恩诺沙星对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了评价恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin)对土壤微生物群落的影响,借助BIOLOG检测法比较了不同浓度恩诺沙星影响下的土壤微生物的群落特征。结果表明,各添加药物组与空白对照组的土壤微生物群落代谢多样性差异显著(P<0.05),空白对照组土壤微生物在BIOLOG微平板上的平均每孔颜色变化率(AWCD)和微生物代谢多样性指数(丰富度和多样性)显著高于添加药物组;药物显著影响微生物群落对BIOLOG微平板中碳源的利用能力,较低浓度的恩诺沙星(0.01μg/g)就显著影响了土壤微生物群落对α-Ketobutyric Acid、L-Phenylalanine、1-Erythritol、D-Xylose等碳源的利用代谢能力(P<0.05),且土壤微生物群落利用各类碳源的能力随药物浓度加大而降低。由此可见,恩诺沙星在土壤中残留时对土壤微生物的影响不容忽视。     

内蒙古草原与荒漠地带土壤生物活性强度的研究

本文探讨了内蒙古草原与荒漠地带不同植被带与土壤带的土壤呼吸作用、纤维素分解作用、氨化作用、硝化作用的强度及其地带性分布特性。内蒙古草原及荒漠的土壤生物活性受各植被带的生态地理条件和群落特点的综合影响,     

咸水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤生化作用强度及微生物生态特征

土壤生化作用强度是表征土壤生物学活性的重要指标。选择传统研究方法,从氨化作用、硝化作用、固氮作用、纤维素分解、呼吸作用以及酶活性6个方面,揭示了咸水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤生化作用强度的分异规律。结果表明,(1)随防护林定植年限的增大,土壤氨化作用、固氮作用、纤维素分解和呼吸作用的强度均明显增强,其中氨化作用和呼吸作用变化尤为明显;而硝化作用强度有所减弱。(2)0—50 cm土体内,随土壤深度增大,生化作用强度提高,氨化作用、硝化作用、固氮作用、纤维素分解和呼吸作用强度的垂直差异均达极显著水平(FF0.01)。(3)随防护林定植年限的增大,不同土壤酶活性的变化各异,其中,过氧化氢酶活性显著增大(FF0.01),纤维素酶和蔗糖酶的活性明显提高(FF0.05),而蛋白酶、磷酸酶和脲酶的活性变化不大(FF0.05)。(4)回归分析表明,不同生化强度因子与土壤环境因子的最优回归方程不同,但决定系数均大于0.95;全盐、全氮和速效氮进入了所有回归方程,是决定塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤生化强度的关键土壤环境因子。因此,咸水滴灌条件下,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地防护林土壤生化作用强度不断提高的趋势,这对于防护林工程的科学管理有重要指示意义。     

武夷山森林土壤生化特性的初步研究

研究了武夷山自然保护区森林土壤生化特性．结果表明,不同生境土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用和硝化作用等３项生化强度有明显差异,先峰岭（常绿阔叶林）＞大竹岚（毛竹林）．同一生境中的不同小生境３项生化强度的差异也很显著,尤其是呼吸作用强度,落叶层＞腐殖层＞土壤层;纤维分解作用强度,腐殖层＞落叶层＞土壤层;硝化作用强度,土壤层＞落叶层＞腐殖层．无论那一种生境３项生化强度之间,呼吸作用强度与纤维分解作用强度有一定相关性,而硝化作用强度与前两项未显示相关．不同生境土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶等活性显著不同,大竹岚＞先峰岭．同一生境中的不同小生境３种酶活性随土壤剖面深度而降低;蔗糖酶是各生境中活性最大酶类,变化较剧;纤维素酶和蛋白酶则活性较小,变化较缓和．     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤中反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶基因(nosZ)多样性的影响

为了解恩诺沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物的影响,通过PCR扩增、基因克隆、RFLP分析法对恩诺沙星影响下的土壤反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶nosZ基因的分子多样性进行了研究。结果表明,恩诺沙星作用于土壤后第35天,ⅠⅥ组(Ⅰ组0μg/g、Ⅱ组0.01μg/g、Ⅲ组0.1μg/g、Ⅳ组1μg/g、Ⅴ组10μg/g、Ⅵ组50μg/g)的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:48.30%、41.88%、34.78%、33.62%、25.42%、23.81%;第70天,ⅠⅥ组的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:29.66%、24.24%、18.10%、16.67%、15.83%、14.39%。对照组多样性指数均高于添加药物组,第35天,对照组的M argalef指数与添加药物各组差异均显著(P0.05),第70天,仅与10μg/g和50μg/g两组差异显著;第35天,除了0.01μg/g组,对照组的Shannon-W iener指数与其他添加药物组差异均显著,第70天,仅与50μg/g组差异显著。由此可见,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.0110μg/g组土壤反硝化细菌的多样性与对照组之间的差异变小。     

培养条件下二氯喹啉酸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为探讨除草剂二氯喹啉酸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,在25℃黑暗培养条件下,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(Phospholipid Fatty Acid,PLFA)分析了二氯喹啉酸(0对照、83.3和166.6μg/kg干土)处理对淹水和不淹水水田土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,在实验处理的60 d内,不淹水水田土壤在83.3μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理后对土壤微生物生物总量、细菌生物量及真菌生物量有抑制作用,而166.6μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理后各生物量指标均显著增加,但是两种浓度处理均使土壤真菌/细菌比值下降,说明二氯喹啉酸处理会使不淹水水田土壤微生物稳定性下降;淹水水田土壤在83.3μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理下,对土壤微生物生物总量和真菌生物量有促进作用,对细菌生物量有一定的抑制作用,166.6μg/kg二氯喹啉酸处理对土壤微生物生物总量、细菌及真菌生物量均有促进作用,从真菌/细菌比值上看,不同浓度处理与对照无显著差异,说明二氯喹啉酸对淹水生物稳定性无明显干扰。PLFA主成分分析表明,不同浓度处理的两种土壤微生物群落均以含14∶0、15∶0、16∶0和18∶2n6c的微生物为优势种群。     

恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌生长及吸附的影响

本实验通过观察不同浓度恩诺沙星对固体培养条件下蛭弧菌产生噬斑和液体培养条件下蛭弧菌增殖的情况,以及蛭弧菌在不同浓度恩诺沙星下吸附到载体上的情况,研究了恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16生长及吸附的影响.实验发现:2μg/mL、5μg/mL、10μg/mL、20μg/mL和50μg/mL恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16噬斑的产生及增殖均具有抑制作用(P<0.05).在固体培养72 h后.随着恩诺沙星浓度逐渐增大,蛭弧菌BDF-H16产生的噬斑数目逐渐减少;在液体培养72 h后,随着恩诺沙星的浓度逐渐增高,蛭弧菌BDF-H16的增殖浓度不断减少,但10μg/mL恩诺沙星并没有改变蛭弧菌BDF-H16的生长趋势.此外,以沸石作为吸附载体,2μg/mL、5 μg/mL、10 μg/mL、20 μg/mL和50 μg/mL恩诺沙星降低了蛭弧菌BDF-H16吸附量,随着恩诺沙星浓度的增大,蛭弧菌BDF-H16的吸附量逐渐降低,而蛭弧菌BDF-H16的吸附率却在一定恩诺沙星浓度(2 μg/mL～20μg/mL)下却有所升高(P<0.05).以上结果表明,恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16噬斑的产生及增殖具有抑制作用,但在有载体存在的情况下,蛭弧菌的吸附能力在一定恩诺沙星浓度范围内有所增强,添加载体沸石有助于降低恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16的不良影响.     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤中固氮细菌固氮基因(nifH)多样性的影响

为了了解恩诺沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物的影响,通过PCR扩增、基因克隆、RFLP分析法对恩诺沙星影响下的土壤微生物固氮酶nifH基因的分子多样性进行了分析。结果表明,恩诺沙星作用于土壤后第35天,Ⅰ-Ⅵ组的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:34.31%、32.18%、26.04%、20.83%、19.09%、20.00%;第70天,Ⅰ-Ⅵ组的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:23.85%、20.75%、18.26%、16.67%、14.58%、11.67%。对照组多样性指数均高于添加药物组,第35天,对照组的M argalef指数与添加药物各组差异均显著(P0.05),第70天,仅与10μg/g和50μg/g两组差异显著;第35天,除了0.01μg/g组,对照组的Shannon-Wiener指数与其他添加药物组差异均显著,第70天,仅与10μg/g和50μg/g两组差异显著。由此可见,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.01-1μg/g组土壤固氮微生物的多样性与对照组之间的差异变小。     

多环芳烃在不同环境介质中对翅碱蓬发芽率影响研究

为了解多环芳烃类污染物在水和土壤不同环境介质中对翅碱蓬种子发芽率的影响,分别采用水培和土培试验方法,研究了不同浓度(0、1、50、100、500和1000μg/L)蒽和3-甲基菲两种多环芳烃胁迫下翅碱蓬种子的发芽率。试验结果表明:两种培养方式下,蒽(c≥100μg/L)和3-甲基菲(c≥50μg/L)在高浓度时对翅碱蓬种子萌发产生显著的抑制作用(p0.05),且抑制作用具有典型的剂量-效应关系。蒽浓度为1000μg/L胁迫7d后两种培养方式对翅碱蓬发芽率的影响为水培条件土培条件,3-甲基菲浓度为1000μg/L胁迫7d后两种培养方式对翅碱蓬发芽率的影响为土培条件水培条件。研究表明,较高浓度的多环芳烃对翅碱蓬生长具有一定的抑制作用,不同种多环芳烃类污染物在不同环境介质中对翅碱蓬种子萌发的抑制作用不同。     

不同浓度尼古丁对牙周膜成纤维细胞增殖及纤维结合蛋白合成的作用

目的:探讨不同浓度尼古丁对人牙周膜成纤维细胞(PDLFs)增殖及纤维结合蛋白(Fn)合成的作用。方法:不同浓度的尼古丁(50 ng/ml,250 ng/ml,500 ng/ml,1μg/ml,2μg/ml,3μg/ml)作用于PDLFs,MTT比色法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测Fn合成含量。结果:不同浓度尼古丁作用下:人PDLFs的增殖均被抑制,且呈浓度依赖性。浓度为250 ng/ml~3 ug/ml的尼古丁有明显抑制人PDLFs增殖的作用(P0.05),3 ug/ml尼古丁显示出最强的抑制增殖作用(P0.01);人PDLFs的G0-G1期、S期、G2-M期与对照组相比,G0-G1期细胞周期分布比例逐渐增高,S期和G2-M期逐渐降低,差异均有统计学意义,呈浓度依赖性;人PDLFs合成Fn逐渐减少,呈浓度依赖性。浓度为50 ng/ml~3μg/ml的尼古丁均有明显抑制人PDLFs合成Fn的作用(P0.05),其中3μg/ml抑制作用最强。结论:尼古丁抑制牙周膜细胞的增殖及Fn的合成,呈浓度依赖性,并影响其细胞周期的进程,进而影响牙周新附着的形成,加重牙周病的病情。     

Climatic seasonality challenges the stability of microbial-driven deep soil carbon accumulation across China

Microbial residues contribute to the long-term stabilization of carbon in the entire soil profile, helping to regulate the climate of the planet; however, how sensitive these residues are to climatic seasonality remains virtually unknown, especially for deep soils across environmental gradients. Here, we investigated the changes of microbial residues along soil profiles (0–100 cm) from 44 typical ecosystems with a wide range of climates (~3100 km transects across China). Our results showed that microbial residues account for a larger portion of soil carbon in deeper (60–100 cm) vs. shallower (0–30 and 30–60 cm) soils. Moreover, we find that climate especially challenges the accumulation of microbial residues in deep soils, while soil properties and climate share their roles in controlling the residue accumulation in surface soils. Climatic seasonality, including positive correlations with summer precipitation and maximum monthly precipitation, as well as negative correlations with temperature annual range, are important factors explaining microbial residue accumulation in deep soils across China. In particular, summer precipitation is the key regulator of microbial-driven carbon stability in deep soils, which has 37.2% of relative independent effects on deep-soil microbial residue accumulation. Our work provides novel insights into the importance of climatic seasonality in driving the stabilization of microbial residues in deep soils, challenging the idea that deep soils as long-term carbon reservoirs can buffer climate change.     

Soil nitrous oxide emissions following crop residue addition: a meta‐analysis

Annual production of crop residues has reached nearly 4 billion metric tons globally. Retention of this large amount of residues on agricultural land can be beneficial to soil C sequestration. Such potential impacts, however, may be offset if residue retention substantially increases soil emissions of N₂O, a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depletion substance. Residue effects on soil N₂O emissions have gained considerable attention since early 1990s; yet, it is still a great challenge to predict the magnitude and direction of soil N₂O emissions following residue amendment. Here, we used a meta‐analysis to assess residue impacts on soil N₂O emissions in relation to soil and residue attributes, i.e., soil pH, soil texture, soil water content, residue C and N input, and residue C : N ratio. Residue effects were negatively associated with C : N ratios, but generally residue amendment could not reduce soil N₂O emissions, even for C : N ratios well above ca. 30, the threshold for net N immobilization. Residue effects were also comparable to, if not greater than, those of synthetic N fertilizers. In addition, residue effects on soil N₂O emissions were positively related to the amounts of residue C input as well as residue effects on soil CO₂ respiration. Furthermore, most significant and stimulatory effects occurred at 60–90% soil water‐filled pore space and soil pH 7.1–7.8. Stimulatory effects were also present for all soil textures except sand or clay content ≤10%. However, inhibitory effects were found for soils with >90% water‐filled pore space. Altogether, our meta‐analysis suggests that crop residues played roles beyond N supply for N₂O production. Perhaps, by stimulating microbial respiration, crop residues enhanced oxygen depletion and therefore promoted anaerobic conditions for denitrification and N₂O production. Our meta‐analysis highlights the necessity to connect the quantity and quality of crop residues with soil properties for predicting soil N₂O emissions.     

植物残体对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤、微生物和胞外酶C∶N∶P化学计量特征的影响

植物残体是引起土壤、微生物和胞外酶C∶N∶P改变的关键因素,但是其作用机理尚不明确。本研究以青藏高原东缘高寒草甸为对象,通过测定土壤、微生物生物量和胞外酶活性等指标,探究移除地上植物或根系及植物残体添加对土壤、微生物和胞外酶C∶N∶P的影响。结果表明: 与无人为扰动草甸相比,移除地上植物显著降低了土壤C∶N(变幅为-23.7%,下同)、C∶P(-14.7%)、微生物生物生物量C∶P、N∶P,显著提高了微生物生物量C∶N、胞外酶C∶N∶P。与移除地上植物相比,移除地上植物和根系显著降低了土壤C∶N(-11.6%)、C∶P(-24.0%)、N∶P(-23.3%)和微生物生物量C∶N,显著提高了微生物生物量N∶P和胞外酶N∶P;移除地上植物后添加植物残体显著提高了微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P和胞外酶C∶N,显著降低了胞外酶N∶P。与移除地上植物和根系相比,移除地上植物和根系后添加植物残体显著降低了土壤C∶N(-16.4%)、微生物生物量C∶P、N∶P和胞外酶N∶P,显著提高了胞外酶C∶N。综上可知,去除植物显著影响土壤、微生物和胞外酶的C∶N∶P,微生物生物量和胞外酶C∶N∶P对植物残体的响应更为敏感。有无根系是添加植物残体时土壤、微生物和胞外酶的生态化学计量稳定性强弱的关键所在。添加植物残体的措施适用于植物根系尚且完好的草甸,有利于高寒草甸土壤碳固存,对没有根系的草甸土壤可能不适用,会增加土壤CO₂排放。     

蚯蚓对土壤微生物残留物的影响研究评述与展望

蚯蚓如何影响土壤有机碳的固持是土壤生态学的关键科学问题之一。蚯蚓能同时促进土壤有机碳分解和稳定，这种两面作用带来的不确定性被研究者称为"蚯蚓困境"。研究证据和新兴的"土壤微生物碳泵"概念模型表明土壤微生物残留物是土壤有机质的主要贡献者。为系统了解蚯蚓对土壤微生物残留物的影响与可能的机制，研究分析和总结了已有的国内外蚯蚓与微生物残留物（氨基糖）的相关研究成果，表明：（1）过往的研究忽略了蚯蚓对微生物残留物的影响，导致这一方向的研究严重滞后；（2）蚯蚓对土壤微生物残留物影响的方向和大小仍有很大的不确定性，可供量化分析其驱动机制的研究还很缺乏。研究尝试将蚯蚓整合到"土壤微生物碳泵"概念框架中，分析蚯蚓影响土壤微生物残留物3个方面的可能机制，即：（1）改变土壤微生物量、群落结构，（2）改变微生物生理特性，（3）改变土壤团聚体结构等，影响土壤有机碳的积累。同时，本文提出了未来相关研究的6个重点方向，包括：（1）蚯蚓对微生物的选择性取食，（2）肠道介导的微生物"涨落"现象，（3）蚯蚓对矿质结合有机物的"破坏"与"重组"，（4）蚯蚓引起的"激发"和"续埋"效应，（5）多生态型相互作用，（6）全球变化背景下的蚯蚓生态学等，以期为进一步揭示蚯蚓-微生物相互作用影响土壤有机碳累积与稳定性的机制提供参考。     

Nitrogen deposition promotes the production of new fungal residues but retards the decomposition of old residues in forest soil fractions

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has frequently been observed to increase soil carbon (C) storage in forests, but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Changes in microbial community composition and substrate use are hypothesized to be one of the key mechanisms affected by N inputs. Here, we investigated the effects of N deposition on amino sugars, which are used as biomarkers for fungal‐ and bacterial‐derived microbial residues in soil. We made use of a 4‐year combined CO₂ enrichment and N deposition experiment in model forest ecosystems, providing a distinct ¹³C signal for ‘new’ and ‘old’ C in soil organic matter and microbial residues measured in density and particle‐size fractions of soils. Our hypothesis was that N deposition decreases the amount of fungal residues in soils, with the new microbial residues being more strongly affected than old residues. The soil fractionation showed that organic matter and microbial residues are mainly stabilized by association with soil minerals in the heavy and fine fractions. Moreover, the bacterial residues are relatively enriched at mineral surfaces compared to fungal residues. The ¹³C tracing indicated a greater formation of fungal residues compared to bacterial residues after 4 years of experiment. In contradiction to our hypotheses, N deposition significantly increased the amount of new fungal residues in bulk soil and decreased the decomposition of old microbial residues associated with soil minerals. The preservation of old microbial residues could be due to decreased N limitation of microorganisms and therefore a reduced dependence on organic N sources. This mechanism might be especially important in fine heavy fractions with low C/N ratios, where microbial residues are effectively protected from decomposition by association with soil minerals.     

不同磷浓度植株残体降解对紫色土磷素有效性的影响

植株残体降解可直接或间接地影响土壤磷素的有效性,为探讨不同磷浓度植株残体降解对紫色土磷分级体系的影响,结合31P核磁共振分析技术,选取了3种磷浓度不同的植物残体与两种紫色土进行室内模拟培养试验,得出了以下研究结论:(1)添加植株残体显著增强了紫色土呼吸强度,且紫色土分级体系中的活性磷含量均高于对照处理(2)31P-NMR分析结果得知,植株残体的正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯占浓缩液全磷比例的90%以上,高磷植株的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量显著高于中磷和低磷植株,土壤磷素有效性的变化与植株残体的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量有关;(3)紫色土分级体系中的活性磷在0 d含量最高,随着培养周期的延长,土壤磷素有效性会出现降低的趋势;酸性紫色土的累积呼吸强度、分级体系中活性磷(Resin-P、Na HCO3-Pt)所占比例均高于中性紫色土,与土壤钙含量有关。综上所述,植株残体的磷浓度越高,更有利于提高土壤磷素的有效性,本研究结果为农业生产中秸秆还田技术提供了理论参考。     

恩诺沙星和铜复合污染对蚯蚓消化酶活性的影响

从农田土壤畜禽粪源污染的实际出发,以典型兽药抗生素恩诺沙星(ENR)和饲料添加剂铜(Cu)为污染物,研究了两污染物单一/复合暴露对蚯蚓的毒性效应.结果表明: 单一污染暴露下,恩诺沙星(0.1～4 mg·kg^-1,28 d)对蚯蚓蛋白酶未产生显著影响,对纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶产生了抑制作用,而对酸性磷酸酶产生了诱导效应;铜(20～200 mg·kg^-1,28 d)对蚯蚓的蛋白酶、纤维素酶和磷酸酶活性总体均表现为抑制效应.复合污染暴露下,两污染物对蚯蚓消化酶的影响以抑制效应为主,且对纤维素酶和酸性磷酸酶的抑制表现出毒性增加的协同效应.消化酶随暴露时间的响应动态规律为: 调整性反应(3 d)-激烈反应(7 d)-反应平复(14 d)-慢性暴露(28 d).慢性暴露结果显示,含高剂量(200 mg·kg^-1 Cu或4 mg·kg^-1 ENR)污染物的复合组更具生态风险性.     

Growth of peach as affected by decomposition of own root residues in soil

The effects of decomposing peach root residues in soil on peach growth were determined in two pot experiments. In the first, peach root residues, despite their high C:N ratio and lignin content, largely decomposed under experimental conditions, leading to an immobilization of inorganic N. Shoot growth of peach seedlings was depressed by the addition of peach root residues, an effect that depended on their size and concentration: fine-textured root fragments (0.45–1.00 mm) resulted in more severe effects than medium sized ones (2–8 mm), while growth depression occurred only at concentrations higher than 0.35%. Peach root growth was depressed by root residues regardless of their size and amount. In the second experiment, where nitrogen was added to all pots to minimize the effects of immobilization of N during decomposition of root fragments, the growth of peach roots in residue-supplemented soil almost stopped. Pre-planting phosphate enrichment was very effective in stimulating growth of peach in virgin soil but did not offset the depression caused by peach root residues. It thus appears that besides mineral deficiencies, there exist alternative explantations of poor growth of peach in replant soils, including growth-inhibiting substances from decomposing root residues.     

Impact of chemical composition of legume residues and initial soil pH on pH change of a soil after residue incorporation

Reports on the effect of organic matter addition on soil pH have been contradictory. This study examined the effect of applying legume residues differing in concentrations of N (4.3-45.5 mg g^-1) and excess cations/organic anions (0.22–1.56 mmol g^-1) on pH change of five soils differing in initial pH (3.60–5.58 in 0.01 M CaCl₂) under sterile and non-sterile conditions. Addition of the legume residues at a level of 1% soil weight increased the pH of all soils by up to 2 units after incubation for 35 and 100 d under non-sterile conditions. Exceptions were the Lancelin (initial pH 5.06) and Kellerberin (pH 5.58) soils with addition of clover roots (excess cations 22 cmol/kg) for 100 d where soil pH decreased by 0.13–0.15 units as compared to the control. The amounts of alkalinity produced in soil correlated positively with concentrations of excess cations and total nitrogen of the added legume residues, and negatively with the initial pH of the soil. When soil was fumigated with chloroform during incubation, similar trends of soil pH changes and alkalinity production, due to legume residues addition, were displayed but the effects of the residue on alkalinity production in the Wodjil and Lancelin soils were much less than under non-sterile conditions. Direct shaking of soil with the residues under sterile conditions increased the amount of alkalinity in the soils with initial pH of 3.60–4.54, but not in the soils with initial pH of 5.06 and 5.58. The maximal alkalinity production was less than one third of that produced in the soil after 100 d of incubation under non-sterile conditions. The results suggest that the direction and the magnitude of pH change depend largely on the concentration of organic anions in the residues, initial soil pH and the degree of residue decomposition. The incorporation of crop residues, especially those with high concentrations of excess cations, is recommended in minimizing soil acidification in farming systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.