四种补血草属植物叶片泌盐结构的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜技术,对4种补血草属植物大叶补血草（Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze）、耳叶补血草（Limoniu otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze）、繁枝补血草（Limonium myrianthum (Schrenk) Kuntze）和簇枝补血草（Limonium auream）的叶表面进行了研究,以探讨植物微形态结构与生态环境的关系。结果表明,这4种植物的上下表皮都分布有盐腺,且上表皮的盐腺密度大于下表皮,盐腺的基本结构相同,多由20个细胞构成,其中4个分泌细胞顶端的角质层中央有一小孔,植物体靠盐腺的泌盐孔泌盐。但4种植物在盐腺的密度、盐腺的大小、盐腺与周围表皮细胞的位置等方面存在差异。植物在对盐碱生境的长期适应过程中,促使其强烈地分化出泌盐结构,因而,具有明显的生态适应性。     

人工栽培二色补血草前景光明

二色补血草(Limonium bicolor)野生在蒙古高原、内蒙古、新疆、西伯利亚地区,耐瘠薄、干旱、抗逆性强。以其高的观赏价值和奇妙的药用价值而备受人们青睐。 二色补血草是蓝雪科补血草属的越年生草本植物,高20—60     

二色补血草硫氧还蛋白(Trx)的克隆和表达分析

从二色补血草cDNA文库中分离出1个硫氧还蛋白基因全长cDNA序列。基因全长1138bp,其中,5’非翻译（UTR）区128bp,3＇非翻译区212bp,开放阅读框（ORF）全长798bp,编码265个氨基酸,编码蛋白的分子量为28．58kDa,理论等电点（pI）为9．68。BlastP分析表明二色补血草Trx与拟南芥Trx序列同源性为52％,与葡萄7h序列同源性为76％,从11个物种的氨基酸多序列比对可以看出Trx氨基酸序列保守性较高。实时定量RT-PCR方法检测低温、NaCl和PEG胁迫不同时间后的基因在二色补血草中表达模式的结果表明,NaCl能诱导Trx基因在二色补血草叶中表达,胁迫24h后达到高峰,而聚乙二醇和低温处理则抑制Trx在二色补血草根和叶的表达。     

二色补血草研究现状和在渭南地区的综合开发利用

在渭南的卤阳湖湿地,有大量的二色补血草生长,且状况良好。因此,作者就二色补血草的栽培、解剖结构、耐盐性、药理等方面的资料进行了整理并提出了这些研究中存在的问题;同时阐述了在渭南湿地建设和盐碱地治理当中,二色补血草的开发价值与存在的问题。主要结论如下:1.二色补血草的根、茎、花、果的解剖与发育的解剖学特征需进行更多的研究;2.在二色补血草的耐盐性方面除了耐盐机制外,其对于不同盐类的抗盐性差别需进一步研究;3.二色补血草在渭南地区的人工栽培需要进行更多的研究。4.二色补血草在渭南具有较高的开发利用价值与可行性。     

二色补血草叶片泌盐结构的扫描电镜观察

对二色补血草盐泉结构进行比较研究,发现二色补血草叶下表皮具有花型盐腺,这些盐腺是由基细胞和帽细胞构成,植物体靠盐腺的泌盐孔和基细胞破碎释盐,表明二色补血草具有演化较高级的双重泌盐结构,是二色补血草能在盐碱地生长而不受盐害的主要原因。     

二色胡枝子遗传多样性AFLP分析

利用AFLP对二色胡枝子14个居群的161个个体的遗传多样性进行分析,5对引物共扩增出253条带,多态带百分率（P）为96.8%,二色胡枝子种群的平均位点等位基因数（Ao）为1.968,平均有效等位基因数（Ae）为1.643,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.369,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.544。14个种源的平均多态性条带数为159条,平均多态带百分率为62.9%,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.257,I＝0.373。二色胡枝子遗传多样性的76.68%分布于种源内（Φst＝0.233 2）,各种源间的差异显著。聚类结果表明,二色胡枝14个种源可划分为三个大类,居群的遗传多样性参数与其地理、生态因子均不显著相关,遗传多样性无明显地域分布格局。     

二色补血草的耐盐性研究

通过NaCl胁迫发芽试验、盆栽浇灌NaCl盐水试验、不同含盐量土壤的种植试验,研究二色补血草（Limoniumbicolor）3个时期的耐盐能力。结果表明：高浓度NaCl对二色补血草种子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,种子的发芽率与盐浓度之间呈显著的负相关,种子萌发时盐胁迫的适宜值、临界值、极限值分别是0.49%、1.30%、2.11%;盆栽试验结果表明,二色补血草在2.0%以下的NaCl盐水胁迫下没有表现明显的盐害症状,只表现高浓度NaCl胁迫下,生长量低于低浓度处理的,当处理浓度达到2.4%时,多数植株濒临死亡;不同含盐量土壤的种植试验结果表明,在自然条件下,二色补血草成株耐盐临界值为1.7%～1.8%。试验结果说明二色补血草具有较强的耐盐能力,适合在滩涂盐碱地推广种植。     

不同阴离子对二色补血草盐腺Na＋分泌速率的影响

本文以二色补血草（Limonium bicolor）为实验材料,用Hoagland营养液和200mmol·L—NaCl、NaBr、NaNO3溶液分别处理12h,测定二色补血草盐腺的Na＋分泌速率、叶片Na＋含量和MDA（丙二醛）含量以及质膜透性,并利用非损伤微测技术探索可能与盐腺相关的转运蛋白,以探讨不同阴离子对二色补血草盐腺分泌Na＋的作用及其可能原因。结果表明：在NaCl处理12h时二色补血草叶片Na＋分泌速率达到最大,然后逐渐下降;不同钠盐处理下叶片Na＋分泌速率为NaCl〉NaBr=NaNO3〉Hoagland,而叶片Na＋含量NaBr〉NaCl〉NaNO3〉Hoagland;不同盐处理下叶片质膜透性和MDA含量无显著性差异;利用Na—K—C1共转运体专一性抑制剂bumetanide处理发现Na＋分泌速率显著降低。这些结果表明Na—K—Cl共转运体可能参与盐腺分泌Na＋。     

转二色补血草LbDREB基因烟草耐盐胁迫能力分析

用盐胁迫处理转二色补血草DREB基因（LbDREB）的T_2代烟草和野生型烟草,测定各转基因及野生型烟草的多项与植物抗逆相关的生理指标以及抗逆相关基因的表达水平,结果显示过表达二色补血草LbDREB基因能提高盐胁迫下SOD活性和K~＋/Na~＋,减少MDA含量,并且还能调节抗逆相关的过氧化物酶基因（PODs）和脂质转移蛋白基因（LTD）的表达。表明LbDREB基因能增强植物的抗逆能力。     

基于SSR技术对黄河三角洲二色补血草遗传多样性研究

应用GENALEX6.502、ARLEQUINversion3.5、STRUCTUREv2.3.4、STRUCTURE Harvester、CLUMP和Distruct等软件进行遗传参数估算、主成分分析、遗传变异分析及遗传结构分析。在这项研究中,我们系统地从分布在中国黄河三角洲的12个二色补血草居群中采集到202份个体。我们通过使用共显性的微卫星标记探索微地理遗传结构,旨在解决黄河三角洲二色补血草居群结构和动态问题。结果表明：二色补血草呈中等程度的遗传分化,遗传变异主要存在于居群内,微弱的遗传分化存在于居群间,为（F_ST=0.067）。香农信息指数平均是1.037,基因流平均是4.106,观测杂合度和期望杂合度平均值分别是0.43和0.529。通过分析二色补血草群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构,旨在为资源的管理、保护和利用提供依据。总之,保护遗传多样性时,应保存尽可能多的居群和特异单株。     

贠建全:广东荷包岛维管束植物名录

以分布于秦岭的金花忍冬（Lonicera chrysantha Turcz.）、忍冬（L.japonica Thunb.）、葱皮忍冬（L.ferdinandii Franch.）和金银忍冬（L.maackii（Rupr.）Maxim.）为对象,通过定位观察、人工授粉实验、人为设置实验斑块的方法对忍冬属4种植物的开花生物学特性、繁育系统、花色变化现象、传粉过程进行了研究。结果表明,4种植物的单花花期、花部特征存在差异。人工授粉实验显示,4种植物均存在一定的花粉限制,自交不亲和。除葱皮忍冬外,其余3种植物随着花色由白变黄,花粉和花蜜报酬减少、雌雄生殖能力逐渐降低;葱皮忍冬花变色后花蜜量变化不显著,且仍保留较强的雌性生殖能力。变色花的保留被认为是植物的一种生殖策略,通过增大植物的花展示来扩大自身的吸引力,以吸引更多远距传粉者访花。人为控制白、黄花不同数量比的实验结果表明,大多数传粉者偏向访问白花（变色前的花）,且白花提供的报酬量和黄花（变色后的花）数量显著影响传粉者的访花频率,即当花蜜量减少或黄花数量增多时,传粉者访花频率随之降低。因此,我们认为忍冬属4种植物的花色变化可能除了增大植物对远距传粉者的吸引力外,对近距传粉者的访花行为也可能具有一定的影响。当传粉者接近植株时,变色后的花可能暗示其花蜜（花粉）报酬已经发生变化,并驱使昆虫离开并飞向同株或异株植物新开放的报酬丰富的白花,这既有利于提高传粉者的觅食效率,又能降低植物同株异花授粉的几率,对忍冬属植物及传粉者都具有重要意义,是植物长期与授粉昆虫相互适应的反映。     

Inheritance of flower color and spininess in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) flowers are used for coloring and flavoring food and also as fresh-cut and dried flowers. The most important characteristics which contribute to the ornamental value of safflower are flower color and spinelessness. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance mode and the number of genes controlling spininess and flower color in some Iranian genotypes of safflower. The results indicated that the existence of spines on the leaves and bracts of safflower is controlled by a single dominant gene in which the spiny phenotype was completely dominant to spineless. In some crosses, flower color was controlled by two epistatic loci each with two alleles, resulting in a ratio of 13:3 in the segregating F2 population for plants with orange and yellow flowers. Also, other mechanisms of genetic control, such as duplicate dominance and duplicate recessive types of epistasis, were observed for flower color in other crosses that led to ratios of 7:9 and 15:1 for plants with orange and yellow flowers, respectively. The results suggest that for ornamental use or in the food dying industry, genotypes with orange or yellow flowers and without spines on the leaves and bracts can be produced.     

Flower color affects tri-trophic-level biocontrol interactions

The adults of many parasitoid species require nectar for optimal fitness, but very little is known of flower recognition. Flight cage experiments showed that the adults of an egg parasitoid (Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto) benefited from alyssum (Lobularia maritima L.) bearing white flowers to a greater extent than was the case for light pink, dark pink or purple flowered cultivars, despite all cultivars producing nectar. Survival and realised parasitism on all non-white flowers were no greater than when the parasitoids were caged on alyssum shoots from which flowers had been removed. The possibility that differences between alyssum cultivars were due to factors other than flower color, such as nectar quality, was excluded by dying white alyssum flowers by placing the roots of the plants in 5% food dye (blue or pink) solution. Survival of T. carverae was lower on dyed alyssum flowers than on undyed white flowers. Mixing the same dyes with honey in a third experiment conducted in the dark showed that the low level of feeding on dyed flowers was unlikely to be the result of olfactory or gustatory cues. Flower color appears, therefore, to be a critical factor in the choice of plants used to enhance biocontrol, and is likely also to be a factor in the role parasitoids play in structuring invertebrate communities.     

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Flowers of the Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica L.)

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The flowers of pagoda tree (Sophora japonica L.) are white, which limited its ornamental value and caused few researches on its flower color and anthocyanin...     

Hummingbird color preference within a natural hybrid population of Mimulus aurantiacus (Phrymaceae)

Hummingbird flowers are typically red in color but the reasons for this are not well understood. Relatively few studies have examined hummingbird flower color preferences under natural conditions in which flower color varies within a species. We recorded hummingbird visitation rates to flowers that vary in color from yellow to red in a natural hybrid population between red‐ and yellow‐flowered Mimulus aurantiacus subspecies. We also examined whether there were any correlations between color and flower size or nectar content. Finally, we reviewed the literature on hummingbird color choice tests using feeders and flowers. There were no correlations in this population between flower color and flower size, nectar volume, or sugar concentration. Nevertheless, hummingbirds undervisited the two most yellow color classes, overvisited orange flowers, and visited the two most red color classes in proportion to their frequency in the population. While Hummingbirds preferred flowers expressing red pigments to those that did not, the flowers with the most red hue were not the most attractive, as has been observed in similar studies with other species of Mimulus. While feeder studies generally fail to show hummingbird preference for red, all studies using flowers, including those that control all floral traits other than color, find consistent preference for red. Experiments are suggested that might help disentangle hypotheses for why hummingbirds exhibit this preference.     

Flower color change accelerated by bee pollination in Tibouchina (Melastomataceae)

Floral color changes are common among Melastomataceae and have been interpreted as a warning mechanism for bees to avoid old flowers, albeit increasing long-distance flower display. Here the reproductive systems of Tibouchina pulchra and T. sellowiana were investigated by controlled pollinations. Their pollinators were identified, and experiments on floral color and fragrance changes were conduced to verify if those changes affect the floral visitation. Both Tibouchina species are self compatible. The flowers lasted three days or more, and the floral color changed from white in the 1st day to pink in the following days. Pollen deposition on stigma induced floral color change. The effectiveness of the pollination is dependent on bees’ size; only large bees were regarded as effective pollinators. In experimental tests, the bees in T. pulchra preferred the natural white flowers while the visitors of T. sellowiana were attracted by both natural and mimetic 1st-day flowers (2nd-day flowers with experimentally attached 1st-day flower petals). During the experiments on floral fragrance, the bees visited both natural and mimetic 1st-day flowers (2nd-day flowers with 1st-day flower scents). In both experiments, the bees avoided natural 2nd-day flowers, but seldom visited modified 2nd-day flowers. The attractiveness of T. pulchra and T. sellowiana flowers cannot be attributed exclusively to the color or the fragrance separately, both factors seemingly act together.     

CHIMERAL NATURE OF THE PINWHEEL FLOWERING AFRICAN VIOLETS (SAINTPAULIA,GESNERIACEAE)

Pinwheel flowering African violets are bicolor forms that have a patterned arrangement of colors on the corolla segments. A median band of one color extends radially from the central portion of the corolla on each corolla segment and contrasts with the marginal color. In vitro culture of various tissues was accomplished, and observation of the flowering patterns of the regenerated plants supports the hypothesis that the cultivars ‘Valencia’, ‘Dardevil’, and ‘Desert Dawn’ are periclinal chimeras. Adventitious plants display a high proportion of monochromatic flowers of the same color as the lateral margin of the corolla segments. Petiole cultures from which the epidermal layers were removed yielded plants with flowers of the color of the central stripe of the corolla segments. Pinwheel flowering plants were regenerated through short-term culture of whole inflorescences, suggesting that the African violet inflorescence may possess axillary vegetative meristems. These results support the contention that adventitious shoots may arise from the epidermal layer only (L.I), or with the participation of the epidermal and subjacent layers (L.I and L.II). These results contradict the recent conclusion that all three histogen layers of African violet participate in adventitious shoot organization.     

王莲(Victoria)杂交后代表型观察分析

以克鲁兹王莲ב朗伍德王莲自交后代’的58个后代为材料,观察分析了叶片卷边颜色、花蕾形状、萼片颜色、萼片着刺数、第1晚和第2晚花色等10个主要性状的分离情况,并对个体性状分离类型进行了聚类。结果表明,其后代性状分离极为广泛,主要表现为负向中亲优势、正向中亲优势和超亲优势。第1晚内瓣色、拟雄蕊尖色、第2晚内瓣色、第2晚外瓣色及第2晚内外瓣色差5个性状之间有高度或显著相关性,其余相关性较低;卷边色、蕾形、萼片颜色、着刺数及第1晚外瓣色5个性状独立遗传的可能性大。个体性状分离类型丰富,主要可分为7大类,绿叶粉花白芯型、红叶玫红花白芯型、绿叶玫红花深玫红芯型、红叶玫红花深玫红芯型、绿叶深玫红花白芯型、红叶粉花深玫红芯型、绿叶萼多刺玫红花白芯型。     

不同基本培养基及有机添加物对3个朵丽蝶兰品种组培苗生长的影响

研究不同基本培养基及有机添加物对3个品种朵丽蝶兰组培苗生长的影响。实验表明,朵丽蝶兰红花品种(Doritaenopsis Jiuhbao Red Rose)在以花宝1号作基本培养基的处理中,根粗、根长和叶长、双叶幅明显优于1/2 MS培养基;花宝1号培养基也利于黄花品种(Dtps.Chain Xen Queen)组培苗的叶片生长;添加香蕉泥100 g/L有利于3个品种即红花、黄花品种及白花红心品种Dtps.[I-Hsin Actor×(Tom Boy×Mount Beauty)]的根系生长,而添加香蕉泥70 g/L+马铃薯30 g/L仅有利于黄花品种的叶片生长。     

梅花"粉皮宫粉"花色色素的花青苷实质和花色的动态变化

特征颜色反应和紫外-可见光谱分析初步表明梅花"粉皮宫粉"的粉红色花色色素为花青素-3-糖苷.用分光光度法检测梅花"粉皮宫粉"不同花发育时期、在树冠不同着生部位花朵花瓣的相对花青苷含量,结果表明"粉皮宫粉" 的花色主要存在着花发育时期而导致的时间变化.花色在蕾期最浓艳,花瓣展开后便逐渐变淡;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为外层花瓣>中层花瓣>内层花瓣,且不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势几乎一致.虽然树冠下部单花的花色浓于上部的、树冠内层的浓于外层的,但花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异并不显著.花青苷除了导致"粉皮宫粉"的粉红花色外,还可能增强其花的抗寒性,为花的凌寒而开创造了条件.本文可为梅花的美学鉴赏、梅花红色花色的机理探索及其色素的分子结构鉴定提供参考.