体外受精植入前胚胎甲基化模式异常.  相似文献   

13.
体外受精和孤雌活化过程中小鼠胚胎细胞骨架的动态变化   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
Feng XQ  Lin YW  Chen YJ  Zhong SQ  Yan XF  Dong JJ  Lei L 《生理学报》2008,60(1):113-118
为研究微管在体外受精与孤雌活化过程中的动态变化,本实验比较了体外受精胚胎、SrCl2激活的孤雌胚胎和体内受精的原核期胚胎在体外发育的情况,采用免疫荧光化学与激光共聚焦显微术检测卵母细胞孤雌活化过程中及体外受精后微管及核的动态变化,以分析微管在减数分裂过程中的作用及其对早期发育的影响.结果显示,体内受精胚胎的发育率显著高于体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎体外发育率(P<0.05),而体外受精与孤雌激活胚胎在各阶段发育率差异均不显著.在体外受精中,精子入卵,激活卵母细胞,减数分裂恢复,纺锤丝牵拉赤道板卜致密排列的母源染色体向纺锤体两侧迁移;后期将染色体拉向两极;末期时,微管分布于两组已去凝集的母源染色体之间,卵母细胞排出第二极体(the second polarbody,Pb2),解聚的母源染色体形成雌原核.同时,在受精后5~8 h精子染色质发生去浓缩与再浓缩,形成雄原核.在原核形成的同时,胞质星体在雌、雄原核的周围重组形成长的微管,负责雌、雄原核的迁移靠近.孤雌活化过程中,卵母细胞恢复减数分裂,姐妹染色单体分离,被拉向两极,经细胞松弛素B处理后,活化4~6 h,卵周隙中未见Pb2,而在胞质中出现两个混合的单倍体原核,之间由微管相连接,负责两个单倍体原核的迁移靠近.与体外受精相比较,孤雌活化时卵母细胞更容易被激活,减数分裂期间微管的发育早且更完善.  相似文献   

14.
Artificial activation of oocytes is a pre-requisite for successful cloning by nuclear transfer (NT). This study investigated effect of different combination of activation chemicals such as electric pulse (E), thimerosal (Thi) + dithiothreitol (DTT), 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP), or cycloheximide (CH) on the developmental ability and the frequency of apoptosis of porcine NT embryos during the culture in vitro. NT embryos activated with chemicals showed significantly higher developmental rate to blastocyst stage compared to embryos activated with E alone (21.5%-26.6% vs. 15.7%, respectively). Of chemicals, Thi + DTT supported higher development to blastocyst stage as compared to 6-DMAP or CH (26.6% vs. 21.5%-23.4%, respectively). Apoptosis of NT embryos were analyzed by using a terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The onset of apoptosis of embryos activated E alone was on Day 4, whereas embryos activated with chemicals showed apoptosis on Day 3 post-activation NT embryos exposed to chemicals for activation had higher frequency of apoptosis compared to that of embryos exposed to E alone from Day 3 to Day 7 during the culture. In conclusion, this study shows that chemical activation after fusion could increase not only the developmental ability of porcine NT embryos but also the mean cell number with an increased ratio of inner cell mass (ICM) to trophectoderm (TE) cells. However, the chemical activation also could increase the frequency of apoptosis and induced apoptosis earlier in porcine NT embryos.  相似文献   

15.
Freshly ovulated rabbit oocytes were activated parthenogenetically by periodically repeated calcium stimuli generated by electric field pulses applied onto the plasma membrane. Electric field pulses of 1.8 kV cm-1 were delivered every 4 min for 1 h 30 min (22 double pulses) in a specially designed chamber. Before each pulse, the culture medium was replaced by an isotonic glucose solution containing 10 microM Ca2+. The effects of modulating the ionic stimuli (by changing the duration of EF pulse) on a postactivation reaction, and/or on the pre- and postimplantation development, were studied. The rate of activation increased progressively as the pulse duration lengthened. For 22 pulses of 200 microseconds, 13% of oocytes were activated versus 100% for 1200 microseconds. The uniformity of the parthenogenetic response was obtained when oocytes were exposed to a series of pulses within which the reduction of pulse duration followed a negative exponential law. The influence of such activating treatment on the preimplantation development was tested using two treatments of 22 pulses with a total pulse duration equal to 14,868 and 11,228 microseconds, respectively. For the weaker treatment, a lower proportion of embryos underwent compaction and those that compacted were irregular. In contrast, the majority of embryos resulting from the stronger treatment compacted and developed into blastocysts. The most significant result that emerges from this study is that the level of stimulation affects in vitro developmental potency after the third cleavage division. The postimplantation viability of parthenogenetic eggs was tested and the results showed that parthenogenetic rabbit embryos died at a similar stage of development to the parathenogenetic mouse embryos. But, in the present series, high implantation rates and embryonic development (66%) till day 10-11 of pregnancy were obtained after the appropriate pulsatile EF treatment of oocytes. The parthenogenetic fetuses were of smaller size than the controls, but the development of the trophoblast tissue was proportional to the development of the fetuses. Anomalies of fetuses were also observed. This study reveals that activation is not a time-limited event and that the type of activating treatment has a marked effect on the ability of the resulting parthenogenetic embryos to develop to the early postimplantation stages. The sustained alteration of the cytoplasmic activity provides a useful tool to study the function of embryonic or somatic nuclei introduced during the earliest stages of activation.  相似文献   

16.
Vitrification of rat embryos at various developmental stages   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Han MS  Niwa K  Kasai M 《Theriogenology》2003,59(8):1851-1863
The effect of developmental stage on the survival of cryopreserved rat embryos was examined. Wistar rat embryos at various developmental stages were vitrified by a 1-step method with EFS40, an ethylene glycol-based solution, or by a 2-step method with EFS20 and EFS40. After warming, the survival of the embryos was assessed by their morphology, their ability to develop to blastocysts (or expanded blastocysts for blastocysts) in culture, or their ability to develop to term after transfer. Most (91-100%) of the embryos recovered after vitrification were morphologically normal in all developmental stages. However, the developmental ability of 1-cell embryos was quite low; exposing them to EFS40 for just 0.5 min decreased the in vitro survival rate from 76 to 9%. The survival rates of 2-cell embryos and blastocysts, both in vitro and in vivo, were significantly higher with a 2-step vitrification process than with a 1-step vitrification process. Very high in vitro survival rates (94-100%) were obtained in 4- to 8-cell embryos and morulae in the 1-step method. Although survival rates in vivo of 4-cell (40%) and 8-cell (4%) embryos vitrified by the 1-step method were comparatively low, the values were similar to those obtained in non-vitrified fresh embryos. When morulae vitrified by the 1-step method were transferred to recipients, the in vivo survival rate (61%) was high, and not significantly different from that of fresh embryos (70%). These results show that rat embryos at the 2-cell to blastocyst stages can be vitrified with EFS40, and that the morula stage is the most feasible stage for embryo cryopreservation in this species.  相似文献   

17.
不同品系小鼠胚胎玻璃化冷冻保存的比较研究   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
目的 研究甘油作为冷冻保护剂、不同基因型小鼠对胚胎玻璃化冷冻的影响。方法 采用 6 5mol L的甘油作为冷冻保护剂 ,采用二步法对CBA、NOD、C57BL 6J、ICR及CD1小鼠 3 5d的胚胎进行玻璃化冷冻 ,并比较了不同品系小鼠胚胎的复苏率及移植受孕率。结果和结论 CBA、NOD、C57BL 6J,ICR及CD1的复苏率分别为 5 7 6 %、4 8%、31 3%、86 5 %及 88% ,移植受孕率为 2 1%、2 3 5 %、11%、38%和 35 5 % ,封闭群小鼠的胚胎复苏率、移植受孕率均显著高于近交系小鼠。这提示胚胎的复苏率及移植受孕率可能与小鼠的不同基因型有关。五个品系中 ,桑椹胚及早期囊胚的体外复苏率均显著高于扩张囊胚。这说明不同基因型及胚胎的不同发育阶段对胚胎玻璃化冷冻效果有影响  相似文献   

18.
Microinsemination is the technique of delivering male germ cells directly into oocytes. The efficiency of fertilization after microinsemination and subsequent embryo development may vary with the animal species and male germ cells used. The present study was undertaken to observe the in vitro and in vivo developmental ability of rabbit embryos following microinsemination with male germ cells at different stages. First, we assessed their oocyte-activating capacity by injecting them into mouse and rabbit oocytes. The majority of mouse oocytes were activated irrespective of the type of rabbit male germ cell injected (61-77%), whereas rabbit oocytes were activated differently according to the type of male germ cells (89%, 75%, and 29% were activated by spermatozoa, elongated spermatids, and round spermatids, respectively; P < 0.05). After 120 hr in culture, 66%, 45%, and 13%, respectively, of these activated rabbit oocytes (pronuclear eggs) developed into blastocysts (P < 0.05). Additional electric pulse stimulation of round spermatid-injected oocytes increased the blastocyst rate to 43%. After 24 hr in culture, some four to eight cell embryos were transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant females. Normal pups were born from spermatozoa and elongated spermatids, but not from round spermatids. Karyotypic analysis at the morula/blastocyst stage revealed that the majority of round spermatid-derived embryos had abnormal ploidy (8 out of 12 embryos). Our study indicates that rabbit male germ cells acquire the ability to activate oocytes and to support subsequent embryo development as they undergo spermiogenesis. As these differential developmental patterns are similar to those reported for humans in vitro and in vivo, rabbits may provide an alternative small animal model for studying the biological nature and molecular basis of human microinsemination techniques, especially those using immature male germ cells.  相似文献   

19.
The long-term stationary culture of postimplanatation embryos without extraembryonic membranes is a method to assess their developmental potential in vitro. The method was almost exclusively used on rat embryos, while mouse embryos were considered unsuitable due to their poor differentiation. In present study the postimplantation mouse embryos were used to verify potential of this method in mice. In addition, the course of in vitro differentiation was compared to embryo development in situ. Embryos were cultivated for maximum of 14 days and morphology and differentiation was analysed on serial semithin sections. Although anatomical relationships were lost from the beginning of the cultivation, the differentiation was only delayed, and the developmental potential after long-term culture was comparable to those observed in rats. Therefore the advantages of long-term cultivation could be utilized to analyse the differentiation of numerous lines of genetically modified mice with impaired postimplantation development.  相似文献   

20.
The present studies were carried out to investigate the effects of intensity of dc pulse, number of dc pulse and equilibration before fusion/activation on developmental ability of porcine embryos derived from nuclear transfer. In experiment 1, different fusion/activation intensity (two dc pulses of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 kV/cm for 30 micros, respectively) was carried out to investigate development of embryos. In experiment 2, the reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated with one, two or three dc pulses of 1.2 kV/cm for 30 micros. In experiment 3, reconstructed oocytes were equilibrated in TCM-199 medium for 0-6 h, respectively, and fused/activated with one dc pulse of 1.2 kV/cm for 30 micros. The reconstructed embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium containing 0.3% BSA. When oocytes were fused with donor cell by two dc pulses of 0.4 kV/cm for 30 micros, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly lower (32.9% and 2.5%) than those of fused by 0.8 kV/cm (59.0% and 17.4%) or 1.2 kV/cm (63.3% and 18.4%), respectively. One dc pulse of 1.2 kV/cm for 30 micros was enough to fuse and activate embryos to develop to blastocyst (24.8%). Equilibration for 2-3 h in TCM-199 before fusion/activation was beneficial for improving the developmental ability of embryos produced by nuclear transfer (25.6-23.3% at blastocysts).  相似文献   

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